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all Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF Nevertheless, the deindustrialization of many U.S. cities had serious consequences for the African American population. Deprived of their tax revenues from industries and manufacturing companies, city governments reduced expenditures for public institutions of all kinds—schools, hospitals, parks, libraries, public universities, andpublic housing.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: IMAGE ARCHIVE Man drinking at a water cooler reserved for "Colored," Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1939. Separate water fountains for blacks and whites, providing such basic a human need as water, highlighted how far-reaching racial discrimination was during the Jim Crow era. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER The greatest resistance to the dismantling of legal racial segregation occurred in Mississippi. With a huge Ku Klux Klan membership and White Citizen's Council chapters (WCCs) that were tied to lawyers, doctors, judges, and politicians, violence was not just a threat; it was aneveryday reality.
WE SHALL OVERCOME, LYRICS WE SHALL OVERCOME, WE SHALL We Shall Overcome, lyrics We Shall Overcome, we shall overcome We shall overcome someday. Oh, deep in my heart, I do believe, We shallovercome someday.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984 Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF Nevertheless, the deindustrialization of many U.S. cities had serious consequences for the African American population. Deprived of their tax revenues from industries and manufacturing companies, city governments reduced expenditures for public institutions of all kinds—schools, hospitals, parks, libraries, public universities, andpublic housing.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: IMAGE ARCHIVE Man drinking at a water cooler reserved for "Colored," Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1939. Separate water fountains for blacks and whites, providing such basic a human need as water, highlighted how far-reaching racial discrimination was during the Jim Crow era. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER The greatest resistance to the dismantling of legal racial segregation occurred in Mississippi. With a huge Ku Klux Klan membership and White Citizen's Council chapters (WCCs) that were tied to lawyers, doctors, judges, and politicians, violence was not just a threat; it was aneveryday reality.
WE SHALL OVERCOME, LYRICS WE SHALL OVERCOME, WE SHALL We Shall Overcome, lyrics We Shall Overcome, we shall overcome We shall overcome someday. Oh, deep in my heart, I do believe, We shallovercome someday.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984 Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Movement can be one of the most rewarding moments of history to teach precisely because it is a moment of tremendous change, in which ordinary women and men struggled for and won the expansion of democracy. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The interwar period in the United States wrought great changes for African Americans. Before World War One, the majority of black people lived in the South; by World War Two, nearly a full third of the African American population lived in the North and West. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: END OF WORLD WAR TWO Many believe that the watershed of African-American history occurred during the 1940s. Thousands of black men working as sharecroppers and farm laborers were drafted into the army with the outbreak of World War II. Over three million black men registered for the service, and about 500,000 were stationed in Africa, the Pacific, and in Europe. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: VOTING RIGHTS The demographic changes that had rendered a substantial Northern black voting bloc had also opened the possibilities for black elected officials for the first time since Reconstruction. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: 9/11 AND THE IRAQ WAR The political universe for African Americans, and the entire world, was abruptly altered by the catastrophic events of September 11, 2001. The Al Qaeda terrorist group, a network of radical Islamic fundamentalists, engineered a series of attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., by hijacking four commercial airplanes. Two hijacked planes struck and destroyed the World Trade Center in AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MALCOLM X The intellectual movement known as Black Power was in many respects embodied in the charismatic figure of Malcolm X. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, to parents who were active members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, when Malcolm was a young boy his father was brutally murdered, probably by whiteracists.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER The greatest resistance to the dismantling of legal racial segregation occurred in Mississippi. With a huge Ku Klux Klan membership and White Citizen's Council chapters (WCCs) that were tied to lawyers, doctors, judges, and politicians, violence was not just a threat; it was aneveryday reality.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: BLACK OPPOSITION TO VIETNAM By July 1965, SNCC members had produced their first uncompromising statement on the war, declaring that blacks should not "fight in Vietnam for the white man's freedom, until all the Negro people are free in Mississippi." From the outset, the burden of the conflict was borne disproportionately by African Americans and working-class andpoor whites.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE SCOTTSBORO TRIAL Flyer for organizing meeting to protest the Scottsboro boys' conviction (February 7, 1934). Source: Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Movement can be one of the most rewarding moments of history to teach precisely because it is a moment of tremendous change, in which ordinary women and men struggled for and won the expansion of democracy. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT MIGRATION As early as 1917, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that at least one quarter of a million African Americans had migrated to the North since 1910: “here we see a social evolution working itself out before our eyes. The mass of the freedmen are changing rapidly the economic basis of their social development.” What historians later would term the Great Migration occurred first between 1915 and 1930 AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: BLACK FEMINISM The decisive turning point in black feminist critique occurred in the years 1979-83, as a rich and intellectually diverse body of literature, socio-political essays, and activist organizationsdeveloped.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MALCOLM X The intellectual movement known as Black Power was in many respects embodied in the charismatic figure of Malcolm X. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, to parents who were active members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, when Malcolm was a young boy his father was brutally murdered, probably by whiteracists.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984 Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Movement can be one of the most rewarding moments of history to teach precisely because it is a moment of tremendous change, in which ordinary women and men struggled for and won the expansion of democracy. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT MIGRATION As early as 1917, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that at least one quarter of a million African Americans had migrated to the North since 1910: “here we see a social evolution working itself out before our eyes. The mass of the freedmen are changing rapidly the economic basis of their social development.” What historians later would term the Great Migration occurred first between 1915 and 1930 AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: BLACK FEMINISM The decisive turning point in black feminist critique occurred in the years 1979-83, as a rich and intellectually diverse body of literature, socio-political essays, and activist organizationsdeveloped.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MALCOLM X The intellectual movement known as Black Power was in many respects embodied in the charismatic figure of Malcolm X. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, to parents who were active members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, when Malcolm was a young boy his father was brutally murdered, probably by whiteracists.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984 Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Welcome to the Amistad Digital Resource for Teaching African American History. A number of state legislatures across the country have recently passed educational mandates requiring the integration of African-American history into the social studies curriculum in K-12 public schools, to provide a more inclusive and accurate record of American history. This legislation is expanding state by AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION This resource seeks to expand the understanding both of leadership and what makes a movement. Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement were complicated, dynamic people who had a myriad of ideas and strategies which shifted over time: the dichotomies between Dr. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X tell us little about both of these figures changing ideas on how to achieve freedom. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION This module covers a post-Civil Rights Movement world shaped both by the prior freedom struggles and new injustices. “Future in the Present” offers material of a more recent, perhaps more familiar history, which students can use to make connections between the present and material in previous units. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The interwar period in the United States wrought great changes for African Americans. Before World War One, the majority of black people lived in the South; by World War Two, nearly a full third of the African American population lived in the North and West. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: END OF WORLD WAR TWO Many believe that the watershed of African-American history occurred during the 1940s. Thousands of black men working as sharecroppers and farm laborers were drafted into the army with the outbreak of World War II. Over three million black men registered for the service, and about 500,000 were stationed in Africa, the Pacific, and in Europe. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: HARLEM RENAISSANCE Following the disappointment of the first World War’s lack of impact on domestic inequities, a brilliant literary and artistic movement, the Harlem Renaissance, brought public attention the creative works of poets, novelists, and writers such as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer, Nella Larsen, Zora Neale Hurston, Alain Locke and ClaudeMcKay.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: 9/11 AND THE IRAQ WAR The political universe for African Americans, and the entire world, was abruptly altered by the catastrophic events of September 11, 2001. The Al Qaeda terrorist group, a network of radical Islamic fundamentalists, engineered a series of attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., by hijacking four commercial airplanes. Two hijacked planes struck and destroyed the World Trade Center in AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: VOTING RIGHTS The demographic changes that had rendered a substantial Northern black voting bloc had also opened the possibilities for black elected officials for the first time since Reconstruction. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CIVIL RIGHTS, VOTING RIGHTS, AND The year 1964 marked a legislative victory for civil rights activists and was a pivotal moment in the political history of African Americans. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it into law. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER The greatest resistance to the dismantling of legal racial segregation occurred in Mississippi. With a huge Ku Klux Klan membership and White Citizen's Council chapters (WCCs) that were tied to lawyers, doctors, judges, and politicians, violence was not just a threat; it was aneveryday reality.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Movement can be one of the most rewarding moments of history to teach precisely because it is a moment of tremendous change, in which ordinary women and men struggled for and won the expansion of democracy. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT MIGRATIONREASON FOR THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT CAUSED THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT HAPPENED DURING THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT WAS THE GREAT MIGRATION As early as 1917, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that at least one quarter of a million African Americans had migrated to the North since 1910: “here we see a social evolution working itself out before our eyes. The mass of the freedmen are changing rapidly the economic basis of their social development.” What historians later would term the Great Migration occurred first between 1915 and 1930 AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: BLACK FEMINISMBLACK FEMINISTSBLACK FEMINIST MOVEMENTEARLY BLACK FEMINISTSBLACK FEMINIST FUTUREBLACK FEMINIST THEORYBLACK FEMINIST ARTISTS The decisive turning point in black feminist critique occurred in the years 1979-83, as a rich and intellectually diverse body of literature, socio-political essays, and activist organizationsdeveloped.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MALCOLM XMALCOLM X TIMELINEWHAT MALCOLM X ACCOMPLISHEDWHAT MALCOLM X JOBWHAT WAS MALCOLM X LIKEWHAT WAS MALCOLMX MISSION
The intellectual movement known as Black Power was in many respects embodied in the charismatic figure of Malcolm X. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, to parents who were active members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, when Malcolm was a young boy his father was brutally murdered, probably by whiteracists.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984BELL HOOKS FEMINIST THEORY SUMMARYBLACK WOMEN SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The Civil Rights Movement can be one of the most rewarding moments of history to teach precisely because it is a moment of tremendous change, in which ordinary women and men struggled for and won the expansion of democracy. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT MIGRATIONREASON FOR THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT CAUSED THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT HAPPENED DURING THE GREAT MIGRATIONWHAT WAS THE GREAT MIGRATION As early as 1917, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that at least one quarter of a million African Americans had migrated to the North since 1910: “here we see a social evolution working itself out before our eyes. The mass of the freedmen are changing rapidly the economic basis of their social development.” What historians later would term the Great Migration occurred first between 1915 and 1930 AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: THE GREAT DEPRESSION However, Roosevelt, who had been elected in no small part because of the emerging black vote, was ambivalent to taking a stand against segregation, and much of the New Deal’s legislation was administered at a state level, where segregation could be enforced. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONGRESSIONAL APOLOGIES FOR For many years, the NAACP and other civil rights groups lobbied the U.S. Congress and a series of presidents to make lynching a Federal crime. Southern Democrats in the U.S. Senate for decades had the power to block or filibuster all legislative remedies that civil rights organizations had sought. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CONCLUSION Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments, successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom forall Americans.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: BLACK FEMINISMBLACK FEMINISTSBLACK FEMINIST MOVEMENTEARLY BLACK FEMINISTSBLACK FEMINIST FUTUREBLACK FEMINIST THEORYBLACK FEMINIST ARTISTS The decisive turning point in black feminist critique occurred in the years 1979-83, as a rich and intellectually diverse body of literature, socio-political essays, and activist organizationsdeveloped.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MALCOLM XMALCOLM X TIMELINEWHAT MALCOLM X ACCOMPLISHEDWHAT MALCOLM X JOBWHAT WAS MALCOLM X LIKEWHAT WAS MALCOLMX MISSION
The intellectual movement known as Black Power was in many respects embodied in the charismatic figure of Malcolm X. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925, to parents who were active members of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, when Malcolm was a young boy his father was brutally murdered, probably by whiteracists.
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S PROCLAMATION OF JULY 26, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's proclamation of July 26, 1918, denouncing lynching. JULY 26, 1918. My Fellow Countrymen: I take the liberty of addressing you upon a EXCERPT FROM “SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY” BY BELL HOOKS, 1984BELL HOOKS FEMINIST THEORY SUMMARYBLACK WOMEN SHAPING FEMINIST THEORY Excerpt from “Shaping Feminist Theory” by bell hooks, 1984 A central tenet of modern feminist thought has been the assertion that“all women are
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE Welcome to the Amistad Digital Resource for Teaching African American History. A number of state legislatures across the country have recently passed educational mandates requiring the integration of African-American history into the social studies curriculum in K-12 public schools, to provide a more inclusive and accurate record of American history. This legislation is expanding state by AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION This resource seeks to expand the understanding both of leadership and what makes a movement. Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement were complicated, dynamic people who had a myriad of ideas and strategies which shifted over time: the dichotomies between Dr. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X tell us little about both of these figures changing ideas on how to achieve freedom. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION This module covers a post-Civil Rights Movement world shaped both by the prior freedom struggles and new injustices. “Future in the Present” offers material of a more recent, perhaps more familiar history, which students can use to make connections between the present and material in previous units. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: INTRODUCTION The interwar period in the United States wrought great changes for African Americans. Before World War One, the majority of black people lived in the South; by World War Two, nearly a full third of the African American population lived in the North and West. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: END OF WORLD WAR TWO Many believe that the watershed of African-American history occurred during the 1940s. Thousands of black men working as sharecroppers and farm laborers were drafted into the army with the outbreak of World War II. Over three million black men registered for the service, and about 500,000 were stationed in Africa, the Pacific, and in Europe. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: HARLEM RENAISSANCE Following the disappointment of the first World War’s lack of impact on domestic inequities, a brilliant literary and artistic movement, the Harlem Renaissance, brought public attention the creative works of poets, novelists, and writers such as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer, Nella Larsen, Zora Neale Hurston, Alain Locke and ClaudeMcKay.
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: 9/11 AND THE IRAQ WAR The political universe for African Americans, and the entire world, was abruptly altered by the catastrophic events of September 11, 2001. The Al Qaeda terrorist group, a network of radical Islamic fundamentalists, engineered a series of attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., by hijacking four commercial airplanes. Two hijacked planes struck and destroyed the World Trade Center in AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: VOTING RIGHTS The demographic changes that had rendered a substantial Northern black voting bloc had also opened the possibilities for black elected officials for the first time since Reconstruction. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: CIVIL RIGHTS, VOTING RIGHTS, AND The year 1964 marked a legislative victory for civil rights activists and was a pivotal moment in the political history of African Americans. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it into law. AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE: MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER The greatest resistance to the dismantling of legal racial segregation occurred in Mississippi. With a huge Ku Klux Klan membership and White Citizen's Council chapters (WCCs) that were tied to lawyers, doctors, judges, and politicians, violence was not just a threat; it was aneveryday reality.
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Amistad Digital Resource* Home
* About Amistad
AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCEMODULES
* PLANTATION TO GHETTO* CIVIL RIGHTS ERA
* THE FUTURE IN THE PRESENT* Key Figures
* Organizations and Institutions WELCOME TO AMISTAD DIGITAL RESOURCE VIDEO: LIVING WITH RACIAL SEGREGATION. Columbia University professor Manning Marable talks about the the many limitations of freedom for African Americans navigating Jim Crow segregation laws in the mid-20th Century.Play video
Related section: Civil Rights Era: Introduction Video archive: Civil Rights Era VIDEO: BEYOND THE BIG NAMES OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are the best known names in the Civil Rights movement, but there were many more largely unknown people vital to the movement.Play video
Related section: Civil Rights Era: Introduction Video archive: Civil Rights Era VIDEO: A CONFRONTATION FOR INTEGRATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. Alabama Governor George Wallace makes his infamous stand at the schoolhouse door to protest a federal order that allowed desegregation at the University of Alabama.Play video
Related section: Student Protest Video archive: Civil Rights Era VIDEO: RODNEY KING APPEALS FOR CALM IN WAKE OF L.A. RIOTS. Rodney King makes his first appearance since the verdict that acquitted his accused attackers and sparked riots in Los Angeles. He appeals for an end to the violence and asks all people to get along.Play video
Related section: Los Angeles Riots Video archive: The Future in the Present VIDEO: OBAMA GIVES SPEECH ON RACE. Barack Obama gives a speech about race and reconciliation, after controversial words by his pastor get media attention. NBC's Lee Cowan examines the substance and politics of the speech.Play video
Related section: The Future in the Present: Conclusion Video archive: The Future in the Present As African Americans sought to forge themselves as a peoplein the leviathan of
slavery, in the process expanding democracy for all Americans, the concept of freedom has been central to the struggle. In pursuit of freedom, African Americans have frequently differed in their views concerning timing, strategies, and tactics. At certain historical moments, some have placed more emphasis on racial assimilation within the existing social order, others have advocated the creation of separate institutions, and still others have insisted on changingthe
social and economic foundations of the society in which they found themselves. But within this rich diversity, the voices from the pages of black history have produced a common cry of freedom—a freedom to live and pursue their grandest hopes for themselves and their children, to serve others, and to build a nation dedicated to justice. PHOTO: MARCUS GARVEY, AUGUST 5, 1924. Photographed here on August 5, 1924, Marcus Garvey was the leader of the largest black mass movement in twentieth century America.Enlarge image
Related section: Marcus Garvey Image archive: Plantation to the Ghetto PHOTO: UNITED WE WIN (1943) In an effort to counter the demoralizing effect of racial segregation and discrimination, the U.S. government launched several campaigns that highlighted the contributions of African Americans to the wareffort.
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Related section: End of World War Two Image archive: Plantation to the Ghetto PHOTO: MALCOLM X WITH FAMILY, 1963. Then a minister for the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X Shabazz plays with two of his daughters, 1962.Enlarge image
Related section: Malcolm X Image archive: Civil Rights Era PHOTO: NAACP CHIEF EXECUTIVE ROY WILKINS PRESENTS THE FREEDOM BELL AWARD TO JUDGE THURGOOD MARSHALL. Marshall had been the legal council for the NAACP on Brown v. Board of Education and in 1967 would become the first black U.S. Supreme CourtJustice.
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Related section: School Desegregation Movement: _ Brown vs. The BoardOf Education _
Image archive: Civil Rights Era PHOTO: JESSE JACKSON, JAN 15TH, 1975. Jesse Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, near the White House, Washington, D.C.Enlarge image
Related section: Black Politics Image archive: The Future in the Present Freedom has never been bestowed from above, but has been won from struggle from below. "Freedom" has never been "free." There have been victories and disappointments , successes and failures, but there can be no doubt that by testing the limits of democracy, the African American struggle has profoundly altered the meaning of freedom for all Americans. In discussing the student sit-ins of the 1960s , the civil rights organizer Fannie Lou Hamer noted, "By and large, this feeling that they have a destined date with freedom was not limited to a drive for personal freedom, or even freedom for the Negro in the South. Repeatedly, it was emphasized that the movement was concerned with the moral implications of racial discrimination for the ‘whole world’ and the ‘human race.’ " The struggles waged by African Americans—from slave revolts, to the development of the NAACP, to the participation in the freedom rides—allowed people
to perceive themselves as real actors in their own living history. With every generation, the boundaries that maintained inequality were radically reinterpreted and renegotiated as men and women, black and white, worked tirelessly to realize the potential of American democracy. This is a historical lesson, derived from our own recentexperiences that
young Americans today must learn. Through their own direct action and civic participation, constructive, meaningful change that addresses social problems and unfairness is possible. Unfortunately the world is still inherently unequal, so that
the people’s promise of true equality remains unfulfilled. However, it is this notion that movements can and will change the world we live in that makes the legacy of the African American freedom movement so important. How can these tales of resistance and of mobilization for change inform the way that we move toward a more equitable world? What are the struggles that still exist? These are the questions that we hope this resource will raise in the classroom. Columbia University 2009 | Credits WEBSITE URL: http://www.amistadresource.org/Cancel
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