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all aspects of
EXCAVATIONS
The volume published by Archaeopress presents the photos dedicated to a trip to Egypt in 1929 and a trip to Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 1936, as well as to some surveys and excavations carried out in Etruscan archaeological sites in Tuscany between 1932 and 1935. Fig. 2. The map of the témenos of Ur (1936), with the photo perspectives and cameraFEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early Dynastic VISIONS OF THE ROMAN NORTH. ART AND IDENTITY IN NORTHERN Visions of the Roman North: Art and Identity in Northern Roman Britain will publish in May 2021, priced £35 in paperback, and from £16 as a PDF download. Pre-order using this form to save 20% upon publication. The complete introduction and first chapter are AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COM INVISIBLE CONNECTIONS OF THE COPPER FROM ANCIENT EGYPT AND Martin Odler (Charles University, Prague) and Jiří Kmošek (Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna) present 'invisible connections' between copper artefacts from Ancient Egypt and Nubia through archaeometallurgical analysis of the Bronze Age metalwork from the OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME HADRIAN’S WALL. A STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND There are no doubt many reasons why people write books. For me, it is the end point of a piece of research. Some may be content to undertake research and file the results in CZECH INSTITUTE OF EGYPTOLOGY Sincerest thanks to Martin for fulfilling his promise to update us on his future research following the publication of his book in 2016. Read Martin’s earlier Blog Post here. Buy the book: Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools by Martin Odler. Archaeopress Egyptology 14, 2016. Paperback: ISBN 9781784914424, £45. METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN Last November, Archaeopress published my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, aiming to update the research on the metal tools of the pyramid builders and other craftsmen during the Old Kingdom. My research was initiated by one of the largest Old Kingdom finds of copper alloy model tools in the tombs of the sons of Vizier Qar at ABOUT – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG About. Archaeopress is an Oxford-based publisher run by archaeologists Dr David Davison and Dr Rajka Makjanic. The range of our publications includes monographs, conference proceedings, catalogues of archaeological material, excavation reports and archaeological biographies. Archaeopress is devoted to publishing academic work onall aspects of
EXCAVATIONS
The volume published by Archaeopress presents the photos dedicated to a trip to Egypt in 1929 and a trip to Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 1936, as well as to some surveys and excavations carried out in Etruscan archaeological sites in Tuscany between 1932 and 1935. Fig. 2. The map of the témenos of Ur (1936), with the photo perspectives and cameraFEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early Dynastic VISIONS OF THE ROMAN NORTH. ART AND IDENTITY IN NORTHERN Visions of the Roman North: Art and Identity in Northern Roman Britain will publish in May 2021, priced £35 in paperback, and from £16 as a PDF download. Pre-order using this form to save 20% upon publication. The complete introduction and first chapter are AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COM INVISIBLE CONNECTIONS OF THE COPPER FROM ANCIENT EGYPT AND Martin Odler (Charles University, Prague) and Jiří Kmošek (Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna) present 'invisible connections' between copper artefacts from Ancient Egypt and Nubia through archaeometallurgical analysis of the Bronze Age metalwork from the OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME HADRIAN’S WALL. A STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND There are no doubt many reasons why people write books. For me, it is the end point of a piece of research. Some may be content to undertake research and file the results in CZECH INSTITUTE OF EGYPTOLOGY Sincerest thanks to Martin for fulfilling his promise to update us on his future research following the publication of his book in 2016. Read Martin’s earlier Blog Post here. Buy the book: Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools by Martin Odler. Archaeopress Egyptology 14, 2016. Paperback: ISBN 9781784914424, £45. METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN Last November, Archaeopress published my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, aiming to update the research on the metal tools of the pyramid builders and other craftsmen during the Old Kingdom. My research was initiated by one of the largest Old Kingdom finds of copper alloy model tools in the tombs of the sons of Vizier Qar at ABOUT – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG About. Archaeopress is an Oxford-based publisher run by archaeologists Dr David Davison and Dr Rajka Makjanic. The range of our publications includes monographs, conference proceedings, catalogues of archaeological material, excavation reports and archaeological biographies. Archaeopress is devoted to publishing academic work onall aspects of
EXCAVATIONS
The Iraq Scheme is a programme funded by the UK government, through the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, directed by Jonathan Tubb (keeper of the ME department), and delivered through the British Museum, with the aim of building capacity in the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage by training Iraqi archaeologists in cultural heritage management and practical fieldwork skills.FEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early Dynastic AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENT Students and parents learning how to teach about ancient world. Anyone who is interested in the ancient world and pedagogy. The activities in this book can be implemented online or in-person, in school, university, library, museum, or home classrooms. Every activity specifies the age/grade level of students for which the activity isappropriate.
THE WORLD OF DISNEY
The World of Disney. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography. Dr John Disney (1779–1857) is perhaps best known for his benefaction that allowed the creation of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that continues to bear his name.ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY
In 1849 Disney turned 70 and he decided to offer his collection of sculpture to the University of Cambridge as ‘a basis for the study of Archaeology’. In 1851 he offered to establish a ‘professorship of classical antiquities’. The first professor was the Reverend JohnH.
WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? Dysfunctionality. Ancient states collapsed because they could not fulfil their core functions. This was because they failed to meet the conditions necessary to perform those functions. All this raises the questions of what those functions and necessary conditions were, and why they failed to meet them. Some readers might infer uncomfortable OUT OF ISOLATION: THE SCYTHIANS ARE BACK! The 45 papers by 51 contributors and co-authors in this volume capture some of the latest thinking and research on the early nomads of Eurasia, from present-day Romania, Ukraine and the northern Caucasus in the west to southern Siberia, Kazakhstan and China in the east. From them, we get a much richer, more varied and, occasionally darker PHOTOGRAPHING A BRONZE AGE PAST Paperback ISBN 9781784916367. £25.00. (eBook ISBN 9781784916374, from 16.00 + VAT if applicable) Gavin’s book will be available in July/August in paperback (£25) and PDF eBook (from £16). A special pre-order price of £20 is available for the paperback edition until 31/07/2017. To pre-order at the special price please e-mail infoCHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Bar Locks and Early Church Security in the British Isles. John F. Potter examines the evidence for the measures taken to make church buildings secure or defensible from their earliest times until the later medieval period. In particular he studies the phenomenon of ‘bar locks’. Professor John F. Potter BSc, PhD, FGS, CBiol, FSB,FIEnvSc.
FEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early Dynastic AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COM FAR EAST – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG Built in 2007, the 108m tall Chinese Eiffel Tower went through a similar controversy. On 20 November 2010, Guangsha Group started to dismantle the tower without notice, which caused a backlash among residents (Chen 2010). Many residents called the media to report what was going on and hung protest banners on the tower. INVISIBLE CONNECTIONS OF THE COPPER FROM ANCIENT EGYPT AND Martin Odler (Charles University, Prague) and Jiří Kmošek (Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna) present 'invisible connections' between copper artefacts from Ancient Egypt and Nubia through archaeometallurgical analysis of the Bronze Age metalwork from the THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF THE PIONEER BURIAL: A CASE Background. The Pioneer Burial epitomises the serendipitous nature of archaeology and the reason archaeologists do what they do. We had been working in the quarries at Wollaston from 1993 and had recorded two sections of landscape totalling a length of over 2 kilometres and over 100 hectares which was dominated by the remains of Iron Age and Roman settlement: a series of land divisions and OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEMETHE WORLD OF DISNEY
The World of Disney. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography. Dr John Disney (1779–1857) is perhaps best known for his benefaction that allowed the creation of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that continues to bear his name. WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN Last November, Archaeopress published my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, aiming to update the research on the metal tools of the pyramid builders and other craftsmen during the Old Kingdom. My research was initiated by one of the largest Old Kingdom finds of copper alloy model tools in the tombs of the sons of Vizier Qar at ARTEFACTS FROM MALTA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum. Josef Mario Briffa SJ introduces his new volume: Catalogue of Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum (Archaeopress, 2017) Some books are born of serendipity: being at the right place at the right time, finding something you weren’t looking for. This book is one of them. Closed single-nozzled lamp.FEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early Dynastic AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COM FAR EAST – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG Built in 2007, the 108m tall Chinese Eiffel Tower went through a similar controversy. On 20 November 2010, Guangsha Group started to dismantle the tower without notice, which caused a backlash among residents (Chen 2010). Many residents called the media to report what was going on and hung protest banners on the tower. INVISIBLE CONNECTIONS OF THE COPPER FROM ANCIENT EGYPT AND Martin Odler (Charles University, Prague) and Jiří Kmošek (Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna) present 'invisible connections' between copper artefacts from Ancient Egypt and Nubia through archaeometallurgical analysis of the Bronze Age metalwork from the THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF THE PIONEER BURIAL: A CASE Background. The Pioneer Burial epitomises the serendipitous nature of archaeology and the reason archaeologists do what they do. We had been working in the quarries at Wollaston from 1993 and had recorded two sections of landscape totalling a length of over 2 kilometres and over 100 hectares which was dominated by the remains of Iron Age and Roman settlement: a series of land divisions and OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEMETHE WORLD OF DISNEY
The World of Disney. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography. Dr John Disney (1779–1857) is perhaps best known for his benefaction that allowed the creation of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that continues to bear his name. WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN Last November, Archaeopress published my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, aiming to update the research on the metal tools of the pyramid builders and other craftsmen during the Old Kingdom. My research was initiated by one of the largest Old Kingdom finds of copper alloy model tools in the tombs of the sons of Vizier Qar at ARTEFACTS FROM MALTA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum. Josef Mario Briffa SJ introduces his new volume: Catalogue of Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum (Archaeopress, 2017) Some books are born of serendipity: being at the right place at the right time, finding something you weren’t looking for. This book is one of them. Closed single-nozzled lamp. ABOUT – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG About. Archaeopress is an Oxford-based publisher run by archaeologists Dr David Davison and Dr Rajka Makjanic. The range of our publications includes monographs, conference proceedings, catalogues of archaeological material, excavation reports and archaeological biographies. Archaeopress is devoted to publishing academic work onall aspects of
FEBRUARY 2021
2 posts published by archaeopressblog during February 2021. Readers of the Archaeopress blog will remember a post about the book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, authored by Martin Odler, in 2016.Our research in Leipzig started already then, kindly supported by the curator of the collection, Dr Dietrich Raue.In 2018, results of the Third Millennium BC material of Early DynasticEXCAVATIONS
The volume published by Archaeopress presents the photos dedicated to a trip to Egypt in 1929 and a trip to Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 1936, as well as to some surveys and excavations carried out in Etruscan archaeological sites in Tuscany between 1932 and 1935. Fig. 2. The map of the témenos of Ur (1936), with the photo perspectives and camera FAR EAST – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG Built in 2007, the 108m tall Chinese Eiffel Tower went through a similar controversy. On 20 November 2010, Guangsha Group started to dismantle the tower without notice, which caused a backlash among residents (Chen 2010). Many residents called the media to report what was going on and hung protest banners on the tower. THE DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF THE PIONEER BURIAL: A CASE Background. The Pioneer Burial epitomises the serendipitous nature of archaeology and the reason archaeologists do what they do. We had been working in the quarries at Wollaston from 1993 and had recorded two sections of landscape totalling a length of over 2 kilometres and over 100 hectares which was dominated by the remains of Iron Age and Roman settlement: a series of land divisions and WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? Dysfunctionality. Ancient states collapsed because they could not fulfil their core functions. This was because they failed to meet the conditions necessary to perform those functions. All this raises the questions of what those functions and necessary conditions were, and why they failed to meet them. Some readers might infer uncomfortableTHE WORLD OF DISNEY
The World of Disney. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography. Dr John Disney (1779–1857) is perhaps best known for his benefaction that allowed the creation of the Cambridge University chair of archaeology that continues to bear his name. EAST MEETS WEST AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM The Parthian empire is by far the least understood of the great empires of antiquity. Until recently our knowledge has been both hazyand Euro-centric.
ARTEFACTS FROM MALTA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum. Josef Mario Briffa SJ introduces his new volume: Catalogue of Artefacts from Malta in the British Museum (Archaeopress, 2017) Some books are born of serendipity: being at the right place at the right time, finding something you weren’t looking for. This book is one of them. Closed single-nozzled lamp. PIONEERING ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN JOHN ALFRED Stefano Anastasio and Barbara Arbeid present the photo-archives of archaeologist and photographer John Alfred Spranger (1889-1968) ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY Posts about Archaeological Theory written by archaeopressblog. What is in the book? The initial idea was to format the lesson plans into a cookbook, with teaching ‘recipes’, which include the materials, budget, preparation time, and level of students so that any educator could replicate these recipes in their classes.JANUARY 2021
1 post published by archaeopressblog during January 2021. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography.EXCAVATIONS
The Iraq Scheme is a programme funded by the UK government, through the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, directed by Jonathan Tubb (keeper of the ME department), and delivered through the British Museum, with the aim of building capacity in the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage by training Iraqi archaeologists in cultural heritage management and practical fieldwork skills. AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COMEDUCATOR S HANDBOOK SIGN INEDUCATOR HANDBOOK SYSTEMEDUCATORS HANDBOOK APPEDUCATORS HANDBOOK INCIDENTSMY EDUCATORS HANDBOOKWORLD ARCHAEOLOGY MAGAZINE WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEMEACADEMIC PUBLISHING
Here at Archaeopress we are fond of what we call a ‘bath idea’. In 2014 it was a bath idea that led to our first experiments with Open Access publishing, and in 2015 we began to conceive of a new publication model – a side-line to our more regular publishing endeavours – designed to function outside the parameters of the accepted wisdom of academic publishing.CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Posts about Church Architecture written by archaeopressblog. John F. Potter examines the evidence for the measures taken to make churchbuildings secure or
CZECH INSTITUTE OF EGYPTOLOGY In March 2017, I wrote for the Archaeopress Blog about my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, published by Archaeopress, with an accompanying promise to provide updates about further developments in our research in the future.The Journal of Archaeological Science has recently published the article “Invisible connections.Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egyptian metalwork in the METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN The Old Kingdom of Egypt (Dynasties 4–6, c. 2600–2180 BC) is famous as the period that saw the building of the largest Egyptian pyramids. Generally, it has been accepted that only humble remains of copper alloy tools are preserved from this era. ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY Posts about Archaeological Theory written by archaeopressblog. What is in the book? The initial idea was to format the lesson plans into a cookbook, with teaching ‘recipes’, which include the materials, budget, preparation time, and level of students so that any educator could replicate these recipes in their classes.JANUARY 2021
1 post published by archaeopressblog during January 2021. David Gill provides an introduction to the life of Dr John Disney (1779–1857), the subject of his latest biography.EXCAVATIONS
The Iraq Scheme is a programme funded by the UK government, through the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, directed by Jonathan Tubb (keeper of the ME department), and delivered through the British Museum, with the aim of building capacity in the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage by training Iraqi archaeologists in cultural heritage management and practical fieldwork skills. AN EDUCATOR’S HANDBOOK FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE ANCIENTSEE MORE ON ARCHAEOPRESS.WORDPRESS.COMEDUCATOR S HANDBOOK SIGN INEDUCATOR HANDBOOK SYSTEMEDUCATORS HANDBOOK APPEDUCATORS HANDBOOK INCIDENTSMY EDUCATORS HANDBOOKWORLD ARCHAEOLOGY MAGAZINE WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEMEACADEMIC PUBLISHING
Here at Archaeopress we are fond of what we call a ‘bath idea’. In 2014 it was a bath idea that led to our first experiments with Open Access publishing, and in 2015 we began to conceive of a new publication model – a side-line to our more regular publishing endeavours – designed to function outside the parameters of the accepted wisdom of academic publishing.CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Posts about Church Architecture written by archaeopressblog. John F. Potter examines the evidence for the measures taken to make churchbuildings secure or
CZECH INSTITUTE OF EGYPTOLOGY In March 2017, I wrote for the Archaeopress Blog about my book Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools, published by Archaeopress, with an accompanying promise to provide updates about further developments in our research in the future.The Journal of Archaeological Science has recently published the article “Invisible connections.Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egyptian metalwork in the METAL TOOLS OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS AND OTHER CRAFTSMEN IN The Old Kingdom of Egypt (Dynasties 4–6, c. 2600–2180 BC) is famous as the period that saw the building of the largest Egyptian pyramids. Generally, it has been accepted that only humble remains of copper alloy tools are preserved from this era.EXCAVATIONS
The Iraq Scheme is a programme funded by the UK government, through the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, directed by Jonathan Tubb (keeper of the ME department), and delivered through the British Museum, with the aim of building capacity in the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage by training Iraqi archaeologists in cultural heritage management and practical fieldwork skills. CULTURE – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG In contemporary Turkey, the saz or bağlama, being a member of a large family of long-necked lutes called tanbûrs, is the core instrument of all folk musical ensembles and orchestras and a popular instrument in the arabesk, entertainment, and pop music in Turkey.The bağlama also plays an important role during the ceremonies of the heterodox sects of the Alevî and Bektaşî and among the JUNE 2020 – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG Gołyźniak, P. 2017. Ancient Engraved Gems in the National Museum in Krakow. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. See also an article providing an overview of the whole cabinet: Gołyźniak, P., Natkaniec-Nowak, L. and Dumańska-Słowik M. 2016. A nineteenth-century glyptic collection in the National Museum in Cracow: The cabinet of Constantine Schmidt-Ciążyński. Journal ofthe History
ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY Posts about Archaeological Theory written by archaeopressblog. What is in the book? The initial idea was to format the lesson plans into a cookbook, with teaching ‘recipes’, which include the materials, budget, preparation time, and level of students so that any educator could replicate these recipes in their classes. FAR EAST – THE ARCHAEOPRESS BLOG Commercially driven copies are conventionally considered to lack relevance to heritage because they are of recent origin and lackheritage values.
ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY
How to Order: The World of Disney: From Antiquarianism to Archaeology is available now in paperback (£25) or as a PDF eBook (£16). Also available: Winifred Lamb: Aegean Prehistorian and Museum Curator: Paperback (£30) / PDF eBook (£16). Sincerest thanks to David Gill for providing this blog post. VISIONS OF THE ROMAN NORTH. ART AND IDENTITY IN NORTHERN My new book for Archaeopress-Visions of the Roman North.Art and Identity in Northern Roman Britain– is a study of the role of images and art in the northern regions of Roman Britain, and how art and identity interacted together here to produce what is argued to have been a highly-distinctive visual culture.The book is not concerned with the fine details of the chronology and history of theACADEMIC PUBLISHING
Here at Archaeopress we are fond of what we call a ‘bath idea’. In 2014 it was a bath idea that led to our first experiments with Open Access publishing, and in 2015 we began to conceive of a new publication model – a side-line to our more regular publishing endeavours – designed to function outside the parameters of the accepted wisdom of academic publishing.THE WORLD OF DISNEY
How to Order: The World of Disney: From Antiquarianism to Archaeology is available now in paperback (£25) or as a PDF eBook (£16). Also available: Winifred Lamb: Aegean Prehistorian and Museum Curator: Paperback (£30) / PDF eBook (£16). Sincerest thanks WHY DID ANCIENT STATES COLLAPSE? Dysfunctionality. Ancient states collapsed because they could not fulfil their core functions. This was because they failed to meet the conditions necessary to perform those functions.Skip to content
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ACADEMIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE USSR: SCIENCE IN THE SERVICE OF IDEOLOGY Yaroslav V. Kuzmin provides a brief history of archaeology in Russia during the Soviet era _Archaeopress is very pleased to have published A. K. Konopatskii’s biography of Soviet archaeologist Aleksei P. Okladnikov as part of its ongoing ‘Archaeological Lives’ series. The following paper is an edited version of one of the introductory chapters to the biography provided by the volume’s co-translator, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin:_ Throughout the existence of the USSR (1917–1991), the conditions for conducting academic research in the fields of the humanities were very different from the West. Klejn (2012) distinguished several periods in the history of Russian/Soviet archaeology: 1) the beginnings of scientific archaeology (1850s–early 1880s); 2) archaeology as a separate field of knowledge (1880s–1910s); 3) archaeology at the time of revolution and revolution in archaeology (1917–1934); and 4) Soviet archaeology (1934–1991). It is interesting to note that the boundary between the Russian and Soviet periods is drawn not at 1917—a year of two revolutions— but later, when the ideology of Marxism-Leninism became dominant. In pre- 1917 Russia, archaeology was closely connected with ancient history, but the research on prehistoric sites was also developing. Some learning societies emerged after 1850: the Russian Archaeological Society in 1851 and, in 1864, the Moscow Archaeological Society. In 1859 the Imperial Archaeological Commission was created to oversee all excavations across Russia. The 1917 revolutions brought the human sciences in Russia (and later on, in the USSR) to abrupt changes. The Civil War (1918–1920, in some parts of Russia until late 1922) resulted in a disastrous decline in industry; there was hunger and social strife, and the number of excavations was practically nil. Archaeological works slowly resumed after the early 1920s. The Bolshevik government, however, in 1919 created the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture (the Russian abbreviation—RAIMK); after 1926 it was known as the _Gosudarstvennaya Akademiya Istorii Materialnoi Kultury _ (abbreviated as GAIMK). After several transformations it became the Institute for the History of Material Culture (abbreviation—IIMK), USSR Academy of Sciences in 1937, with two branches— in Moscow and Leningrad. The building of the Institute of History of Material Culture, Leningrad/St. Petersburg. The first head of the RAIMK/GAIMK (1919–1934) and formal leader of Soviet archaeology was Nikolai Ya. Marr, a scholar of Oriental studies. Marr was a prominent specialist in languages but not a proper linguist (Klejn 2012). Marr’s main contribution to science was ‘Japhetic theory’ (later turned into a ‘new doctrine of language’), built on the controversial idea that a Caucasian-based proto-language existed in Europe before the advent of the Indo-European languages. Marr’s doctrine was blessed by the Communist Party; he became a Party member in 1930. At that time, most of the Academy scholars were against the increasing ideological grip, and few of the Academicians were Communists; this is why the Party showered Marr with honours and titles. The archaeological implication of Marr’s ‘theory’ was that scientists were forced to explain cultural and other alterations as the result of the sudden changes in pre-existing populations, without any external influences. The Marxist-Leninist approach in Soviet archaeology, developed in the late 1920s–early 1930s, defined the study of social changes from primitive societies to capitalism as the main research tool (see Trigger 2006: 329– 337). Archaeology was considered a part of history; there was a well-known expression by the prominent Soviet scholar Artemy V. Artsikhovsky that ‘Archaeology is history armed with a spade.’ Trigger (2006: 342) mentioned that many Soviet archaeologists truly believed in the possibility of extracting historical information from archaeological sources. Two main ideologically driven paradigms were introduced into Soviet archaeology in the early 1930s. Trigger (2006: 327) combines them under the cultural-historical approach. Stadialism was developed mainly by Vladislav I. Ravdonikas and Sergei N. Bykovsky; it was based on the assumption that ethnic history can be presented as a series of leaps from one social stage (like slavery or feudalism) to another, without any external influence. Klejn (2012) noted that the entire idea of stadialism consisted of miraculous and unexplained transformations. However, in 1950, after the Second World War, the rise of Russian nationalism, inspired by Stalin, brought stadialism along with Marr’s entire theory to an end. Another approach, autochthonism, was employed by Marxist archaeologists to prove the origins of the Slavic people in local development, without any external influences from outside and/or migrations. One of the main representatives of this method was Boris A. Rybakov, who was showered with positions and honours by the Soviet government and the Party (which was essentially the same thing) in the 1950s–1970s. Klejn (2012) also mentions other schools—Marxist sociologisers, _doctrinaire unitarians_, subdiffusionists and submigrationalists, empirics, scientification-oriented, imitators, ethnos-oriented, and ‘true’ Marxists. Artsikhovsky and Ravdonikas, along with other younger archaeologists (notably Yevgeny Y. Krichevsky, Andrei P. Kruglov, and Yuri V. Podgaetsky) developed the ‘Marxist’ approach to the interpretation of archaeological data in 1926–1929 (see Trigger 2006: 328, 330), based on a strong assumption that technology directly determines the nature of society and ideology. The goal of the archaeologist, according to the ‘Marxist’ approach, was to reconstruct the societies that produced artefacts and not the artefacts themselves. The ‘method of ascent’ by Artsikhovsky – from artefacts to the structure of ancient society – presupposes establishing social structure by knowing only the Marxist peculiarities of the development of humanity. In this case archaeology was given the same level of reconstruction as history. But in 1932, due to change in the Party’s leading ranks that caused a shift in Communist ideology, archaeology was declared an auxiliary discipline that could only help historystudy the past.
There were other approaches that did not completely follow the ideological lines of the Party. The palaeoethnological method was initiated in the late nineteenth century and developed in the 1930s by Boris S. Zhukov, Petr P. Efimenko, and Sergei I. Rudenko. Their main idea was to combine archaeology and ethnography, and to reconstruct the history of ethnic groups in relation to environmental changes. Due to strict ideological control from the mid-1930s on, this direction and its representatives were suppressed. The diffusionist approach (including migrationism) was used after the turn of the twentieth century but was banned in the 1930s in order to promote autochthonism. In the 1950s, however, due to changes in the Party’s upper circles and the fight for power and ideological control, diffusionism wasagain allowed.
During the tenure of Josef Stalin as a head of the Soviet state (1929–1953), even slight disagreement with the Party line was very dangerous. Klejn (2012: 87) noted: > _‘In Soviet archaeology all strictly academic debate of the > slightest consequence inevitably assumed the nature of a ferocious > political battle. In the early 1930s (and again in the 1950s), if a > topic did not in itself qualify for such status, an archaeologist > could invariably be found who would invest it with that status, in > order to stick a political label on an opponent and win an easy > victory. Such victories were often accompanied by ‘organisational > measures’: condemnation of the recalcitrant as an enemy of > Marxism, or worse, a renegade), dismissal, and even arrest of the > individual and all his relations.’_ During the purges in the 1920s–1930s, about 150 archaeologists, historians, art experts, and museum and local lore scholars were sentenced and either sent to prison, exiled, or even exterminated. Perhaps the true number is significantly higher. At least ten well-known Soviet archaeologists were executed or died shortly after imprisonment (Klejn 2012: 28). The ‘Academic’ and ‘Slavist’ affairs of 1929–1934 resulted in arrest and exile of dozens of scholars, mainly archaeologists and historians from Leningrad (Klejn 2014: 64). In this environment, most Soviet archaeologists were afraid to submit their papers to foreign periodicals for fear of being accused of espionage and sabotage. After the death of Stalin in March 1953, ideological control of the humanities was to some extent loosened, and more academic freedom was allowed, as long as it did not challenge the leading role of theParty.
Nevertheless, despite the pure ‘theatre of the absurd’ of the Soviet political system, including Orwellian attempts to erase from publications the names of people who fell out of the Party’s favour (Klejn 2012: 31), the pioneering research conducted in the 1920s–1960s is widely acknowledged by the international scholarly community: by Gleb S. Bonch-Osmolovsky, Petr P. Efimenko, Sergey N. Zamyatnin, and Aleksandr N. Rogachev on the Palaeolithic; Sergei A. Semenov on use-wear analysis; Ravdonikas on the Mesolithic and petroglyphs in northern Russia; Mikhail P. Gryaznov on the Siberian Bronze and Early Iron ages; Rudenko on frozen burial mounds (_kurgans_) in Mongolia and the Altai Mountains of Siberia; Sergei P. Tolstov on early Central Asian states; Boris B. Piotrovsky on the archaeology of Trans-Caucasus; Aleksei P. Okladnikov on Siberian prehistoric archaeology and rock art; and Artsikhovksy on Medieval perishable birch-bark texts from Novgorod. A. P. Okladnikov examines the rock art inMongolia, 1970s.
Obviously, it is impossible to characterise in this brief essay all the varieties of Soviet archaeology of the 20th century; the reader will find more in the book by Aleksander K. Konopatskii about the life and works of Okladnikov in the 1930s–1950s.REFERENCES
Klejn, L.S. (2012). _Soviet Archaeology: Schools, Trends, and History_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Klejn, L.S. (2014). _Istoriya Rossiiskoi Arkheologii: Ucheniya, Shkoly i Lichnosti _(The History of Russian Archaeology: Doctrines, Schools and Personalities). Volumes 1–2. St. Petersburg: Eurasia (inRussian).
Klejn, L.S. (2017). Archaeology in Soviet Russia. In: Lozny, L.R. (ed.), _Archaeology of the Communist Era: A Political History of Archaeology of the 20th Century_, pp.59–99. Cham, Switzerland:Springer.
Trigger, B.G. (2006). _A History of Archaeological Thought _(2nd edition). New York: Cambridge University Press. _YAROSLAV V. KUZMIN_ HAS BEEN STUDYING GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST, SIBERIA AND NEIGHBOURING NORTHEAST ASIA SINCE 1979 (PHD 1991; DSC. 2007). HE HAS ALSO ASSISTED IN TRANSLATING AND EDITING BOOKS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EASTERN RUSSIA. ALEKSEI P. OKLADNIKOV: THE GREAT EXPLORER OF THEPAST.
_Volume
I. _
_A
biography of a Soviet archaeologist (1900s – 1950s) by _A. K. Konopatskii, translated by Richard L. Bland and Yaroslav V. Kuzmin. Printed ISBN 9781789692044. eBook ISBN 9781789692051. _xxiv+410 pages; 30 black & white figures._ Aleksei P. Okladnikov (1908–1981), a prominent Russian archaeologist, spent more than 50 years studying prehistoric sites in various parts of the Soviet Union – in Siberia, Central Asia and Mongolia. This biography will appeal to archaeologists, historians, and anyone interested in the history of the humanities in thetwentieth century.
Available now from Archaeopress: Paperback (£24.99); PDF eBook(£16+VAT).
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Academic Archaeology in the USSR: Science in the Service of Ideology HADRIAN’S WALL. A STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONAND INTERPRETATION
David J. Breeze shares some thoughts on his recent delivery of the 2019 Rhind Lectures and their simultaneous publication. There are no doubt many reasons why people write books. For me, it is the end point of a piece of research. Some may be content to undertake research and file the results in a drawer; that is not for me. But publishing the Rhind lectures was different. I had been asked two years ago to deliver the six lectures to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, to be given over the weekend of 10-12 May 2019. As I started to prepare the lectures, I realised that the decennial Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall would be just 2 months after the Rhinds and there would be much to be said for having them published in time for that event. Archaeopress agreed that the lectures could be published in time for the Pilgrimage, indeed in time for the lectures themselves. As a result, I switched my mind to writing the book first and subsequently tweaking the text to fit more the style of lectures, though maintaining as much conformity as possible, as David Davison requested. The book was duly completed, submitted and published the weekend of the lectures.There
was no problem in tweaking the lectures, but what I had not bargained for was the fact that the pursuit of knowledge continues, be it in one’s own head or through further reading. In the weeks between the submission of the text to Archaeopress and the lectures I came across Kyle Harper’s work on a plague in the 250s and 260s which affected the inhabitants of the Roman empire. Could this be the reason for the abandonment of civil settlements outside many forts on the northern fringes of the empire? Too late to include this thought in the book, but it was embraced by the lectures, and is now an interesting line ofresearch to pursue.
Dr David Caldwell, President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, introduces the 2019 Rhind lectures. Photo © Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Professor David J. Breeze delivers the 2019 Rhind Lectures. Photo © Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. HEADER PHOTO: Hadrian’s Wall at Castle Nick. Photo © Peter Savin. Excerpt: _HADRIAN’S WALL: A STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND INTERPRETATION _by David J. Breeze. Archaeopress, 2019. Paperback, ISBN 9781789691672, £19.99; PDF eBook, ISBN 9781789691689, _from _£16 +VAT (if applicable).PREFACE
This book stems from the invitation of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland to deliver the Rhind lectures in 2019, sponsored by AOC Archaeology Group. The lectures were endowed by Alexander Henry Rhind, the first being held in 1874, and with rare exceptions they have been held every year since. His legacy stipulates that six lectures have to be delivered. Until 1986 these were held over the course of one week from Wednesday to Wednesday, but in 1987 the pattern was changed and the lectures are now held over a weekend from Friday evening to Sunday afternoon. The first lecture of the series sets the scene and, as it is followed by a reception, is something of an occasion. The last lecture tends to be shorter than normal as it may be followed by questions. The subject of the lectures should relate to ‘some branch of archaeology, ethnology, ethnography, or allied topic, in order to assist in the general advancement of knowledge’. I was asked to speak on an aspect of my research on Hadrian’s Wall, the Roman _Limes _and army, and ‘its wider international, practical and theoretical implications’. The first two lectures – chapters in this book – provide the historiographical background to our present understanding of Hadrian’s Wall. They start with John Collingwood Bruce, the leading authority on the Wall, from 1848 until his death in 1892, who gave the Rhind lectures in 1883 and whose influence continues to this day. Research on the Wall in the field and in the study from 1892 to the present day are covered in the second lecture. The third and fourth lectures consider the purpose(s) and operation of Hadrian’s Wall from the first plan drawn up soon after Hadrian became emperor in 117 through to the final days of its existence as a frontier shortly after 400. Five distinct ‘plans’ for the Wall are promulgated. The fifth lecture examines the impact of the frontier on the people living in its shadow and beyond. The last lecture reviews the processes which have brought us to an understanding of Hadrian’s Wall and considers the value of research strategies, with some suggestions for the way forward. The chapters in this book reflect closely the lectures themselves with the main change being the addition of references. I am grateful to the Society for its agreement to publish this book to coincide with the lectures and for its support in its preparation. In order to try to retain a relationship with the lectures I have restricted the number of references in the text. Quotations are always referenced. Detailed references to structures on the Wall may be found in the _Handbook to the Roman Wall _(Breeze 2006) while work during the last decade is reported in the handbook prepared for the 2019 Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall (Collins and Symonds 2019). Hadrian’s Wall has acquired its own terminology. At every mile there was a small enclosure called a milecastle (MC), similar to a fortlet (a small fort), which contained a small barrack-block and protected a gate through the Wall. In between each pair of milecastles there were two towers known as turrets (T) after the Latin for a tower, _turris_. On the Cumbrian coast, the equivalent terminology is milefortlet (MF) and tower (T). These structures on the Wall are numbered westwards from Wallsend and on the Cumbria coast westwards from Bowness-on-Solway. Behind the Wall is an earthwork known as the Vallum. It consists of a central ditch with a mound set back equidistant on each side. As the essential feature is the ditch, it should be termed the _Fossa_, but it was named the Vallum over a thousand years ago and it is too late to change the name. One issue is to differentiate easily between the Wall, meaning the whole of the frontier complex, and the linear barrier, here called the curtainwall.
ALSO BY OR FEATURING DAVID J. BREEZE: _MARYPORT: A ROMAN FOR AND ITS COMMUNITY_by
David J. Breeze. Archaeopress, 2018. Paperback, ISBN 9781784918019, 14.99; PDF eBook, ISBN 9781784918026, _from _£10 +VAT (ifapplicable).
_BEARSDEN: THE STORY OF A ROMAN FORT_by
David J. Breeze. Archaeopress, 2018. Paperback, ISBN 9781784914905, 20.00; PDF eBook, ISBN 9781784914912, _from _£16.00 +VAT (ifapplicable).
_ROMAN FRONTIER STUDIES 2009_Proceedings
of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009 __edited by Nick Hodgson, Paul Bidwell and Judith Schachtmann. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology Series #25, 2017. Paperback, ISBN 9781784915902, £90.00; PDF eBook, ISBN 9781784915919, _from _£16.00 +VAT (if applicable). _LATRINAE: ROMAN TOILETS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMANEMPIRE
_edited
by Stefanie Hoss. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology Series #31, 2017. Paperback, ISBN 9781784917258, £35.00; PDF eBook, ISBN 9781784917265, _from _£16.00 +VAT (if applicable). Author archaeopressblogPosted on
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THE TURKISH LONG-NECKED LUTE OR BAĞLAMA Hans de Zeeuw introduces the tanbûr long-necked lute Inventar-Nr.: I. 929 I. 931 I. 932 I. 936a-f Fundort: Konya \/ T\u00b8rkeiSystematik:
Kulturgeschichte \/ Kunsthandwerk \/ Keramik \/ Fliesen WerblicheNutzung nur nach
R\u00b8cksprache!","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"bpk \/ Museum f\u00b8r Islamische Kunst, SMB \/ Georg Niedermeiser","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Fliesen aus dem Kiosk des Arslan II","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Fliesen aus dem Kiosk des Arslan II" data-image-description="" data-medium-file="https://archaeopress.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/fig_2.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://archaeopress.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/fig_2.jpg?w=840"> In contemporary Turkey, the _saz_ or _bağlama_, being a member of a large family of long-necked lutes called _tanbûrs_, is the core instrument of all folk musical ensembles and orchestras and a popular instrument in the _arabesk_, entertainment, and pop music in Turkey. The _bağlama_ also plays an important role during the ceremonies of the heterodox sects of the Alevî and Bektaşî and among the _âşıks_, the Anatolian wandering poet-musicians, to accompany their partly religious repertory. The _bağlama_ plays furthermore an important role in musical education to teach folk-music theory, notation, performance, and teaching of acoustics and instrument construction. Its importance is also testified by the fact that musicians, such as Arif Sağ, Musa Eroğlu, and Erdal Erzincan, play the _bağlama_ as solo instrument on national and internationalconcert stages.
The long-necked _tanbûr_, which appeared in literary and iconographic sources during the Sâsânian era (_c_. AD 224-651), diffused into the various musical traditions along the Silk Road, resulting in a variety of closely or distantly related _tanbûrs_ with two or more, occasionally doubled or tripled courses, a varying number and variously tuned frets, each having its own characteristic sound, playing technique, and repertory. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other names, such as _saz_ or _bağlama_, _dotâr_ or _dutâr_, _setâr_, _dömbra_, and _damburâ_ (FIGURE 1). Figure 1. Sâsânian silver plate showing a poet-musician playing a t_anbûr_, 5th–7th centuries AD (bottom left). Freer Gallery of Art, Washington. The _tanbûr_ arrived with the Seljuks in Anatolia in the eleventh century or even may be before. Possible intermediaries in the development of the Turkish _saz_ instruments are the by Abd al-Qâdir Ibnu Ghaibî al-Marâghî in his book _Maqâsid al-Alhân_ (The meaning of melodies, early fifteenth century) discussed _tanbûr-i şirvânîyân_ (the _tanbûr_ of Shirwân, located in the north of Azerbaijan) and the _tanbûre-i türkî_ (the _tanbûr_ of the Turks). The _tanbûre-i türkî_ had, compared to the _tanbûr-i şirvânîyân_, a smaller pear-shaped body, a longer neck and two or three strings (FIGURE 2). _Saz_ is a Persian word meaning musical instrument. It appeared for the first time in a work by Nezami van Gandja (1141-1209), one of the greatest poets in Persian poetry. In Anatolia we come across the word _saz_ in the fifteenth century as a name for the _tanbur _of the travelling poet singers, the _âşık_, who were also called _saz şaileri_, poets with the _saz_. Figure 2. Poet-musician playing a _tanbûr_ in the usual cross-seated playing position of Central Asia with the neck pointed downwards, like the _tanbûr _players on the Sâsânian silver plates, on an excavated ceramic tile from the summer palace of Sultan Alâ al-Dîn Kayqubâd I, Anatolia, early 13th century. Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. The origin of the name _bağlama_ is still unknown. It could have been derived from the verb _bağlamak_ (Turkish for to bind), the tying of frets around the neck or strings to the tuning pegs. The description of a _saz_ with the name _bağlama_ appeared in the second half of the 18th century in several European writings. _Histoire générale, critique et philologique de la musique_ (1767) by Charles-Henri de Blainville (1711-1769), _Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern_ (1774, 1778) by Carsten Niebuhr (1732-1815), and _Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne_ (1780) by Jean Benjamin de Laborde (1734-1794), who was sentenced to the guillotine during the French Revolution. De Blainville and Niebuhr were probably the sources of de Laborde. The _bağlama_ was a small sized lute compared to the other lutes on the engravings of de Blainville, Niebuhr, and deLaborde (FIGURE 3).
Figure 3. _Bağlama_ (3), _bozuk_ (2), and _iki telli_ (1) on an engraving from the _Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne_ of Benjamin de Laborde. A few decades later we find the name _bağlama _as _tanbour baghlama_ in another European writing _Description historique, technique et littéraire des instruments de musique des orientaux_ of 1823 by Guillaume André Villoteau. Villoteau, who stayed in Cairo from 1799 until 1803 as a member of Napoleons Egypt-expedition, discussed several _tanbûrs_, which were mainly played by Turks, Jews, Greeks, and Armenians. In Lane’s time (1830s), _tanbûrs_ were still ignored by native musicians in Egypt and only played by Greeks and other foreigners (FIGURE 4). Figure 4. The Ottoman _tanbûr_ (_tanbour kabyr tourky_) in the centre is flanked on the left by the _tanbour charqy_ and the small_ tanbour boulghâry_ and on the right by the _tanbour bouzourk_ and the small_ tanbour baghlama_. Furthermore, in the foreground, a violin and a _‘ûd_, engraving from the _Description historique technique et littéraire des instruments de musique des orientaux_ (1823) of Guillaume André Villoteau. We know from the _Seyâhatnâme_ of Evliyâ Çelebi that _sazs_, which travelled with the Ottomans to the Middle East and the Balkans, were present at the Ottoman court and in the Turkish cities. Literary and iconographic sources as well as surviving instruments to reconstruct the history of the _saz_ in the rural areas of Anatolia before the 20th century are scarce or absent. The separation between urban and rural culture was mirrored by the sophisticated courtly and urban _sazs _and the simple rural _sazs_, a situation that only increasingly changed after the establishment of the Republic of Turkeyin 1923.
The proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 in Ankara had a major impact on the musical traditions and musical instruments of which the modernized and standardized _saz_ became the most important instrument. In the 1930s musicologists started to construct a theory of folk music parallel to that of the Ottoman _makam_ tradition. A body of modal structures, instrument tunings, plectrum movements, and rhythms were established through collection and notation inseparably linked to the _saz_. Moreover, the number of tied-on movable frets was, in imitation of the Ottoman _tanbûr_, increasingly expanded to create a larger tonal range. An earlier example of this practice can be found on a drawing of a _saz_ from the_ Tefh__î__mü’l Makamat fi Tevl__î__d-in Neğam__â__t_ (The concept of the makams in the making of melodies, mid-18th century) of Kemânî Hızır Ağa. Around 1940, the number of frets further increased, a development in which Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihâl (1900-1961) and Muzaffer Sarısözen (1899-1963) played an important role. This development took place around Radio Ankara and aimed to reform the music and musical instruments of the many regions, each with their own characteristics, into a coherent whole. For that purpose, choirs and orchestras were established, which performed uniform folk music on standardized _sazs_ like those of Radio Ankara and Radio Istanbul. Since the 1950s it became increasingly customary, starting in radio circles, to use the name _bağlama_ instead of _saz_ as a generic name for _saz_ instruments. From literature we learn, however, that the traditional _bağlama_ of Anatolia was a small _saz_. It is therefore obvious that not the small _bağlama_, but a larger _saz_ was used to expand the number of frets. In contemporary Turkey, _bağlama_ and _saz_ are still used alternately. Figure 5. Fret tuning (_perde taksimati_) of the long-necked _bağlama_ (_uzun saplı bağlama_) and short-necked _bağlama_ (_kısa saplı bağlama_) according to Cafer Açin. Due to the modern entertainment industry and the changing taste of the audience after 1960, better trained musicians developed virtuoso playing techniques and set higher demands on technical and artistic issues such as the timbre and sound volume of their instrument, the method of stringing, and the number of frets and their arrangement on the neck. Around 1970 there was still a great variety in the number of frets and their tuning. Nail Tan concluded in _Bağlama yapımı_ (Bağlama construction) that generally seventeen frets were used for the octave, but that the number of frets, among which non-diatonic ones, and their position on the neck was not yet standardized. Since second half of the 1980s, there seems to be some agreement. Sabri Yener in _Bağlama öğretim metodu_ (Bağlama teaching method) and Irfan Kurt in _Bağlamada düzen ve pozisyon_ (Bağlama tuning and vertical technique) both established seventeen frets in the octave, including five non-diatonic frets. Cafer Açin (1939-2012) established in _Bağlama. Yapım sanatı ve sanatçıları_ also seventeen frets in the octave for the long-neck _bağlama_ as well as short-neck _bağlama_ (FIGURE 5). The development of virtuoso playing techniques consisted of an increasing combination of vertical and horizontal playing techniques on the _bağlama_. In order to make an effective use of its vertical possibilities, the neck had to be shortened. By constructing a more pear-shaped bowl it was possible to lengthen the neck inwardly. In this way, the neck could be kept relatively short keeping the necessary space for the frets (FIGURE 6). Figure 6. On the left, Muzaffer Sarısözen playing a ten-stringed of which the number of frets are expanded on the soundboard. On the right, the expansion of the number of frets on the neck by modifying the bowl of the _saz_. Modern entertainment required, furthermore, the amplification of the sound. The bowl was therefore changed from a small U-shape to a larger and deeper U-shape with a soundhole (_kafes_) under the tailpiece (_tel bağlama takozu_) or, sometimes, in the soundboard. The soundboard changed from slightly arched and composite to a flat one made of a singular sheet of wood. For constructional reasons, the characteristic straight pegbox of the _saz_ was replaced by a slightly angled attached pegbox. Moreover, on the first, third, and sometimes second course one of the strings was replaced by a so-called ‘_bam teli_’ or ‘octave’ string (brass-wrapped string), which was introduced towards the end of the 1950s by Neşet Ertaş (1938-2012) who was probably the last of the great _bozlak_ (songs of agony) poet-musicians. These changes increased the soundvolume and changed the timbre. Moreover, the _bağlama_ was amplified with electronic devices to facilitate playing in clubs or concert halls (FIGURE 7). Figure 7. On the left, traditional _saz_. In the middle, morphological modifications of the soundbox, soundboard, and pegbox of the _saz_. On the right, contemporary long-necked _bağlama_. The ongoing development of virtuoso playing techniques, combining the traditional horizontal playing techniques with vertical playing techniques, fuelled the development of the short-necked _bağlama_, being actually a long-necked _bağlama_ with a shortened neck, an instrument suiting the combining of vertical and horizontal playing techniques. To distinguish the long-necked _bağlama_ from the short-necked _bağlama_, the long-necked _bağlama_ was called _unzun saplı bağlama_, the short-necked _bağlama_ _kısa saplı bağlama_. The first experimental versions of the short-necked_ bağlama _emerged after 1960. Musicians were, before Arif Sağ asked the luthier Kemal Eroğlu to develop a short-necked _bağlama_, not very interested in the short-necked _bağlama_. According to Kemal Eroğlu, the short-necked _bağlama_ was derived from the long-necked _saz_/_bağlama_. According to Arif Sağ, however, the short-necked _bağlama_ was not a new development but an older type _saz_ type with a short neck. Some agree that there are certain similarities with the _saz_ of the Alevî _dedes_. The short-necked _bağlama_ became after 1980, mainly under the impulses of Arif Sağ, a very popular instrument, particular in combination with the _şelpe _and _parmak vurma_ technique (see accompanying video of Erdal Erzincan). An example is his virtuoso _Teke Zotlaması_, which was also played by Talip Özkan (1939-2010) on the long-necked _bağlama_ as well as _cura bağlama_. Talip Özkan started in the 1960s to combine the traditional horizontal playing technique with vertical playing techniques on the long-necked _bağlama_ tuned to the _bozuk düzeni_ tuning, a tuning facilitating both techniques (FIGURE 8). _Figure 8. On the left, Arif Şağ playing şelpe on the kısa saplı bağlama during a concert in the Tropeninstituut in Amsterdam. Foundation Kulsan, Amsterdam. On the right, Talip Özkan playing a long-necked bağlama combining horizontal and vertical playingtechniques._
Many folk musical genres can be played on the long-necked _bağlama_ because it can be tuned in various ways. The short-necked _bağlama_ has, on the other hand, a higher sound volume and can, because of its shorter neck and closely spaced frets, be played ‘easier’ and faster making use of all the three courses. Despite its popularity the short-necked _bağlama_ did, however, not displace the long-necked_bağlama_.
Modernization and standardization resulted, furthermore, in the 1980s in the in the _bağlama__ _family (_bağlama ailesi_). Within the _bağlama__ _family different size categories can be distinguished, although no single classification is in general accepted and there are, moreover, also intermediate forms. A possible classification of the _bağlama__ _family, from small to large, is the _cura_, the short-necked _bağlama_ (_kısa saplı bağlama_) and the long-necked _bağlama_ (_uzun saplı bağlama_), the _tanbura_, the _divan sazı_, and the _meydan sazı_. The establishment of a nomenclature of the _saz_/_bağlama_ family still has to be undertaken (FIGURE 9). Figure 9. The _bağlama_ family consisting of the _cura_, the short-necked _bağlama_ (_kısa saplı bağlama_) and the long-necked _bağlama_ (_uzun saplı bağlama_), the _tanbura_, the _divan sazı_, and the _meydan sazı_. The systematic use of all three string courses and making a more effective use of the _bağlama düzeni_ not only resulted in the short-necked _bağlama_ but also initiated the development of instruments such as the _dört telli_ _bağlama_ (_four course bağlama_) and _Oğur sazı_, developed by the luthier Kemal Eroğlu after an idea of the musician Erkan Oğur. Both instruments are a continuation of the development of vertical and harmonic playing techniques (FIGURE 10, LEFT). Since the first six-stringed prototype from 1991, more prototypes were built like the thirteen-stringed and six-stringed _Oğur sazı_. In the meantime, various versions of the _Oğur sazı_ were built by among others the musician and luthier Engin Topuzkanamış (Izmir) for other musicians like Efrén López and Guillermo Rizotto in Spain and Gilad Weiss in Israel (FIGURE 10, RIGHT). _Figure 10. On the left a four-course dört telli bağlama by Murtaza Çağır and ten-stringed Oğur sazı by Engin Topuzkanamış. On the right Engin Topuzkanamış playing a six-stringed version of the Oğur sazı in his workshop in Izmir._ An example of how the _bağlama_ can inspire new forms is the _divane_ of Yavuz Gül. Looking for a larger volume than the _divan sazı_, Yavuz Gül (Izmir) developed the _divane_, a family of hybrid instruments inspired by the long-necked _bağlama_ and _‘ûd_/_lauta_. The _divane _family consist of the _efe divane_, _baba divane_, _divane deli_, and the _bass divane_ (FIGURE 11). Figure 11. Three-course _divane_ played by Yavuz Gül. The exploration and development of vertical and harmonic playing techniques and a theory of Turkish harmony, for which the _bağlama_ provides a model, will remain an important issue within Turkish folk music, notwithstanding attempts to standardization. Instrument makers do respond to the changes in the musical practice. This principle has dictated the evolution of music and instrument making for centuries. Figure 12. Erdal Erzincan playing _şelpe_ on a for this technique made four-stringed _bağlama_ during a concert in the Centrale in Gent in 2017. The Centrale, Gent (Belgium). Musical instruments are constantly changing and there is always room for improvement, innovation, and evolution. New _bağlama_ types, of which the construction, the number of frets and their tuning, number of strings and their tuning, and playing technique vary, will therefore continue to evolve (FIGURE 12).FURTHER READING
Bates, E. 2011. _Music in Turkey: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture (Global Music Series)_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Conway Morris, R. 2001. Bağlama, in S. Sadie (ed.) _New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ 2: 469. London: MacMillan PressLimited.
Hassan, S.Q., R. Conway Morris, J. Baily and J. During 2001a. Tanbūr, in S. Sadie (ed.) _New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ 25: 61-62. London: MacMillan Press Limited. Sayce and T. Crawford 2001. Lute, in S. Sadie (ed.) _New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ 15: 329-363. London: MacMillanPress Limited.
Spector, J., R. At’Ajan, C. Rithman C and R. Conway Morris 2001. Saz, in S. Sadie (ed.) _New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ 22: 361-362. London: MacMillan Press Limited. Stokes, M.H. 1993. _The Arabesk Debate_. _Music and Musicians in Modern Turkey_. Oxford: Claredon Press. Zeeuw, J. 2009. _De Turkse Langhalsluit of Bağlama_. Amsterdam. Zeeuw, J. 2019. _Tanb__û__r Long-Necked Lutes along the Silk Road and beyond_. Oxford: Archaeopress.YOUTUBE
_Arif Sağ:_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPrTu3AWfuM _Talip Özkan: _https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ha5mAX1WaMM _Neşet Ertaş: _https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yQI2mUX7Rc _Erdal Erzincan: _https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__ZGmCkB58I > Sincerest thanks to Hans De Zeeuw for providing this > article for the Archaeopress Blog.>
> Hans’ latest book, _Tanb__û__r Long-Necked Lutes along the Silk > Road and beyond (Archaeopress, 2019) is available: _>
> _Paperback, ISBN 9781789691696, £40_>
> _PDF eBook, ISBN 9781789691702, from £16+VAT_>
> Available here:
>
> https://tinyurl.com/9781789691696 Author archaeopressblogPosted on
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Leave a comment on The Turkish Long-Necked Lute or Bağlama PIONEERING ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN JOHN ALFRED SPRANGER’S 1929-1936 PHOTO REPORTAGES Stefano Anastasio and Barbara Arbeid present the photo-archives of archaeologist and photographer John Alfred Spranger (1889-1968) THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY PHOTO-ARCHIVES FOR ARCHAEOLOGY Early photo archives are becoming an increasingly important source of information for archaeology. This is, of course, a positive trend: any effort to make “forgotten” data available to the scientific community is to be welcomed. Early photos may prove a powerful tool for protecting and promoting the value of archaeological heritage. Hopefully, the current interest in early photo-archives will result in an increasing number of published archives. This will help archaeologists enhance their research, as well as the protection and conservation of the archaeological heritage. JOHN ALFRED SPRANGER John Alfred Spranger was born in Florence on 24 June 1889. His father, William, moved to Tuscany from England in the middle of the nineteenth century and was a professor at the Academy of Arts and Drawings in Florence. John Alfred was a leading figure in the cultural milieu of Florence at the beginning of the twentieth century. Both archaeologist and photographer (as well as engineer, topographer, mountain climber, art collector…), he was the author of several photo reportages detailing archaeological monuments and landscapes especially in Italy, Albania, Greece, Canada, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. In 1913-1914, he participated in the Filippo De Filippi Expedition to the Himalayan Karakoram, as assistant topographer. The photographers of the expedition – Cesare Antilli, Major of the Italian Army, and Giorgio Abetti, a Florentine astronomer – systematically used cameras during the expedition, creating a real reportage, and Spranger surely gained a great passion for photography thanks to thisexpedition.
Fig. 1. Harry Burton at work in Deir el-Bahari (1929). The photo on the right corresponds to no. 4 marked on the map. In the 1920s-1930s, he took part in a number of Etruscan excavations in Tuscany and paid great attention to the use of the camera to document the excavation work in progress. During this period, he spent time with Harry Burton, photographer of the discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun. It was, in fact, in Florence that Burton was hired as a photographer and archaeologist by Theodore M. Davis, who obtained the concession for the excavations in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. During his stay in Florence, Burton spent time with Spranger and both were involved together in a number of Etruscan excavations. Their friendship is witnessed by Spranger in his Egyptian album, where Burton is portrayed in some photos taken in 1929 during the excavations at Deir el-Bahari (see fig. 1). Spranger died in 1968 at Newbury, in England, and was buried in Florence. THE PUBLICATION OF SPRANGER’S PHOTO-ARCHIVESThe
passion for photography accompanied Spranger for life. He took thousands of photographs, collecting them in refined photo-albums, consistent in shape, size and style, enriched by annotations, topographic maps and plans (most of the original stereograms were recently retrieved at the public library of Vaiano, a small town close to Florence where many documents from Spranger’s family are held today). On Spranger’s death, some albums, i.e. those dedicated to “archaeological subjects” were donated by his heirs to the then Superintendency of Antiquities of Etruria, and are currently held at the Photo-Archive of the Archaeological Museum of Florence. The volume published by Archaeopress presents the photos dedicated to a trip to Egypt in 1929 and a trip to Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 1936, as well as to some surveys and excavations carried out in Etruscan archaeological sites in Tuscany between 1932and 1935.
Fig. 2. The map of the témenos of Ur (1936), with the photo perspectives and camera angles marked and numbered. On the right, photos corresponding to no. 3 (ziqqurat, from NE) and no. 8 (ziqqurat and courtyard of Temple of Nannar, from N). Spranger’s photos are particularly meaningful, especially because he combined his skills in using the camera with a great expertise in archaeology and topography. He often glued maps of the sites he had surveyed on the albums, on which all perspectives and camera angles were marked and numbered (see an example in fig. 2). As a result of this, he was able to create outstanding “georeferenced” sets of photos for many archaeological sites: Giza, Heliopolis, Menphis, Saqqara, Beni Hasan, Abydos, Dendera, Medinet Habu, Karnak, Luxor, Thebes and Deir el-Bahari, in Egypt; Ur, al-Ubaid, Uruk, Nippur, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Birs Nimrud in Mesopotamia; the tholos of Casaglia, the tumulus of Montefortini and the necropolis of Casone, Riparbella, La Ripa in Tuscany. Fig. 3. Excavation of a tomb at the necropolis of La Ripa, inTuscany (1933).
Stefano Anastasio and Barbara Arbeid Superintendency for Archaeology, Arts and Landscape – Florence stefano.anastasio@beniculturali.it barbara.arbeid@beniculturali.it Cover photo: Page from an album dedicated to the temple of Seti I in Abido, Egypt. On the left is the temple plan, with perspectives and camera angles numbered so as to allow identification of the related photographs, in turn numbered and placed on the right page.ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Stefano Anastasio
has carried out
archaeological researches in Italy (Sardinia, Tuscany), Syria, Turkey, Jordan and currently works at the Archaeological Photo Archive of the Superintendency of Florence. His main research interests are the Mesopotamian Iron Age pottery and architecture, the building archaeology and the use of the early photo archives for the study of the Near Eastern archaeology.Barbara Arbeid is
an archaeologist at the Superintendency of Florence, appointed to the archaeological heritage protection service. Her main research interests are the archaeology of Norther Etruria, the Etruscan bronze craftsmanship, the archaeological collecting and photography.FURTHER READING
EGITTO,
IRAQ ED ETRURIA NELLE FOTOGRAFIE DI JOHN ALFRED SPRANGER _Viaggi e ricerche archeologiche (1929-1936)_ by Stefano Anastasio and Barbara Arbeid. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2019. 205x290mm; 178 pages; highly illustrated throughout in sepia and black & white. Italian text with English summary. Paperback: ISBN 9781789691269. £35.00. eBook: ISBN 9781789691276. _From_ £16.00 (+VAT if appl.). ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ARCHAEOPRESSTHE
1927–1938 ITALIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO TRANSJORDAN IN RENATO BARTOCCINI’S ARCHIVES by Stefano Anastasio and Lucia Botarelli. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2015. 210x297mm; ii+242 pages; extensively illustrated throughout in black &white.
Paperback: ISBN 9781784911188. £40.00. eBook: ISBN 9781784911195._ From_ £16.00 (+VAT if appl.). CERAMICHE VICINORIENTALI DELLA COLLEZIONE POPOLANI by Stefano Anastasio and Lucia Botarelli. Archaeopress Archaeology,Oxford, 2016.
170x240mm; vi+200 pages; illustrated throughout in colour and black & white. Italian text with English summary. Paperback: ISBN 9781784914646. £34.00. eBook: ISBN 9781784914653. _From_ £16.00 (+VAT if appl.). ARCHEOLOGIA A FIRENZE: CITTÀ E TERRITORIO _Atti del Workshop. Firenze, 12-13 Aprile 2013_ edited by Valeria d’Aquino, Guido Guarducci, Silvia Nencetti and Stefano Valentini. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2015. 210x297mm; iv+438 pages; illustrated throughout in black & white. Italian text. Abstracts for all papers in Italian & English. Paperback: ISBN 9781784910587. £58.00 eBook: ISBN 9781784910594._ From_ £16.00 (+VAT if appl.). Author archaeopressblogPosted on
February 27, 2019February 28, 2019Categories
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a comment on Pioneering archaeological photography in John Alfred Spranger’s 1929-1936 photo reportages OLD THIMBLES AND THE PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME Magdalena and William Isbister present a qualitative examination of thimbles recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme database _Note: This paper was originally written in 2014. Minor adjustments have been made but all discussions regarding finds within the database reflect data available at that time._ According to its website, ‘The Portable Antiquities Scheme is run by the British Museum and Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales to encourage the recording of archaeological objects found by members of the public in England and Wales. Every year many thousands of archaeological objects are discovered, many of these by metal detector users, but also by people whilst out walking, gardening or going about their daily work… The Scheme’s database holds records of archaeological finds discovered by members of the public.’ Objects found by professional archaeologists are not included in the database. The database was first made available online in 1999 and by September 2014 about 220,000 objects had been recorded. The majority of items reported seemed to come from the south east of England (Fig 1). In this paper we examine the data relating to thimbles in the database and the database itself and report our findings.Fig 1
METHOD
We searched the database for the term ‘thimble’ and 2776 items were found. We downloaded this database into Microsoft Excel and then imported the relevant parts to Microsoft Access. We found that not all of these objects were actually thimbles and after filtering out the non-thimbles including ‘palm guards’, ‘belt buckles’ etc., we were left with 2616 true thimbles to analyse. Some listings were for multiple numbers of thimbles so overall numbers in this paper are only approximate. Whole thimbles and thimble fragments are included. We searched the text for the words ‘copper alloy’, ‘silver’ ‘aluminum’, ‘tin’, ‘gold’, ‘iron’, and ‘lead’, in order to determine and classify the material from which the thimbles were made. We examined pictures of all of the silver thimbles, but there were too many copper alloy thimbles to examine each one individually.RESULTS
1. DISTRIBUTION
Overall the distribution of thimbles found seemed to be similar to the overall distribution of all artefacts reported (Fig 2).Fig 2
We wondered whether the type of material from which the thimbles were made might have affected their distribution but this seemed not to be the case either. There is a slight pictorial suggestion that there might be fewer silver thimbles found in the North of England and this might be due to the greater affluence existing in the South-East of the country (Fig 3). Fig 3. Left: Copper Alloy. Right: Silver The numbers of thimbles reported from each region, however, were too small for any meaningful statistical analysis, although we did compare silver and copper alloy findings in the county with the single largest number of thimbles recorded (Fig 4). Again there was no obviousdifference.
Fig 4. Left: Copper alloy. Right: Silver 107 thimbles were described as modern and these thimbles did seem to be distributed differently (Fig 5). The South-East domination seems to have disappeared. Fig 5. Left: Modern thimbles. Right: All thimbles.2. MATERIALS
The majority of thimbles were made of ‘copper alloy’, a term used in the database because, without a detailed analysis of the metal from each thimble recorded, it would be impossible to know visually what tocall the material.
MATERIAL
NUMBER
Copper alloy
2367
Silver
243
Aluminum
2
Iron
1
Gold
1
Tin
1
Lead
1
The percentage of silver thimbles was twice as great in Norfolk, Lincolnshire and the Greater London Authority area than in Suffolk, possibly an indication of greater prosperity in these three regions, but this may simply be a function of the relatively small numbers ofthimbles involved.
COUNTY
TOTAL
SILVER
COPPER ALLOY
%
Norfolk
321
28
293
8.7
Lincolnshire
229*
14
214
6.1
Suffolk
221
7
214
3.2
GLA
61+
5
55
8.2
* one tin, + one iron 218 copper alloy thimbles were described as either ‘acorn top’ or ‘beehive’ in shape but not all thimbles were classified, and not all ‘acorn top’ thimbles were so called (Fig 6, 7). Fig 6. Left: ‘Acorn top’. Right: ‘Beehive’. Fig 7. Left: ‘Acorn top’. Right: ‘Beehive’. Of the silver thimbles recorded, 54 seemed to be ‘modern’ (19th century and later), 83 were long (mid 17th century), often called Jacobean thimbles (Fig 8) and 84 were short (late 17th century) (Fig9).
Fig 8 Fig 9
Among the 167 17/18th century silver thimbles recorded there were only four which depicted King Charles II and his wife (Fig 10).Fig 10
One short thimble had two medallions containing a crowned rose, the symbol of Charles I (Fig 11).Fig 11
There were nine late 18th century thimbles and some would have had steel tops like the one illustrated (Fig 12). Fig 12 (© Isbister) A single damaged silver thimble, missing its steel top, and made by Hester Bateman is recorded in the database. The maker’s initials are clearly seen on the border of the thimble (Fig 13).Fig 13
13. INSCRIPTIONS
41 thimbles were recorded as having inscriptions. Of these, one was an aluminum advertising thimble, one was recorded as medieval (Fig 14), and three were ‘modern’. Six thimbles were made of copper alloy and the remaining 34 thimbles were made of silver.Fig 14
From the database it was not possible to determine whether the inscription was a motto, maker’s mark or owner’s initials. Inspection of the pictures of the corresponding thimbles indicated that in addition to the single advertising thimble, 16 had mottos and the remainder either had maker’s marks (Fig 15) or owner’s inscriptions (Fig 9, left) or both (Fig 16). Fig 15 Fig 16. ‘F*C’. Inscriptions were mainly hand-engraved (Fig 9, 16, 17) although the silver thimble with the clearest motto was not listed as having an inscription (Fig 18, 25). Fig 17. ‘LOOSE NO TIME’. Fig 18. ‘+AFENDE+TO+THE+ENDE’.
Many thimbles were so damaged that it was very difficult to read the inscription from the picture (Fig 19).Fig 19
A maker’s mark on a post-medieval thimble was recorded as ‘HC&S’ although the thimble was hallmarked in 1928 and the maker was Henry Griffith and Sons (HG&S) of Birmingham.4. OTHER FINDINGS
Some thimbles seemed to have been cut down to very thin bands, presumably to be used as decorative finger rings (Fig 20). Two such thimbles were found.Fig 20
Some thimbles were described as ‘double skinned’ (Fig 21) and, in the past, we considered that two pieces of brass had been mistakenly deep drawn into a thimble. Fig 20 (© Isbister) Six such thimbles were recorded in the database. The finding sites were widely scattered and so we are now wondering whether this was not an accident but a deliberate method of construction, although we do not know why this might have been done. Several of the thimbles recorded showed features that, as far as we know, have not been recorded in the thimble literature and they areillustrated below.
The only short strap work thimble that we have ever seen has a maker’s mark ‘AW’ and a rather unusual top (Fig 22).Fig 22
This unusually shaped early strap work thimble might represent a stage in the progression from tall cylindrical silver thimbles to the later and shorter stubby silver thimbles (Fig 23)Fig 23
Another thimble looks to be missing a top (Fig 24) but was it removable or does this thimble demonstrate yet another method ofconstruction?
Fig 24
Niello thimbles were very rare in the 18th century and only one other is known (Fig 25). The found thimble has an ornate top and the inscription ‘+AFENDE +TO+THE+ENDE’ around the border (Fig 26). There is a makers mark ‘RL’ inside the rim. Another thimble (Fig 9, second from left) has a similar maker’s mark and these two thimbles are said to have been made in Holland by the recorder but this seems unlikely. Fig 25 © Leslie Hindman Auctioneers Fig 26 Two of the shorter 17th century silver thimbles had interesting bands (Fig 27) and one had an unusual top for a short thimble (Fig 28)Fig 27 Fig 28
Finally, we found a couple of thimbles with medallions containing what looked like cupids and a bleeding heart overlying several arrows (Fig 29). These 17th century keepsake thimbles are exceedingly rare.Fig 29
THE DATABASE
A database of this sort with many different recording officers is fraught with problems when it comes to analysing the recorded information. The organisers are to be commended on the mammoth project that they have undertaken and for the establishment of a _searchable_ database. By nature of its organisation however it is subject to many limitations, many of which have only become apparent to us as a result of our study of the thimbles in the database. The registration rate for the Portable Antiquities Scheme is unknown and therefore the total number of thimbles found and not reported is unknown. The majority of thimbles were found by metal detectors so this must necessarily bias the distribution of the thimbles found to the areas in which metal detectors are used most frequently. The distribution of thimbles and their types found must therefore be biased somewhat and cannot truly represent the distribution of thimbles in England and Wales during the 17th and 18th centuries. In addition, many of the more expensive thimbles, for example, might still be in aristocratic households or lost in the grounds of stately homes and therefore not available for metal detection. In the absence of any other archive, however, the database is invaluable as a windowinto the past.
Occasionally recordings were brief, some were duplicates and this made analysis crude at best. Not all recorded thimbles were described and often database fields were left blank or incomplete. When the search term ‘thimble’ was used online, finger guards (could be considered to be a form of protection for sewing but not really thimbles), a buckle, rings, crotal bells and a whistle were found in the listing. Silver thimbles were described as ‘cast’ when they had been milled in two parts. Some thimbles were described as ‘acorn’ shaped whilst similarly shaped thimbles were not described in this way by other recorders (see above, Fig 6, 7). The term ‘medieval’ was not used in the same way by all recorders and some so called ‘medieval’ thimbles were from a much later period. These inconsistencies, arising from the multiplicity of the recorders, made analysis difficult and somewhat limited. Clearly defined parameters for specific fields in the database, to be used by all recorders, might limit some of these problems and even insisting that all fields be filled would be a help. From a research standpoint the standard of data recording must be improved. We do not underestimate the difficulty of this task although the quality of recording in another multiple-user metal detecting database does seem to be muchhigher .
CONCLUSIONS
The data presented in this paper represents our analysis of the thimbles recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme database . The results are limited by the biases described above in relation to the data itself, the data collection and recording and possibly the fact that thimbles form only a small fraction of the database and maybe there are many more items which are considered to be more important than thimbles to the recorders. Nevertheless, the database is a valuable instrument for learning more about thimbles from the past. It is hoped that it will become even more useful if recording methods are standardized and all recorders enter consistent data into all the fields in the database. At the present time the database is more useful for qualitative rather than quantitativestudies.
ALL IMAGES, UNLESS OTHERWISE DESIGNATED, WERE DOWNLOADED FROM THE PASWEBSITE.
NOTES
Portable Antiquities Scheme. http://finds.org.uk/database Isbister M, Isbister W. _Early English Thimbles_, 2011. Thimble Collectors Bulletin, winter. UK Detector Finds Database. http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ADDENDUM
The UK Detector Finds Database is a voluntary, hobby-based database for objects detected with metal detectors. One of its aims is to ‘encourage those detectorists who would not otherwise record their finds to do so by making use of the UKDFD self-recording facility and to ‘encourage the recording of post c.1650 finds, many of which are not eligible for inclusion on the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) database’. Criteria for finds entry are clear and certain fields are mandatory. The standard of photography is high and the descriptive data is good as a result. The database itself is internet-based and can be analysed to some degree but not as easily or as fully as the PAS database. There are 451 thimbles recorded at the time of writing (October 2014) and 70 of these are silver thimbles. The silver thimbles are, in general, of the more modern type (Georgian onwards). The remaining thimbles are of copper alloy and include many early ‘acorn’ and ‘beehive’ thimbles. The detectorists seem to have a greater knowledge of thimbles than the recorders of the PAS. As a result of the criteria for entry and selectivity of finds however, analysis, in detail, of the database is difficult and the results would necessarily be rather biased. Left: ‘Acorn’. Right: ‘Beehive’. Three notable copper alloy thimbles found in the UKDFD: Three interesting silver thimbles found in the UKDFD: The right thimble is a very worn and possibly a little earlier versionof the other two!
NOTES
UK Detector Finds Database: Thimbles. http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/thimble.html _Sincerest thanks to Magdalena and William Isbister for their kind permission to reproduce their 2014 article on the Archaeopress Blog._ Continue reading “Old Thimbles and the Portable Antiquities Scheme” Author archaeopressblogPosted on
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a comment on Old Thimbles and the Portable Antiquities Scheme THE VALUE OF SIMULATED HERITAGE IN CHINA By Cornelius Holtorf, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Qingkai Ma, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Xian Chen, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; Yu Zhang, Zhejiang A&F University,Hangzhou, China.
Commercially driven copies are conventionally considered to lack relevance to heritage because they are of recent origin and lack heritage values. But for others, including us, heritage should be valued in relation, not to its origin, but to its function in society. In the past, research on cultural heritage has centered on material things which can be catalogued, listed, conserved. In the last decade, heritage has been redefined as an area that is concerned primarily with people. Heritage is now theorized as a range of cultural practices in which people invest meanings to things and ascribe values to them (Smith, 2006; Filippucci, 2009). Heritage is a process which creates new meanings and values, and the cultural meanings of heritage are validated through linkage to the past (Smith 2006). To date, research on the interactions of people, material things and relevant cultural processes is frustratingly scarce (Wells 2015). Figure 1. Geometrical perfection: view along the “Champs Elysees Shopping Street” towards the 1:3 scale-Eiffel Tower in Tianducheng, a suburb of Hangzhou, China. Photograph: Cornelius Holtorf 2018. These issues can be illuminated further by the case of Tianducheng (Sky City), a simulated heritage site in Hangzhou, China. The city is a large suburb, which is designed to incorporate a selection of very prominent architectural heritage features from France including a 1:3 scale but nevertheless imposing copy of the Eiffel Tower in Paris (fig. 1). It is one of many suburbs in China that resemble far-away places and include copies of foreign historical landmarks, reflecting Chinese imaginations of the Western lifestyle (Boskar 2013, Piazzoni 2018). These suburbs are commodities that originated in a specific economic and cultural framework of contemporary China. As such, Tianducheng is part of the cultural heritage of early 21st century China. But questions are also raised about the relationship to the original heritage sites in France which Tianducheng evokes. Arguably, more important than age is the experience of pastness which has been defined by Holtorf as the quality for a given object to be ‘of the past’. The presence of pastness is not related to age but specific to a particular perception situated in a given social and cultural context (Holtorf 2017a: 500). The Eiffel Tower in Hangzhou may not fool anybody about its recent age. But it plays on pastness insofar as it matches exactly people’s expectations of French 19th century architecture and the history that connects that architecture with the present-day city of Paris. We can therefore, in this case, speak of simulated heritage. It simulates the pastness of Paris’ heritage in another city, Hangzhou in China. We suggest that a strict distinction between simulated and non-simulated cultural heritage is not particularly helpful in any attempt at understanding either; instead we should be looking at what they share with each other (see also Holtorf 2017b). Tianducheng was initiated by the real-estate company Guangsha Group which started this enormous project in 2001. It was a pioneering project back then, for this corporation wanted to build a self-sustained satellite city around Hangzhou and contended to lead the urbanization process in China. On the webpage of this property, it advertises itself as “taking France culture as its city culture” while “setting ‘business, tourism, residency and education’ as its pillar industry in this city” (http://www.guangsha.com/index.php/newsinfor/23/3682). The Eiffel Tower and the nearby park were finished before the apartment buildings were sold. They present a clear image of French culture to attract people to buy properties and settle down in Tianducheng (figure 2). Figure 2. Alternative Paris: model of Tianducheng in Hangzhou, China, as envisaged by Guangsha Group, the real-estate developer of the area. Photograph: Cornelius Holtorf 2018. Interestingly, the construction of both the original and the Chinese Eiffel Towers were hotly debated. Opened in 1889, the French tower was widely criticized by the cultural elite at the time but became a huge popular success. Intended to be dismantled after 20 years, the 324m tall tower became a valuable asset for the city and has not only been maintained until the present day but also copied several times at other locations in the world (Wikipedia n.d.). Built in 2007, the 108m tall Chinese Eiffel Tower went through a similar controversy. On 20 November 2010, Guangsha Group started to dismantle the tower without notice, which caused a backlash among residents (Chen 2010). Many residents called the media to report what was going on and hung protest banners on the tower. After negotiation, the company decided to cease dismantling and returned the tower to its original condition. Arguably, Tianducheng fulfills some of the same functions of heritage in Hangzhou as the original sites fulfill in France, in relation to place-making, for example. According to Laurajane Smith (2006: 79), place is “not only a space where meaningful experiences occur, but is also where meanings are contested and negotiated.” Indeed, place “provides a profound centre of human existence to which people have deep emotional and psychological ties and is part of the complex processes through which individuals and groups define themselves” (Convery et al. 2012, p. 1). People’s sources of meaning and experience as well as their environments all contribute to place-making (Harvey 2001). In the case of Tianducheng, as of course with the French original, local residents construct their sense of place from the iconic tower, its magnificent view during daytime and the light show on display at night, as well as from various leisurely activities around the tower. At daytime, it is relatively quiet. When the night curtain falls, it is lively, and can indeed be difficult to find parking spaces. Many people come here to enjoy square dancing with friends, to visit restaurants, and enjoy the tower light show. What is most important is not the question of whether or not the architecture has been copied, but how each site contributes to the local residents’ lives and their sense of place. We spoke to some of the local population living in Tianducheng. More and more people choose to settle there, and the majority of them seem to enjoy the place very much. A shopper we spoke with stated that “of course we know we are not in Paris, everybody knows that. But we still enjoy the view and relaxing atmosphere.” On a web forum of local residents, many others expressed their appreciation of the site, too. There are also visitors going there, taking photos to “pretend” that they are in Paris and subsequently posting them on WeChat moments (similar to Twitter). This applies in particular to wedding pictures. The tower serves as a widely known symbol and icon. When people want to meet somewhere or when they want to locate a certain place, they tend to use the tower as a reference point. One of our interviewees is a member of the local Yixing jogging group. Among other activities, the group meets every morning underneath the tower to start a jog around the city. Ma Gangwei, the interviewee, said, “I like it here. But I don’t have any particular thoughts about this France thing. …I’ve never been to France. I don’t know what it is like to live in Paris. But I like the surroundings here. It might not have much to do with the architectural style. It’s about the park, the mountain, the environment here.” Figure 3. Hybrid cultures: “Champs Elysees Noddle Restaurant” serving Chinese food along the “Champs Elysees Shopping Street” in the France-inspired city of Tianducheng in Hangzhou, China. Photograph: Cornelius Holtorf 2018. Tianducheng is both French and Chinese. Some of the shops in the associated commercial district express an emerging hybrid heritage. One restaurant is called “Champs Elysees Noodle Restaurant”, but it serves local food, a kind of noodles from a city in the Zhejaing province (figure 3). Whereas the simulated Eiffel Tower may represent the power of cultural globalization, the local businesses and their customers appropriate the attractiveness of the iconic structure to enhance the practice of their own traditions. In that sense, we may see in Tianducheng a case where “global forces create conditions for local traditions to survive” (Reisinger 2013: 41). Somewhat ironically but hardly surprising, there are likely some Chinese restaurants in walking distance from the French tower, too. Many seemingly clear distinctions between the French and the Chinese versions of “Paris” and the “Eiffel Tower” thus fade away on closer inspection. What emerges is a common heritage value of the Eiffel Tower materialized on opposite sides of our planet in hybridforms.
Places like Tianducheng simulate heritage, but at the same time they provide real heritage value in society and should therefore not be dismissed. In cases such as this, we may see some glimpses of a future of heritage that contradicts and replaces familiar concepts of cultural heritage bound to place and time. Tianducheng challenges us to think carefully about the possible character of future pasts and their benefits in society (Holtorf 2017b). It raises some profound questions: will there soon be many more suburbs around the world that simulate the past of other places? Should heritage experts and historians welcome them in the same manner as local communities do, appreciating their qualities? Does China lead the way towards thefuture of the past?
REFERENCES
Boskar, Bianca (2013) _Original Copies. Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China_. Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press and Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Chen, Xiang (2010) The landmark of Tiandu city is gone. _Morning Express_.November 22nd, 2010, A0003 Convery, I., Corsane, G., & Davis, P. (Eds.). (2014). Introduction: Making Sense of Place. In Convery, I., Corsane, G., & Davis, P. (Eds.). _Making sense of place: Multidisciplinary perspectives_. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. Filippucci, P (2009) Heritage and Methodology: A view from social anthropology. In Sørensen, M. L. S., & Carman, J. (Eds.). _Heritage studies: Methods and approaches_. London and New York: Routledge. Harvey, Penelope. (2001) Landscape and Commerce: Creating Contexts for the Exercise of Power. In Bender, Barbara, Winter, Margot. (Eds). _Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place_. Oxford: Berg. Holtorf, Cornelius (2017a) Perceiving the Past: From Age Value to Pastness. _International Journal of Cultural Property_ 24 (4),497-515.
Holtorf, Cornelius (2017b) “Changing Concepts of Temporality in Cultural Heritage and Themed Environments.” In: F. Carlà-Uhink, F. Freitag, S. Mittermeier and A. Schwarz (eds) _Time and Temporality in Theme Parks_, pp. 115-130. Hannover: Wehrhahn. Piazzoni, Maria Francesca (2018) _The Real Fake. Authenticity and the Production of Space. _New York: Fordham. Reisinger, Yvette (2013) Reflections on globalisation and cultural tourism. In: M. Smith and G. Richards (eds) _The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism_, pp. 40-46. London and New York Routledge. Smith, Laurajane (2006) _Uses of __Heritage_. London and New York:Routledge.
Wells, Jeremy C. (2015). Making a Case for Historic Place Conservation Based on People’s Values. _Forum Journal_, 29 (3), 44-62. Wikipedia (n.d.) Eiffel Tower. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower (accessed 18 Nov 2018)Sincerest
thanks to Cornelius Holtorf, Qingkai Ma, Xian Chen, and Yu Zhang for providing this article for the Archaeopress Blog. FURTHER READING AVAILABLE FROM ARCHAEOPRESS: _The Archaeology of Time Travel: Experiencing the Past in the 21st Century_ edited by Bodil Petersson and Cornelius Holtorf Paperback ISBN 9781784915001 (£38) eBook available as a FREE download: Download here._
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_Search the Past – Find the Present: Qualities of archaeology and heritage in contemporary society_ by Cornelius Holtorf eBook available as a FREE download: Download here. _Contribute to the Archaeopress Blog: Send your proposal for a short article (1,000-2,000 words plus 4-8 illustrations) to Patrick Harris at patrick@archaeopress.com_ Author archaeopressblogPosted on
December 7, 2018January 3, 2019Categories
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, Heritage
Tags Architecture
, China
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, France
, Hangzhou
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on The Value of Simulated Heritage in China THE MYCENAEAN CEMETERY AT ACHAIA CLAUSS NEAR PATRAS: PEOPLE, MATERIAL REMAINS AND CULTURE IN CONTEXT Constantinos Paschalidis introduces his new volume with Archaeopress reporting on excavations of a Mycenaean cemetery, located by the historic Achaia Clauss wine factory, near Patras, Greece. This work comprises the study of the finds from the excavation of the University of Ioannina and the Archaeological Society at Athens in the Mycenaean cemetery, located by the historic Achaia Clauss wine factory, near Patras. The research was carried out between the years 1988-1992 under the direction of Professor T. Papadopoulos (FIGS 1, 2). The presentation of the topic expands into seven thematic chapters, proceeding from the whole to the parts – and then returning to the whole. Thus, one progresses from the general review of the cemetery space and the sites, to the analytical description of the excavation, to the remarks on the architecture, to the study of the finds, to the analysis of the burial customs and finally to the narration of the overall history of the cemetery according to chronological period and generation of its people. The eighth and last chapter is an addendum including a presentation of the anthropological analysis of the skeletal material. Fig. 1. The vineyard of Achaia Clauss wine factory as it looks from the cemetery site. Fig. 2. The vineyard of Achaia Clauss and the Koukouras hill with the Mycenaean cemetery at its feet, seen from the wine factory. MORE PRECISELY, THE STUDY IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS: CHAPTER 1 includes a complete and brief catalogue of the Mycenaean sites in Achaea. The cemetery site is described separately with special mention of the neighbouring excavations (FIG. 3). Furthermore, in this chapter the distribution and character of the sites across the entire territory is examined and presented as a general overview. Fig. 3. The Mycenaean settlement on top of the Mygdalia hill, overlooking the Achaia Clauss cemetery at the foot of the Koukouras hill (right), the plain and the gulf of Patras. In CHAPTER 2, the description of the tombs is to be found, arranged into three parts for each in turn. The first section focuses on the description of the tomb’s architecture and the clustering and appearance of the finds in it. The second part sums up all the above evidence, following the chronological sequence of the burials. The third part displays, through easy-to-understand tables, the burials along with the gender, the age and the grave-goods of each individual, grouped in chronological order of introduction into the tomb. These tables also record any other non-burial episode that has been attested through the history of the chambers, in chronological order too. In CHAPTER 3, the area of Clauss is examined, as well as the layout of the cemetery (FIGS 4, 5), the architecture of the tombs, the bedrock, the manner of construction and the structural problems related tothem.
Fig. 4. Topographic sketch of the Mycenaean cemetery at AchaiaClauss.
Fig. 5. General view of the cemetery after the completion of its last excavation season, in 1992. CHAPTER 4 contains the analytical catalogue of the finds in each tomb, recorded according to their excavation numbering, accompanied by the corresponding Museum of Patras inventory number. The catalogue contains one or more photos and drawings of each find, its detailed description and bibliographical documentation with parallels selected mainly from published assemblages from the rest of Achaea, Elis and the nearby Ionian islands. CHAPTER 5 deals with the analytical presentation of the finds from the cemetery (FIGS 6A-B), citing typological parallels from the entire Mycenaean world, including comments on their use in the cemetery and in their era, in general. The examination of the finds is arranged according to category: pottery, bronze, bone, stone finds, along with minor objects made of various materials (spindle whorls, seals, beadsand a figurine).
Figs 06a. Tomb B. Two-handled kalathos with five vases inside of it and one more outside, as found in the chamber. Figs 06b. Tomb B. Two-handled kalathos with five vases inside of it and one more outside, as found in the chamber. In CHAPTER 6, the burial customs of the cemetery (FIG. 7) are discussed as these emerge from the investigation of the archaeological finds and the results of the osteological study by Dr Photini J. P. McGeorge, whose full analysis is not included in the present work and by DrWiesław Więckowski, whose report is presented in Chapter 8. Fig. 07. The _couple of warrior and his partner_ from chamber tomb Θ at Clauss. (Drawing by Y. Nakas). CHAPTER 7 sums up all of the research data into a brief and concise overview of the burials according to chronological period and generation (phases 1-6 of the LH ΙΙΙC period), with reference to the society that the Clauss people and their contemporaries in the rest of Achaea had brought into being, and with a presentation of the cemetery’s history. In CHAPTER 8, Dr Photini J.P. McGeorge presents her detailed study of cremation Θ in tomb N, while Dr Wiesław Więckowski offers the results of his study on the anthropological material from alcove I andtombs K-N.
The richly illustrated documentation of the tombs derives from the archive of the excavation. The photographs of the nearby Mycenaean settlement at Mygdalia Petrotou (FIG. 3) come from the archive of its ongoing excavation project and contribute to the understanding of the region’s archaeological landscape. The presentation of the data tables at the end of this book (APPENDIX) facilitates the comprehension of specific aspects of the cemetery (burial practices according to gender and age, grave-goods according to gender/age/generation, demographic data per generation etc.).C.Paschalidis
et al. _The Mycenaean Cemetery at Achaia Clauss near Patras_, Archaeopress Archaeology (2018) The publication of the Mycenaean cemetery at Clauss near Patras, yields information on various aspects of an unknown society situated at the periphery of the Mycenaean world, soon before its gradual end. It presents in a concise way the material culture of the society: the products of the local pottery workshops and their distribution, the metalworking industry of Achaea, the imported bronze objects from the Adriatic coasts, and discuss the role played by the NW Peloponnese in the distribution of these bronze objects throughout the rest of thePostpalatial world.
The detailed presentation of innumerous aspects of the material culture is followed by an analysis of other less tangible aspects of this society such as: the burial customs, the demographics of the cemetery, the palaeopathological findings, signs of social differentiation based on burial practices and offerings, details of family life (FIG. 7), habits, and stereotypes, and any other unexpected finds from a society, which despite our ambitious approach remains anonymous, largely unknown, and enigmatic. The study of the Mycenaean cemetery at Clauss near Patras, offers the chance to enlighten the ‘golden era’ of the NW Peloponnese in the years of the deep crisis that followed the fall of the Mycenaeanpalaces.
Constantinos Paschalidis _Curator of Antiquities __National Archaeological Museum, Athens_ Sincerest thanks to Constantinos for providing this latest entry for the Archaeopress Blog. _The Mycenaean Cemetery at Achaia Clauss near Patras_ is expected to publish late November/early December 2018. Further information on our website here: http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={F7224A06-B955-4A45-9279-2A242F2BC99B} Author archaeopressblogPosted on
November 20, 2018November 20, 2018Categories
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