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of human resources.
IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT this post explains the needs of vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF Specialization is the means of success in a dynamic environment.The management delegates authority as well as responsibility to subordinates on the basis of their ability and knowledge. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS Evaluation of training effectiveness is one of the fundamental aspects of training and development. Without proper evaluation of the effectiveness of training and development activities, it will be impossible to determine how well the program will achieve the statedtarget.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the leastcostly because:
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED In both of these cases, the existing partnership firm is dissolved and all the books of accounts are closed. Thus when a partnership firm is sold or converted into a company, the same accounting procedure is followed as for simple dissolution of a firm. COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenanceof human resources.
IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT this post explains the needs of vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF Specialization is the means of success in a dynamic environment.The management delegates authority as well as responsibility to subordinates on the basis of their ability and knowledge. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS Evaluation of training effectiveness is one of the fundamental aspects of training and development. Without proper evaluation of the effectiveness of training and development activities, it will be impossible to determine how well the program will achieve the statedtarget.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the leastcostly because:
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED In both of these cases, the existing partnership firm is dissolved and all the books of accounts are closed. Thus when a partnership firm is sold or converted into a company, the same accounting procedure is followed as for simple dissolution of a firm. INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB DESIGN / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. STEPS INVOLVED IN JOB ANALYSIS OR JOB ANALYSIS PROCESS This is the first step of job analysis under which required information related to various aspects of jobs are collected. Information is obtained through different methods such as interview, observation, questionnaire, critical incidents etc.It is associated with preparation of plans and programs and assignment of responsibilities to the concerned person. AUDIT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit of books of educational institutions like school, college, universities etc. or other such institutions which are engaged in the educational field is known as audit of educational institutions. ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF Specialization is the means of success in a dynamic environment.The management delegates authority as well as responsibility to subordinates on the basis of their ability and knowledge. IMPORTANCE OF VERIFICATION AND VALUATION OF ASSETS AND Depreciation and other expenses on assets will be incorrect if proper valuation of assets is not made. So, to calculate the actual amount of profit and loss, proper valuation of assets and liabilities isnecessary.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL CHECK SYSTEM Certain qualities are needed to make an internal check system more effective and efficient. Such qualities are known as features or characteristics of internal check system which are as follows: METHODS OF EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT External recruitment is concerned with generating a pool of qualified candidates through external sources of employment. Under it, following methods of recruitment are adopted. CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
MEANING OF AUDIT NOTE BOOK AND CONTENTS OF AUDIT NOTE BOOK A note book which is prepared by the audit staff to note down all the uncleared queries which s/he may find in the course of audit and requires further clarification and explanation is known as audit notebook.
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT PROGRAM / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit Program Helps To Make Responsible. Work of assistant is clearly defined in the audit program and assistant puts signature in the completed work. So, if any work is left out, assistant can be made liable for such work. 6. Audit Program Helps To Maintain Continuity. Audit program clearly shows the completed task and procedures of doingwork.
ADVANTAGES OF COST AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT A. Advantages Of Cost Audit To The Management. 1. Cost audit provides reliable cost data for managerial decisions. 2. Cost audit helps management to regulate production. 3. Cost audit acts as an effective managerial tool for the detection of errors, frauds and irregularities so that reliable and smooth functioning of the system is continued. 4. MEANING OF STORE-KEEPING ,ITS OBJECTIVES AND TYPES OF A store refers to raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods remaining in stock.Store-keeping means the activities relating to purchasing, issuing, protecting, storing and recording of the materials. Store-keeping includes the receipts and issues of materials, their recording, movements in and out of the store and safeguarding of materials. AUDIT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit of books of educational institutions like school, college, universities etc. or other such institutions which are engaged in the educational field is known as audit of educational institutions. METHODS OF EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 3. Advertising. Advertising is one of the most common and popular methods of external recruitment under which the job vacancy is announced through different print and electronic media. When the qualified and experienced employees are not obtained from other sources, advertisement method is used to attract the best qualifiedand experienced
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVES Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Its advantages are as follows: 1. Audit Helps To Detect And Prevent Errors And Frauds. An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds. Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts. ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT PROGRAM / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit Program Helps To Make Responsible. Work of assistant is clearly defined in the audit program and assistant puts signature in the completed work. So, if any work is left out, assistant can be made liable for such work. 6. Audit Program Helps To Maintain Continuity. Audit program clearly shows the completed task and procedures of doingwork.
ADVANTAGES OF COST AUDIT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT A. Advantages Of Cost Audit To The Management. 1. Cost audit provides reliable cost data for managerial decisions. 2. Cost audit helps management to regulate production. 3. Cost audit acts as an effective managerial tool for the detection of errors, frauds and irregularities so that reliable and smooth functioning of the system is continued. 4. MEANING OF STORE-KEEPING ,ITS OBJECTIVES AND TYPES OF A store refers to raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods remaining in stock.Store-keeping means the activities relating to purchasing, issuing, protecting, storing and recording of the materials. Store-keeping includes the receipts and issues of materials, their recording, movements in and out of the store and safeguarding of materials. AUDIT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit of books of educational institutions like school, college, universities etc. or other such institutions which are engaged in the educational field is known as audit of educational institutions. METHODS OF EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 3. Advertising. Advertising is one of the most common and popular methods of external recruitment under which the job vacancy is announced through different print and electronic media. When the qualified and experienced employees are not obtained from other sources, advertisement method is used to attract the best qualifiedand experienced
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVES Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPONENTS OF COST OF CAPITAL The component of cost of capital is also known as the specific cost of capital which includes the individual cost of debt, preference shares, ordinary shares and retained earning. Such components of cost of capital have been presented below: A. Cost Of Debt. * Cost of perpetual or irredeemable debt. * Cost of non-perpetual or redeemabledebt.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Importance Of Vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. Thus, it is important for an auditor due to the following reasons: 1. Vouching Is The Backbone Of Auditing. ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF The following are the major advantages of delegation of authority: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers. Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in AUDIT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit of books of educational institutions like school, college, universities etc. or other such institutions which are engaged in the educational field is known as audit of educational institutions. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
CONCEPT OF TEST CHECK, ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Big business houses have a lot of transactions. So, it is very difficult to check all the transactions in detail. An auditor needs to prepare and present report in short period of time. INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPONENTS OF COST OF CAPITAL The component of cost of capital is also known as the specific cost of capital which includes the individual cost of debt, preference shares, ordinary shares and retained earning. Such components of cost of capital have been presented below: A. Cost Of Debt. * Cost of perpetual or irredeemable debt. * Cost of non-perpetual or redeemabledebt.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Importance Of Vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. Thus, it is important for an auditor due to the following reasons: 1. Vouching Is The Backbone Of Auditing. ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF The following are the major advantages of delegation of authority: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers. Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in AUDIT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit of books of educational institutions like school, college, universities etc. or other such institutions which are engaged in the educational field is known as audit of educational institutions. CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
CONCEPT OF TEST CHECK, ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Big business houses have a lot of transactions. So, it is very difficult to check all the transactions in detail. An auditor needs to prepare and present report in short period of time. INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Inventory constitutes one of the important items of current assets, which permits smooth operation of production and sale process of a firm. Inventory management is that aspect of current assets management, which is concerned with maintaining optimum investment in inventory and applying effective control system so as to minimize the total inventory cost. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT PROGRAM / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit Program Helps To Make Responsible. Work of assistant is clearly defined in the audit program and assistant puts signature in the completed work. So, if any work is left out, assistant can be made liable for such work. 6. Audit Program Helps To Maintain Continuity. Audit program clearly shows the completed task and procedures of doingwork.
ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF The following are the major advantages of delegation of authority: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers. Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
CONCEPT OF TEST CHECK, ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Big business houses have a lot of transactions. So, it is very difficult to check all the transactions in detail. An auditor needs to prepare and present report in short period of time. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS 3. Change In Participant's Attitude. Attitude is the belief or perception of an individual regarding a particular subject matter. This is another important criterion of evaluating training effectiveness. The changes in attitude and belief of employees will result in more desirable performance and behavior on actualworkstation.
STEPS OF CURRENT PURCHASING POWER (CPP) METHOD The following steps should be followed to prepare financial statements under CPP method of accounting for price level changes. 1. Calculation Of Conversion Factor. CPP method involves the re-statement of historical figures at current purchasing power. For this purpose, historical figures must be multiplied by conversion factors. CAUSES OR SOURCES OF GRIEVANCE / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Grievance is a feeling of unfair treatment at work. It can be resulted from dissatisfaction of work. In this regard, sources or causes of grievance can be anything that results dissatisfaction or involving wages, working hours, or conditions of employment are the basis ofgrievance.
MEANING OF STORE-KEEPING ,ITS OBJECTIVES AND TYPES OF A store refers to raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods remaining in stock.Store-keeping means the activities relating to purchasing, issuing, protecting, storing and recording of the materials. Store-keeping includes the receipts and issues of materials, their recording, movements in and out of the store and safeguarding of materials. ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENTACCOUNTING STEP BY STEPSELF TAUGHT ACCOUNTING EDUCATIONHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING FASTHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING ONLINE Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTCOMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEM…BLACK HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONHUMAN RESOURCES COMPONENTSINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONS Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVESADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONIMPORTANCE OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
MEANING OF PARTIAL AUDIT, ITS OBJECTIVES, ADVANTAGES AND 1. An organization and auditor cannot present as proof to the report of partial audit because it is not legal audit. 2. Partial audit is made only for control purpose but it does not prove true and fair of financial position. 3. Partial audit is not statutory audit. So, finalaudit is
IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. Therefore, job design is very important for the organization due to its benefits as follows: 1. ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCINGDISADVANTAGES OF SHORT TERM DEBTTYPES OF LONG TERM DEBTADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLO…ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIKIPEDIACHANGE IN LONG TERM DEBTLONG TERM BORROWINGS DEFINITION From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENTACCOUNTING STEP BY STEPSELF TAUGHT ACCOUNTING EDUCATIONHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING FASTHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING ONLINE Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTCOMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEM…BLACK HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONHUMAN RESOURCES COMPONENTSINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONS Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
MEANING OF PARTIAL AUDIT, ITS OBJECTIVES, ADVANTAGES AND 1. An organization and auditor cannot present as proof to the report of partial audit because it is not legal audit. 2. Partial audit is made only for control purpose but it does not prove true and fair of financial position. 3. Partial audit is not statutory audit. So, finalaudit is
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVESADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONIMPORTANCE OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. Therefore, job design is very important for the organization due to its benefits as follows: 1. ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCINGDISADVANTAGES OF SHORT TERM DEBTTYPES OF LONG TERM DEBTADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLO…ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIKIPEDIACHANGE IN LONG TERM DEBTLONG TERM BORROWINGS DEFINITION From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT PROGRAM / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit Program Helps To Make Responsible. Work of assistant is clearly defined in the audit program and assistant puts signature in the completed work. So, if any work is left out, assistant can be made liable for such work. 6. Audit Program Helps To Maintain Continuity. Audit program clearly shows the completed task and procedures of doingwork.
SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPONENTS OF COST OF CAPITAL The component of cost of capital is also known as the specific cost of capital which includes the individual cost of debt, preference shares, ordinary shares and retained earning. Such components of cost of capital have been presented below: A. Cost Of Debt. * Cost of perpetual or irredeemable debt. * Cost of non-perpetual or redeemabledebt.
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF The following are the major advantages of delegation of authority: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers. Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Importance Of Vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. Thus, it is important for an auditor due to the following reasons: 1. Vouching Is The Backbone Of Auditing. MEANING OF STORE-KEEPING ,ITS OBJECTIVES AND TYPES OF A store refers to raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods remaining in stock.Store-keeping means the activities relating to purchasing, issuing, protecting, storing and recording of the materials. Store-keeping includes the receipts and issues of materials, their recording, movements in and out of the store and safeguarding of materials. CONCEPT OF THE COST OF MONEY AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT The cost of money refers to the price paid for using the money, whether borrowed or owned. Every sum of money used by corporations bears cost. The interest paid on debt capital and the dividends paid on ownership capital are examples of the cost of money. The supply of and demand for capital is the factor that affects the cost of money. METHODS OF EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 3. Advertising. Advertising is one of the most common and popular methods of external recruitment under which the job vacancy is announced through different print and electronic media. When the qualified and experienced employees are not obtained from other sources, advertisement method is used to attract the best qualifiedand experienced
CONCEPT OF TEST CHECK, ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Big business houses have a lot of transactions. So, it is very difficult to check all the transactions in detail. An auditor needs to prepare and present report in short period of time. ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENTACCOUNTING STEP BY STEPSELF TAUGHT ACCOUNTING EDUCATIONHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING FASTHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING ONLINE Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTCOMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEM…BLACK HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONHUMAN RESOURCES COMPONENTSINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONS Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. Therefore, job design is very important for the organization due to its benefits as follows: 1. OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVESADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONIMPORTANCE OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCINGDISADVANTAGES OF SHORT TERM DEBTTYPES OF LONG TERM DEBTADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLO…ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIKIPEDIACHANGE IN LONG TERM DEBTLONG TERM BORROWINGS DEFINITION From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
MEANING OF PARTIAL AUDIT, ITS OBJECTIVES, ADVANTAGES AND 1. An organization and auditor cannot present as proof to the report of partial audit because it is not legal audit. 2. Partial audit is made only for control purpose but it does not prove true and fair of financial position. 3. Partial audit is not statutory audit. So, finalaudit is
ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENTACCOUNTING STEP BY STEPSELF TAUGHT ACCOUNTING EDUCATIONHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING FASTHOW TO LEARN ACCOUNTING ONLINE Marketing is a systematic process that includes identifying potential customers, discovering their wants, transforming their wants into products and services and satisfying them by transferring the ownership (selling the products). 5. Exchange Process. Transfer of ownership is done through exchange (buying and selling) of productsand services.
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTCOMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEM…BLACK HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONHUMAN RESOURCES COMPONENTSINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATIONS Human resource management is a process which involves around four basic functions- acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resources. These basic elements are the key steps for achieving organizational goals. The basic influencing factor of these components is organizational goal because such activities are to beperformed
CAUSES OR REASONS FOR DIFFERENCE IN PROFITS OR LOSSES The disagreement or difference between cost and financial accounts results (profit or loss) arise due to the following reasons: 1. Items shown only in financial account OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF CONTAINERS / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Accounting Treatment Of Containers. For accounting purpose, the containers can be divided into two types: (a) Non-returnable containers and (b) Returnable containers. a) Non-returnable Containers. The accounting for non-returnable containers can be exercised under the following two conditions: i. When separate chargeis made.
CRITICISMS OR DRAWBACKS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVESADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONIMPORTANCE OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONLIMITATIONS OF PROFIT MAXIMIZATIONADVANTAGES OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION Although profit maximization objective is widely known objective of a firm, some theorists have raised doubts on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds: 1. The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a dollar received today with adollar
MEANING OF PARTIAL AUDIT, ITS OBJECTIVES, ADVANTAGES AND 1. An organization and auditor cannot present as proof to the report of partial audit because it is not legal audit. 2. Partial audit is made only for control purpose but it does not prove true and fair of financial position. 3. Partial audit is not statutory audit. So, finalaudit is
IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF JOB Job design is important for an organization to perform the organizational activities in the most efficient and effective manner. It provides the required information about the incumbent and also specifies the way of performing the tasks. Therefore, job design is very important for the organization due to its benefits as follows: 1. ADANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCINGDISADVANTAGES OF SHORT TERM DEBTTYPES OF LONG TERM DEBTADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLO…ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIKIPEDIACHANGE IN LONG TERM DEBTLONG TERM BORROWINGS DEFINITION From the issuing firm's perspective, the major advantages of long-term debt financing are as follows: 1. Debt is least costly source of long-term financing. It is the least costly because: * Interest on debt is tax-deductible, * Bondholders or creditors consider debt as arelatively less
CONVERSION OR SALE OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM TO A LIMITED Conversion Or Sale Of Partnership Firm To A Limited Company. Chiefly with the objective of limiting the personal liabilities of the partners, an existing partnership firm may sell its entire business to an existing limited company, or may convert itself into a limited company. The former is the case of absorption of a partnership firm bythe
OBJECTIVES OF A BUDGET / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT The main objectives of budgets can be described as follows: 1. Estimation Of Income And Expenses. A budget provides a realistic estimate of income and expenses for a period and of the financial position at the close of the period. 2. Action Plan. Budget provides a coordinated plan of action which is design to achieve the estimatesreflected in
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIT PROGRAM / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Audit Program Helps To Make Responsible. Work of assistant is clearly defined in the audit program and assistant puts signature in the completed work. So, if any work is left out, assistant can be made liable for such work. 6. Audit Program Helps To Maintain Continuity. Audit program clearly shows the completed task and procedures of doingwork.
SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPONENTS OF COST OF CAPITAL The component of cost of capital is also known as the specific cost of capital which includes the individual cost of debt, preference shares, ordinary shares and retained earning. Such components of cost of capital have been presented below: A. Cost Of Debt. * Cost of perpetual or irredeemable debt. * Cost of non-perpetual or redeemabledebt.
OBJECTIVES OF TAX / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 2. Prevent Concentration Of Wealth In A Few Hands. Tax is imposed on persons according to their income level. High earners are imposed on high tax through progressive tax system. This prevents wealth being concentrated in a few hands of the rich. So, narrowing the gap between rich and poor is another objective of tax. 3. ADVANTAGES OF DELEGATION OF The following are the major advantages of delegation of authority: 1. Minimize Work Load Of Managers. Delegation of authority minimizes the workload of managers.They can assign regular and routine nature of work to their subordinates while they concentrate more effectively in IMPORTANCE OF VOUCHING / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Importance Of Vouching. Vouching is the act of checking evidential documents to find out errors and frauds and to know the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of books of accounts. Thus, it is important for an auditor due to the following reasons: 1. Vouching Is The Backbone Of Auditing. MEANING OF STORE-KEEPING ,ITS OBJECTIVES AND TYPES OF A store refers to raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods remaining in stock.Store-keeping means the activities relating to purchasing, issuing, protecting, storing and recording of the materials. Store-keeping includes the receipts and issues of materials, their recording, movements in and out of the store and safeguarding of materials. CONCEPT OF THE COST OF MONEY AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT The cost of money refers to the price paid for using the money, whether borrowed or owned. Every sum of money used by corporations bears cost. The interest paid on debt capital and the dividends paid on ownership capital are examples of the cost of money. The supply of and demand for capital is the factor that affects the cost of money. METHODS OF EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT / ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT 3. Advertising. Advertising is one of the most common and popular methods of external recruitment under which the job vacancy is announced through different print and electronic media. When the qualified and experienced employees are not obtained from other sources, advertisement method is used to attract the best qualifiedand experienced
CONCEPT OF TEST CHECK, ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Big business houses have a lot of transactions. So, it is very difficult to check all the transactions in detail. An auditor needs to prepare and present report in short period of time. ACCOUNTING-MANAGEMENT Learning Materials For Accounting, Management , Business AndEconomics.
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MD: Do This Immediately If You Have Diabetes (Watch Now) Sexy Babes Looking For San Jose Men Older Than 30 6 Super Tasty Salads You Have Never Tried Before DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEMATIC RISK AND UNSYSTEMATIC RISK _Major differences between systematic and unsystematic risk are described as follows:_1. MEANING
SYSTEMATIC RISK: It is a part of total market risk which arises due to external factors like economic factors, political factors and sociological factors. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: It refers to the part of risk which is associated and arises due to the internal factors within the company.2. NATURE
SYSTEMATIC RISK: It is non-diversifiable risk, so it cannot be reduced or controlled by the management. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: It is diversifiable risk, so it can be reduced or controlled by the management.3.FACTORS
Systematic Risk: It occurs due to the external factors. Unsystematic Risk: It occurs due to internal or organizationalfactors.
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4. AFFECTS
SYSTEMATIC RISK: It affects the whole market and the economy. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: It affects only a specific industry or businessorganization.
5. MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMATIC RISK: It is measured by the help of security's Beta. Beta is the indicator of systematic risk. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: There is no such tool to indicate or measure this type of risk. It is calculated by deducting systematic risk from thetotal market risk.
6. SOURCES
SYSTEMATIC RISK: Market risk, interest rate risk, purchasing power risks etc are the major sources of this type of risk. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: Business risk, financial risk, insolvency risk are the major sources of unsystematic risk.7. EXAMPLES
SYSTEMATIC RISK: Change in interest rate, inflation, price changes, high unemployment rate etc are the common examples of this types ofrisk.
UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: High labor turnover, high operational cost, strike in the company etc. are the examples of unsystematic risk.Loading...
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