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TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE FOR LIGHTING LEDS Briefly in a series circuit the current through all series components is the same, while the sum of the voltage drops across each series component will add back to the source voltage. In Fig. 1 we use a LM317 in its constant current mode. The value of R3 divided into 1.25 volts will determine load current through each LED in the string. DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. NEON NE-2 CIRCUITS YOU CAN BUILD A NE-2 is a very low-current device and the resistor limits the current. These could be used for 120 VAC or with a 220K for 240 VAC. Neon lamp symbol. Neon lamp power indicator schematic. In the above diagram these can be used with a pair of test leads to find the "HOT" side of an AC circuit. Neon lamps using AC and DC. TL431 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS The TL431 is an excellent shunt regulator, but its current range is limited to 100mA. The addition of a PNP shunt transistor greatly increases power handling capability. The output voltage on the TL431 cathode voltage (TP1) is determined by 2.5 * (1 + R1/R2). The voltage difference between TP1 and Vout determined the current flow shuntedthough
TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. VOLTAGE COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Voltage Comparator Circuits. This page provides basic information about voltage comparator integrated circuits and is to act as reference material for other circuits. The circuits shown are based on the LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator or the LM393 Dual Voltage Comparator. These devices are TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and INTRODUCTION PIC12F683 PROGRAMMING CIRCUITS TUTORIAL In Pulse Width Modulation Power Control for Microcontrollers we explored the use of a PIC12F683 to control power output to a 12-volt LED lamp. Here we look at the PIC12F683 itself and some programming hints. YouTube video: My Home Built PIC Dev. Board For a video demo of this page see PIC12F683 Microcontroller and Circuits on YouTube.. This test circuit (Fig. 1) employs a Mircochip PIC TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. ARDUINO IF STATEMENT CODE EXAMPLES Note the above code snippet. Press S1 LED1 turns on and stays on. Press S2 and LED1 turns off and stays off. (This could also be a motor control for example.) In each case pressing S1 or S2 returns a 1 or 0; the "if" command does the rest. Another note is the () must be used properly and in sets of 2. P-CHANNEL POWER MOSFET SWITCH TUTORIAL This tutorial will explore the use of a P-channel and N-channel MOSFETs as a power switch and general transistor theory. This switch will operate on the positive side of a power supply with a negative common. This is for use with 5-volt micro controllers such as Arduino. Plate 2. Pictured above is the basic electrical connections forArduino
ARDUINO MOTOR CONTROL PROGRAM USING IF This tutorial will into more novel uses of the "if" statement. We will create a motor control program for an Arduino. Note the diagram above. Ill assume the output pins for LED1 and LED2 connect to separate DC motors with driver transistors or to one on my many H-Bridge circuits. LED3 could be connected to a power ON-OFF circuit. PROGRAMMING PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A TMR0 INTERRUPTS Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A TMR0 Interrupts. We utilize TMR0 interrupts to increment a counter, then when reaching a select number the program toggles the state of a LED on PB0. this is very easy to program and we will walk through the steps. To fully understand PIC16FXX interrupts see Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A Interrupts byExample.
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
MICROCHIP PIC PIC18F2550 USING TMR0 INTERRUPTS Microchip PIC PIC18F2550 Using TMR0 Interrupts. by Lewis Loflin. Tweet. In this demo we will use TMR0 to generate X number of interrupts and increment an integer variable called count. After a number of counts we will toggle a LED connected to Rb0. The PIC18F2550 has three timers labeled TMR0 (8-bit or 16-bit), TMR1 (16-bit) and8-bit TMR2.
STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE FOR LIGHTING LEDS Briefly in a series circuit the current through all series components is the same, while the sum of the voltage drops across each series component will add back to the source voltage. In Fig. 1 we use a LM317 in its constant current mode. The value of R3 divided into 1.25 volts will determine load current through each LED in the string. DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. NEON NE-2 CIRCUITS YOU CAN BUILD A NE-2 is a very low-current device and the resistor limits the current. These could be used for 120 VAC or with a 220K for 240 VAC. Neon lamp symbol. Neon lamp power indicator schematic. In the above diagram these can be used with a pair of test leads to find the "HOT" side of an AC circuit. Neon lamps using AC and DC. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The TL431 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS The TL431 is an excellent shunt regulator, but its current range is limited to 100mA. The addition of a PNP shunt transistor greatly increases power handling capability. The output voltage on the TL431 cathode voltage (TP1) is determined by 2.5 * (1 + R1/R2). The voltage difference between TP1 and Vout determined the current flow shuntedthough
TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE FOR LIGHTING LEDS Briefly in a series circuit the current through all series components is the same, while the sum of the voltage drops across each series component will add back to the source voltage. In Fig. 1 we use a LM317 in its constant current mode. The value of R3 divided into 1.25 volts will determine load current through each LED in the string. DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. NEON NE-2 CIRCUITS YOU CAN BUILD A NE-2 is a very low-current device and the resistor limits the current. These could be used for 120 VAC or with a 220K for 240 VAC. Neon lamp symbol. Neon lamp power indicator schematic. In the above diagram these can be used with a pair of test leads to find the "HOT" side of an AC circuit. Neon lamps using AC and DC. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The TL431 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS The TL431 is an excellent shunt regulator, but its current range is limited to 100mA. The addition of a PNP shunt transistor greatly increases power handling capability. The output voltage on the TL431 cathode voltage (TP1) is determined by 2.5 * (1 + R1/R2). The voltage difference between TP1 and Vout determined the current flow shuntedthough
TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. VOLTAGE COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Voltage Comparator Circuits. This page provides basic information about voltage comparator integrated circuits and is to act as reference material for other circuits. The circuits shown are based on the LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator or the LM393 Dual Voltage Comparator. These devices are TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TRI-STATE H-BRIDGE USING CD4093B CMOS CIRCUIT Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit. Here we look at an improved tri-state H-bridge. This a big improvement over earlier variations. The goal is circuit theory. To connect to basic microcontrollers operating at 3.3V-5V to a flexible higher voltage circuit. The voltage range of the circuit based on a CD4093B and an IRF4905 (Q4, Q6) and INTRODUCTION PIC12F683 PROGRAMMING CIRCUITS TUTORIAL In Pulse Width Modulation Power Control for Microcontrollers we explored the use of a PIC12F683 to control power output to a 12-volt LED lamp. Here we look at the PIC12F683 itself and some programming hints. YouTube video: My Home Built PIC Dev. Board For a video demo of this page see PIC12F683 Microcontroller and Circuits on YouTube.. This test circuit (Fig. 1) employs a Mircochip PIC ARDUINO IF STATEMENT CODE EXAMPLES Note the above code snippet. Press S1 LED1 turns on and stays on. Press S2 and LED1 turns off and stays off. (This could also be a motor control for example.) In each case pressing S1 or S2 returns a 1 or 0; the "if" command does the rest. Another note is the () must be used properly and in sets of 2. ARDUINO MOTOR CONTROL PROGRAM USING IF This tutorial will into more novel uses of the "if" statement. We will create a motor control program for an Arduino. Note the diagram above. Ill assume the output pins for LED1 and LED2 connect to separate DC motors with driver transistors or to one on my many H-Bridge circuits. LED3 could be connected to a power ON-OFF circuit. ARDUINO INTERFACE PCA9555 GPIO EXPANDER WITH CODE In this series I'll be connecting the PCA9555D 32-bit GPIO expander board to an Arduino micro-controller. First we will start out simple with counting from 0 to 255 in binary on eight LEDs. In part two we will connect a 4X4 keypad to an 8-bit port. Using "polling" the routine getKey () we will check for a key press and return a BCD valuefrom 0
PROGRAMMING PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A TMR0 INTERRUPTS Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A TMR0 Interrupts. We utilize TMR0 interrupts to increment a counter, then when reaching a select number the program toggles the state of a LED on PB0. this is very easy to program and we will walk through the steps. To fully understand PIC16FXX interrupts see Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A Interrupts byExample.
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
MICROCHIP PIC PIC18F2550 USING TMR0 INTERRUPTS Microchip PIC PIC18F2550 Using TMR0 Interrupts. by Lewis Loflin. Tweet. In this demo we will use TMR0 to generate X number of interrupts and increment an integer variable called count. After a number of counts we will toggle a LED connected to Rb0. The PIC18F2550 has three timers labeled TMR0 (8-bit or 16-bit), TMR1 (16-bit) and8-bit TMR2.
STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. USING LM78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS TUTORIAL Figure 2 shows the electrical connection for the LM78XX series. Figure 3. The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of -5V, -12V, and -15V. These devices need only a compensation capacitor (1uF solid tantalum or 25uF aluminum electrolytic) at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in theTO-220 power
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. TUTORIAL TIP120-TIP125 POWER DARLINGTON TRANSISTORS Tutorial TIP120-TIP125 Power Darlington Transistors. In this tutorial we will continue to explore basic transistor theory by designing and building our own Darlington transistor switch. This will be done with separate transistors as opposed to a single 3-pin unit. We will have a negative common and the control voltage will be 5-volt TTL level. GENERATING HIGH VOLTAGE WITH AN INDUCTOR Generating High Voltage with an Inductor. An easy way to generate a higher voltage from a low voltage DC source is with an inductor. Depending on the number turns of wire in the coil a 6 volt battery could produce a jolting 200V plus from a simple coil of wire. Fig. 1 illustrates how this was used to fire spark plugs in older vehicles. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. USING LM78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS TUTORIAL Figure 2 shows the electrical connection for the LM78XX series. Figure 3. The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of -5V, -12V, and -15V. These devices need only a compensation capacitor (1uF solid tantalum or 25uF aluminum electrolytic) at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in theTO-220 power
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. TUTORIAL TIP120-TIP125 POWER DARLINGTON TRANSISTORS Tutorial TIP120-TIP125 Power Darlington Transistors. In this tutorial we will continue to explore basic transistor theory by designing and building our own Darlington transistor switch. This will be done with separate transistors as opposed to a single 3-pin unit. We will have a negative common and the control voltage will be 5-volt TTL level. GENERATING HIGH VOLTAGE WITH AN INDUCTOR Generating High Voltage with an Inductor. An easy way to generate a higher voltage from a low voltage DC source is with an inductor. Depending on the number turns of wire in the coil a 6 volt battery could produce a jolting 200V plus from a simple coil of wire. Fig. 1 illustrates how this was used to fire spark plugs in older vehicles. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. LM334 CONSTANT CURRENT CIRCUITS TUTORIAL Constant Current Circuits with the LM334. by Lewis Loflin. A constant current source (CCS) in electronics is a device/circuit that produces a constant value of current regardless of source voltage or load resistance. Fig. 1 illustrates a common CCS circuit using a PNP bipolar transistor. The values of the Ic = Ib * hfe (Beta) of thetransistor.
TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TL431 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS The TL431 is an excellent shunt regulator, but its current range is limited to 100mA. The addition of a PNP shunt transistor greatly increases power handling capability. The output voltage on the TL431 cathode voltage (TP1) is determined by 2.5 * (1 + R1/R2). The voltage difference between TP1 and Vout determined the current flow shuntedthough
ULN2003A DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR ARRAY CIRCUIT EXAMPLES The ULN2003A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array consisting of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for highercurrent capability.
NPN ONLY TRANSISTOR H-BRIDGE CIRCUITS NPN Only Transistor H-Bridge Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Here we look at construction of all NPN transistor h-bridge circuits. This is being done to learn further transistor theory and to deal with the problem of hard to find and often expensive PNP power transistors. Fig. 1 shows an example h-bridge VOLTAGE COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Voltage Comparator Circuits. This page provides basic information about voltage comparator integrated circuits and is to act as reference material for other circuits. The circuits shown are based on the LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator or the LM393 Dual Voltage Comparator. These devices are SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. NEON NE-2 CIRCUITS YOU CAN BUILD A NE-2 is a very low-current device and the resistor limits the current. These could be used for 120 VAC or with a 220K for 240 VAC. Neon lamp symbol. Neon lamp power indicator schematic. In the above diagram these can be used with a pair of test leads to find the "HOT" side of an AC circuit. Neon lamps using AC and DC. HIGH POWER TRANSISTOR H-BRIDGE MOTOR CONTROL Build a High Power Transistor H-Bridge Motor Control. by Lewis Loflin. So far in this series we've looked at several types of transistor and MOSFET switching circuits. Now we will tie all of that together and build a bipolar transistor H-bridge motor control. Looking once again at fig. 1 we see that a H-bridge is simply four switches, two tied ARDUINO MOTOR CONTROL PROGRAM USING IF This tutorial will into more novel uses of the "if" statement. We will create a motor control program for an Arduino. Note the diagram above. Ill assume the output pins for LED1 and LED2 connect to separate DC motors with driver transistors or to one on my many H-Bridge circuits. LED3 could be connected to a power ON-OFF circuit. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITSCONSTANT CURRENT CONSTANT VOLTAGECONSTANT VOLTAGE DEFINITIONCONSTANT VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLYFORCECONSTANT VOLTAGE
Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. USING LM78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS TUTORIAL7809 VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATASHEETLINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUITLM7812 VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATASHEETVARIABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC Figure 2 shows the electrical connection for the LM78XX series. Figure 3. The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of -5V, -12V, and -15V. These devices need only a compensation capacitor (1uF solid tantalum or 25uF aluminum electrolytic) at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in theTO-220 power
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. TUTORIAL TIP120-TIP125 POWER DARLINGTON TRANSISTORSTIP120 ARDUINOTIP120 DATASHEETTIP120 MAX CURRENTTIP120 MOTORTIP120 PDFTIP120SPECS
Tutorial TIP120-TIP125 Power Darlington Transistors. In this tutorial we will continue to explore basic transistor theory by designing and building our own Darlington transistor switch. This will be done with separate transistors as opposed to a single 3-pin unit. We will have a negative common and the control voltage will be 5-volt TTL level. GENERATING HIGH VOLTAGE WITH AN INDUCTOR Generating High Voltage with an Inductor. An easy way to generate a higher voltage from a low voltage DC source is with an inductor. Depending on the number turns of wire in the coil a 6 volt battery could produce a jolting 200V plus from a simple coil of wire. Fig. 1 illustrates how this was used to fire spark plugs in older vehicles. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSSERIES-PARALLEL BATTERIESREAD-WRITE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER THROUGH PC PRINTER PORT Student-Hobbyist Electronics Projects Tutorials. by Lewis Loflin. Introduction - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to have fun. I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community DESIGN LM317 CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITSCONSTANT CURRENT CONSTANT VOLTAGECONSTANT VOLTAGE DEFINITIONCONSTANT VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLYFORCECONSTANT VOLTAGE
Fig. 1 shows the LM317 used as a series pass constant current source with a single resistor. Resistor range is: 0.8 ohms < R1 < 120 ohms. The formula is Iout = 1.25V / R1. The 10 ohm resistor produces and current output of 125mA. For the TO-220 package I max = 1A while the TO-92 package is 500mA. TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. USING LM78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATORS TUTORIAL7809 VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATASHEETLINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUITLM7812 VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATASHEETVARIABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC Figure 2 shows the electrical connection for the LM78XX series. Figure 3. The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output voltages of -5V, -12V, and -15V. These devices need only a compensation capacitor (1uF solid tantalum or 25uF aluminum electrolytic) at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in theTO-220 power
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLERS TO CMOS AND MOSFET CIRCUITS Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Fig. 1 illustrates connecting a 5-volt microcontroller to a 12-volt MOSFET switch. Q1 and Q2 are N-channel 2N7000 MOSFETs. The CD40106B is a HEX inverter circuit using only 2 of the six available inverters. The CD40106B +Vcc is connected to +12-volts (pin 16) andground
TC4420 MOSFET DRIVER REPLACEMENT CIRCUITS TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits. The TC4420-29 are used as MOSFET drivers. They do a good job but are limited to 18-volts and perhaps not easy to find. Here I will present alternative circuits. The purpose is to learn various circuit combinations. The SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. TUTORIAL TIP120-TIP125 POWER DARLINGTON TRANSISTORSTIP120 ARDUINOTIP120 DATASHEETTIP120 MAX CURRENTTIP120 MOTORTIP120 PDFTIP120SPECS
Tutorial TIP120-TIP125 Power Darlington Transistors. In this tutorial we will continue to explore basic transistor theory by designing and building our own Darlington transistor switch. This will be done with separate transistors as opposed to a single 3-pin unit. We will have a negative common and the control voltage will be 5-volt TTL level. GENERATING HIGH VOLTAGE WITH AN INDUCTOR Generating High Voltage with an Inductor. An easy way to generate a higher voltage from a low voltage DC source is with an inductor. Depending on the number turns of wire in the coil a 6 volt battery could produce a jolting 200V plus from a simple coil of wire. Fig. 1 illustrates how this was used to fire spark plugs in older vehicles. PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONTROLLING PC PARALLEL PORT DATA BITS Python Programming Controlling PC Parallel Port Data Bits. If one has installed pyparallel from my page Programming the PC Printer Port in Python we saw the 8 LEDs counting in binary. Unfortunately pyparallel has no function to cut on-off individual bits on the data port. I wrote my own as illustrated below. LM334 CONSTANT CURRENT CIRCUITS TUTORIAL Constant Current Circuits with the LM334. by Lewis Loflin. A constant current source (CCS) in electronics is a device/circuit that produces a constant value of current regardless of source voltage or load resistance. Fig. 1 illustrates a common CCS circuit using a PNP bipolar transistor. The values of the Ic = Ib * hfe (Beta) of thetransistor.
TL431 BASED CURRENT LIMITER CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS TL431 Based Current Limiter and Constant Current Source Circuits. In the past this website has explored constant current circuits using the LM317 adjustable regulator. These circuits used a PNP power transistor such as the MJ2955. A far more simple solution is the TL431 used with a NPN transistor such as a TIP41 or 2N3055. TL431 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS The TL431 is an excellent shunt regulator, but its current range is limited to 100mA. The addition of a PNP shunt transistor greatly increases power handling capability. The output voltage on the TL431 cathode voltage (TP1) is determined by 2.5 * (1 + R1/R2). The voltage difference between TP1 and Vout determined the current flow shuntedthough
ULN2003A DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR ARRAY CIRCUIT EXAMPLES The ULN2003A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array consisting of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for highercurrent capability.
NPN ONLY TRANSISTOR H-BRIDGE CIRCUITS NPN Only Transistor H-Bridge Circuits. by Lewis Loflin. Here we look at construction of all NPN transistor h-bridge circuits. This is being done to learn further transistor theory and to deal with the problem of hard to find and often expensive PNP power transistors. Fig. 1 shows an example h-bridge VOLTAGE COMPARATOR CIRCUITS Voltage Comparator Circuits. This page provides basic information about voltage comparator integrated circuits and is to act as reference material for other circuits. The circuits shown are based on the LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator or the LM393 Dual Voltage Comparator. These devices are SN7414 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USES SN7476 JK FLIP-FLOP SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop. Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits. Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino. LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control. Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator. Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses. NEON NE-2 CIRCUITS YOU CAN BUILD A NE-2 is a very low-current device and the resistor limits the current. These could be used for 120 VAC or with a 220K for 240 VAC. Neon lamp symbol. Neon lamp power indicator schematic. In the above diagram these can be used with a pair of test leads to find the "HOT" side of an AC circuit. Neon lamps using AC and DC. HIGH POWER TRANSISTOR H-BRIDGE MOTOR CONTROL Build a High Power Transistor H-Bridge Motor Control. by Lewis Loflin. So far in this series we've looked at several types of transistor and MOSFET switching circuits. Now we will tie all of that together and build a bipolar transistor H-bridge motor control. Looking once again at fig. 1 we see that a H-bridge is simply four switches, two tied ARDUINO MOTOR CONTROL PROGRAM USING IF This tutorial will into more novel uses of the "if" statement. We will create a motor control program for an Arduino. Note the diagram above. Ill assume the output pins for LED1 and LED2 connect to separate DC motors with driver transistors or to one on my many H-Bridge circuits. LED3 could be connected to a power ON-OFF circuit. STUDENT-HOBBYIST ELECTRONICS PROJECTS TUTORIALSby Lewis Loflin
View all of my You Tube Videos Also visit and subscribe to My YouTube Channel INTRODUCTION - The purpose of these pages is to introduce the student and hobbyist to electronics projects. My hope is generate interest for those thinking about entering a high tech field, or simply to havefun.
I've been a part-time adjunct professor at a local community college teaching electricity and electronics. My electronics website reflects what I've taught or been asked to look into by visitors. I have 40 years experience in electronics from vacuum tubes to modern solid state and industrial controls. In college I had a year each of physics, chemistry, and biology along with C, C++. Pascal, andassembly.
HOW TO USE THIS WEBSITE This site has been up for about 12 years and covers a number of subjects broadly how to use microcontrollers (mostly Arduino, some PICAXE & Microchip PIC) and semiconductor components such as transistors, Zener diodes, etc. I assume the user has at least some knowledge of Ohm's Law and can use a volt-ohm meter. All of the example circuits have been built and tested - I do not use simulation software such as SPICE. I don't use or have circuit boards for the projects, one will have to design their own. When I do build a projects I use point to point wiring by hand. I have limited financial resources and part of the lesson is use what resources one has. Nothing here is intended to be used as a commercial product or used in one. Most of the projects use low voltages, but the few that don't such as AC power controls are presented as information only - YOUASSUME ALL RISK.
Below are quick links to the major sections and projects on this webpage or use the search box. * QUICK NAVIGATION OF THIS PAGE: * Basic Electronics Learning and Projects * Arduino Microcontroller Projects * Raspberry Pi and Linux * Connecting a PC Printer Port to Electronics with Python * Microchip PIC 18F2550 * PICAXE MicrocontrollerMost recent:
* Connecting PCF8574P GPIO Expander to Raspberry Pi * Tri-State H-Bridge using CD4093B CMOS Circuit * Simplified CMOS-MOSFET H-Bridge Circuit * Programming PCF8574P 8-bit I-O Expander with PICAXE, Arduino * Interfacing Microcontrollers to CMOS and MOSFET Circuits * TB6600 Stepper Motor Driver with Arduino * Common Collector Opto-Isolated Bipolar Transistor Switches * Compare 2N3055 MJE10005 Transistor Power Switches * TC4420 MOSFET Driver Replacement Circuits * DS1307 RTC with a CD4040 as a Precision Time Base * CD4040 12-stage Binary Counter with DS1307 RTC Time Base * Use TC4420 MOSFET Driver for Simple H-Bridge Circuit * TC4420 MOSFET Driver Various Circuits * Introduction TC4420-TC4429 MOSFET Drivers* YouTube Videos
* Introduction TC4420-TC4429 MOSFET Drivers * Circuit Examples for TC4420-TC4429 MOSFET Drivers * TC4420 H-Bridge Circuit ------------------------- * Test Power MOSFET Transistors, IGBTs Results, Observations * From Basic Digital Circuits to H-Bridge Motor Controls * High current TTL MOSFET Driver Circuit * Non-Inverting Tri-State Buffer-Switch Demo Circuit * Review Connecting Digital Logic and Transistors * Tri-State H-Bridge Uses Optocouplers * Driving Darlington Transistors with Optocouplers * Optocouplers for TTL-CMOS Logic Level Shifting * Basic TTL Tri-State Buffer Circuit Examples * H-Bridge Schematic with MOSFET Outputs * H-Bridge Schematic with Darlington-MOSFET Transistor Outputs * H-Bridge schematic with Darlington-IGBT Transistor Outputs* Youtube videos:
* Driving High-Power Darlington Transistors * Four MOSFET Tri-State Switch * Overview Toshiba IGBT Application Notes * MOSFETs and Electron Flow * 3.3 Volt Logic Controls H-Bridge TTL Input * H-Bridge Driving Large Motor * Simple Digital Interface Circuits * OptoCoupler Interfacing H-Bridge Circuits * Why Your MOSFET Transistors Get Hot* Unrelated videos:
* Reality of Recycling Low-Value Ewaste * Magnetron Operation and Free Magnets* YouTube Videos
* Improved Zero-Crossing Detector * H11L1 Optocoupler based Zero-Crossing Detector * LM555 based Monostable Multivibrator * Three Output Digital Pulse Generator My You Tube Videos page lists the over 206 videos related to the projects on this website. Also visit and subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
I taught myself the coding for Arduino, PICAXE, Raspberry Pi, Microchip PIC, Debian and Slackware Linux, CSS etc. which I approach in a way to give my students a basis for their own projects. Every page on this website was hand-coded by me - every project built and tested. My education philosophy is learn the basics, find working examples, then use what works as a foundation for further learning. Modify and try new ideas. I'd say my job title would be appliedtechnologist.
First and foremost read this safety warning . Unless one wants to use batteries, the only practical solution is a plug in thewall power supply.
GENERAL ELECTRONICS LEARNING AND PROJECTS * Experiments with TL431 Shunt Regulator * TL431 Precision Current Regulator Circuits * TL431 Based Current Limiter Constant Current Source Circuits * TL431 Shunt Regulator Circuits * Comparing ATmega328 Based Transistor Checkers * Simple Triac-SCR Test Lab for You Tube * Basic MOSFET Transistor Test Circuits * High Voltage MOSFET Switching Circuits * LM317 Adjustable Voltage Source Current Boost * Comparator Hysteresis and Schmitt Triggers * Comparator Theory Circuits Tutorial * Photodiode Circuits Operation and Uses * Optocoupler MOSFET DC Relays Using Photovoltaic drivers * Connecting Crydom MOSFET Solid State Relays * Photodiode Op-Amp Circuits Tutorial * Optocoupler Input Circuits for PLC * H11L1, 6N137A, FED8183, TLP2662 Digital Output Optocouplers * Constant Current Circuits with the LM334 * LM334 CCS Circuits with Thermistors, Photocells * LM317 Constant Current Source Circuits * TA8050P H-Bridge Motor Control * Optical Isolation of H-Bridge Motor Controls * All NPN Transistor H-Bridge Motor Control * Basic Triacs and SCRs * Solid State AC Relays with Triacs * Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR) * Basic Transistor Driver Circuits for Micro-Controllers * ULN2003A Darlington Transistor Array with Circuit Examples * Tutorial Using TIP120 and TIP125 Power Darlington Transistors * Driving 2N3055-MJ2955 Power Transistors with DarlingtonTransistors
* Understanding Bipolar Transistor Switches * N-Channel Power MOSFET Switching Tutorial * P-Channel Power MOSFET Switch Tutorial * Build a Transistor H-Bridge Motor Control * H-Bridge Motor Control with Power MOSFETS * More Power MOSFET H-Bridge Circuit Examples * Build a High Power Transistor H-Bridge Motor Control * Theory and Operation of Capacitors * Build a 12AV6 Vacuum Tube AM Radio * Coils for Highly Selective Crystal Radio * Adding a Push-Pull Output Stage to a Lm386 Audio Amplifier * Power Supply Rectification * Basic Power Transformers * Transistor-Zener Diode Regulator Circuits * Tricks and Tips for the LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators * Bi-Polar Power Supplies * Build an Adjustable 0-34 volt power supply with the Lm317 * Using Hall Effect Sensors with Alternating Current * Using Hall Effect Switches and Sensors * Using Ratiometric Hall Effect Sensors * Using Hall Effect Sensors with the Arduino-ATMEGA168 * Simple 12-14 Volt DC to 120 Volt AC Inverter * Looking at Window Comparator Circuits * Open and Close a Greenhouse Window Automatically * La4224 1 Watt Audio Amplifier * H-Bridge Motor Control with Power MOSFETSUpdated
* Analog Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller * Introduction to Constant Current Circuits * How to use SIDACs and their operation * How a Voltage Doubler Works * Neon (NE-2) Circuits You Can Build * Understanding Xenon Flashtubes and Circuits * Build a Thermocouple Amplifier * L298N Motor Controller Theory and Projects * Build a Potato battery* Testing a Diac
* Basic Triacs and SCRs * Solid State AC Relays with Triacs * Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR) * Basic Transistor Driver Circuits for Micro-Controllers * Opto-Isolated Transistor Drivers for Micro-Controllers * Series-Parallel Batteries * Using a CdS Photocells * Voltage Comparator Information And Circuits * Resistive Humidity Sensors* Reed Switches
* Diodes and Rectifiers * Transformers and misc. topics * Comparing Photo Triac, Photo SCR Opto-Couplers * Light Activated SCR Based Optocouplers Circuit Examples * Silicon Controlled Rectifier Review and Circuits * Silicon Controlled Rectifiers Connected as Power Triacs * Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT Circuits * Current Limiter Circuits for Opto-Coupler LEDs * VOM1271 Photovoltaic MOSFET Driver Circuits * Current Limiter Allows Safe Testing of Zener Diodes, LEDs * 3 Amp LM741 Op-Amp Constant Current Source * Bidirectional Solid State Relay Circuits * Simple Solid State Relay for Low Power LED 120V Lamps * Build High Power MOSFET Directional Switch Relay * Tutorial NOR Gate SR Latch Circuits * Tutorial NAND Gate SR Latch Circuit * From SR Latch to Microcontroller IO Pin Introduction * Issues on Connecting MOSFETs in Parallel * Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller Switching Circuit * Design 10-Amp 2N3055 Based Power Switch * H-Bridge Motor Control with Power MOSFETS * Simple Schmitt Trigger SN7414 Square Wave Generator * SN7414 Square Wave Generator uses SN7476 JK Flip-Flop * Three Output Pulse Generator Circuit for Digital Circuits * Improved AC Zero Crossing Detectors for Arduino * LM555-NE555 One-Shot Multivibrator AC Power Control * Tutorial OR-NOR Circuits Including Monostable Multivibrator * Introduction to RC Differentiator Circuits and Uses * Brief Tutorial of XOR and XNOR Logic Gates * Zero-Crossing Detectors Circuits and Applications * Geiger Counter Adventures in Radioactivity * Introduction to Geiger-Mueller Counters and Electronics * Astable CD4047 Geiger Counter Power Supply * CD4047 Monostable Multivibrator Circuit * Getting Real About Radiation Myths and Hazards * Uranium Hype-Facts and Virginia Uranium * Uranium Basics and Isotopes * Climate Change, Climate Scams, and Volcanoes * KIM-1 my first computer in 1977 versus the Arduino * Basic Magnetics and Analog Volt and Amp Meters(pdf)
* Basic DC and Ohms Law(pdf)
* Basic Light Emitting Diodes(pdf)
ARDUINO MICRO-CONTROLLER PROJECTS My Arduino section is growing. For example we can interface the thermocouple amplifier and an LCD display to the micro-controller to display the temperature in say the flue of a wood stove. Again the idea is modular, small projects that can be built into bigger projects. For more technical details on the Arduino see ATMEGA168 Arduino Micro Controller Projects . Arduino Microcontroller Projects presents a number of tested projects and examples for Arduino. The emphasis is hardware control which suggest one has an electronics background. It's also helpful to have a background in digital logic and binary code. The projects will explainthis as needed.
What differs here is I avoid the use of Arduino only code and code libraries in order to port the basic code to Python or Microchip PICC.
* YouTube videos for Arduino * Introduction to Arduino * Part 1: Programming Arduino Outputs * Part 2: Programming Arduino Inputs * Part 3: Programming Arduino Analog to Digital Conversion * Part 4: Programming Arduino Pulse Width Modulation * Arduino stepper motor control * YouTube Video for Arduino AC Power Control * Solar Battery Charger * Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller Operation * Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller Circuitry * Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller Programming* More circuitry
* Arduino Port Registers Revisited * Digispark ATtiny85 with MCP23016 GPIO Expander * Safely Build Program a H-Bridge * Build H-Bridge Motor Control Without Fireworks * MOSFET H-Bridge for Arduino 2 * Arduino Port Registers Revisited * Arduino Nano Test Template * Arduino Solid State Relay Motor Enable Control * Arduino Blink LED Tutorial * Arduino SSR Power Enable Program * SSR Based High Voltage H-Bridge * Arduino H-Bridge Motor Control Program with LCD Display * Arduino XOR Blinks LED * Arduino IF Statement Code Examples * Arduino Motor Control Program Using IF * Connect-Program Arduino and a MM5451 LED Display Driver * Arduino and a MM5451 LED Display Driver YouTube * Programming Arduino and the 74HC595 Serial Shift Register * Programming Arduino and the 74HC595 Serial Shift Register YouTube * Arduino Analog to Digital Conversion Voltmeter * Arduino ADC Voltmeter YouTube video * Arduino Pulse-Width Modulation Digital to Analog Conversion * Arduino PWM to ADC YouTube video * Zero-Crossing Detectors Circuits and Applications * Zero-Crossing Detectors YouTubevideo
* Arduino Port Registers Revisited * Analog Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller * Better Arduino Rotary Encoder Sensor * Simple 3-Wire MAX6675 Thermocouple ADC Arduino Interface * Arduino Projects Revisited Revised * Programming ADS1115 4-Channel I2C ADC with Arduino * Arduino uses ADS1115 with TMP37 to Measure Temperature * Connect Arduino to I2C Liquid Crystal Display * Arduino Reads Temperature Sensor Displays Temperature on LCDDisplay
* Arduino with MCP4725 12-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter Demo* Videos
* Arduino with ADS1115 4-Channel 16-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter * Arduino with MCP4725 12-Bit DAC * L298N Motor Controller Theory and Projects * Connecting the Arduino to a L298N H-Bridge * Hardware Interrupts Tutorial for Arduino * Opto-Isolated Transistor Drivers for Micro-Controllers * Pulse-Width Modulation Tutorial * Solar Panel Battery Charge Controller Using Arduino * Connect-Program Arduino and a MM5451 LED Display Driver * Programming Arduino and the 74HC595 Serial Shift Register * Arduino Analog to Digital Conversion Voltmeter * Arduino Pulse-Width Modulation Digital to Analog Conversion * Zero-Crossing Detectors Circuits and Applications * Testing the Keyes IR Sensor Module with Arduino * How to Connect Easy Driver Micro-Stepper Controller to Arduino * Connect Arduino to LCD Display with 74164 Shift Register * Arduino with LCD Display and DS18B20 Temperature Sensor * Below has differing code from the above. Works the same. * Arduino with LCD Display and DHT11 Temperature-Humidity Sensor * In Depth Look at AC Power Control with Arduino* Four part series:
* Experimenting with the PCA9555 32-Bit GPIO Expander with Arduino * PCA9555 32-Bit GPIO Expander with Arduino and a 4X4 Keypad * PCA9555 32-Bit GPIO Expander with Arduino Using Interrupts * PCA9555 32-Bit GPIO Expander with Arduino and LCD Display * Raspberry Pi and Arduino * Connect Serial LCD to Raspberry Pi * Serial Read from Arduino to Raspberry Pi * Arduino Raspberry Pi Interface with LCD Display * Connecting Raspberry Pi to Arduino with I2C Interface * Arduino with Serially Interfaced MAX7219 Operates 8X8 LED Matrix * Arduino RTC Clock with MAX7219 8-Digit LED Display * BCD Conversion with Arduino Displayed on MAX7219 * Rotary Encoder Used with Arduino Interrupts * Connecting Arduino to a 74C164 Shift Register * Using the MC3479 Stepper Motor Controller with Arduino * ATMEGA168 Arduino Micro Controller Projects * Connecting the Arduino to a L298N H-Bridge * ATMEGA168/Arduino Power Inverter Power Circuits * Solar Panel Charge Controller Using Arduino Micro-controller * Using Hall Effect Sensors with the Arduino-ATMEGA168 * Connecting the Arduino to the TMP37 Centigrade Temperature Sensor * Connecting the Arduino to MCP23016 and LCD Display * Display Time/Date with Arduino, LCD Display, and DS1307 RTC * Controlling Low-Voltage Driveway Lights with the ATMEGA168/Arduino * Hatching Chicken Eggs with ATMEGA168/Arduino * The TSL230R Light to Frequency Converter and Arduino/ATMEGA168 * Interfacing the ATMEGA168/Arduino to the MCP23016 I/O Expander * Using the ATMEGA168/Arduino with a Ds1307 Real Time Clock * Using a Unipolar Stepper Motor with a Arduino * Using the ATMEGA168/Arduino with the TA8050 Motor Controller * Using the ATMEGA168/Arduino with a 24LC08 Serial EEPROM * Hardware Interrupts Demo and Tutorial for Arduino * Micro-controller AC Power Control Using Interrupts RASPBERRY PI AND LINUX Raspberry Pi and Linux is an ARM processor based mini Linux computer clone. It has addressable hardware IO to connecting external circuitry. These projects are in Python a high level interpreted language finding many modern applications. Here I again concentrate on hardware interfacing and an introduction to setting up the operating system in Debian Wheezy and installing a real time hardware clock. The Linux I setup here can be used in any Debian based system even a common PC. Python is SLOW compared to C used on Arduino, but is great for a user interface. So I look into alternative interface setups to use say An Arduino to handle low-level electronics. I also use "light" Debian programs for Raspberry Pi ported over from Damn Small Linux and Puppy Linux because as a PC Pi is slow and weak. Many of the operating systems often touted elsewhere some will hardly operate. Instead of LXDE I use JWM and Openbox. Here I concentrated on building a fast Linux based operating system to get some weaknesses in Raspberry Pi. * WiringPi and Pulse-Width-Modulation with Raspberry Pi * Interface I2C LCD to Raspberry Pi in C * ADS1115 4-Channel ADC Uses I2C with Raspberry Pi * MCP4725 12-Bit DAC Interface to Raspberry Pi * Raspberry Pi with PCF8591 Analog To Digital Control in C * Raspberry Pi PCF8591 AD-DA Sensor Python Interface * Raspberry Pi USB Audio Connection * WiringPi for Raspberry Pi and MAX6675 thermal-couple sensor * WiringPi Blink an LED Demo * Connect-Program Raspberry Pi and a MM5451 LED Display Driver * Raspberry Pi and a MM5451 LED Display Driver YouTube * Raspberry Pi Python RTC with MAX7219 Display Driver * Raspberry Pi Python RTC with MAX7219 Display Driver YouTube * Raspberry Pi and the 8-Digit LED MAX7219 Display Driver * Programming Raspberry Pi and the 74HC595 Serial Shift Register * Programming Raspberry Pi and the 74HC595 Serial Shift RegisterYouTube
* Raspberry Pi and Arduino * Connect Serial LCD to Raspberry Pi * Serial Read from Arduino to Raspberry Pi * Arduino Raspberry Pi Interface with LCD Display * Connecting Raspberry Pi to Arduino with I2C Interface * Raspberry Pi and Linux * Use Python Tkinter with Raspberry Pi and PCF8591 AD-DA Sensor * Build Your Own Raspberry Pi Arduino System * Setting up Openbox for Raspberry Pi * Raspberry Pi Linux Permissions-Program Installations * Connecting Ds1307 RTC to Raspberry Pi * Raspberry Pi Window Manager Control with Xinitrc * Setup Fstab, Symbolic Links and Screen Shots for Raspberry Pi * Add Zmixer ALSA Sound Control to Raspberry Pi * Adding Lightweight Beaver Text Editor to Raspberry Pi * Add Viewnior Lightweight Image Viewer in Raspberry Pi * Connecting Raspberry Pi to Arduino with I2C Interface * Use Python Tkinter with Raspberry Pi and PCF8591 AD-DA Sensor* YouTube:
* Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and Learning Linux * Raspberry PI Arduino Advanced Interface * Tkinter with Raspberry Pi and PCF8591 AD-DA Sensor * Raspberry Pi and a MM5451 LED Display Driver YouTube * Raspberry Pi Python RTC with MAX7219 Display Driver YouTube * Programming Raspberry Pi and the 74HC595 Serial Shift RegisterYouTube
CONNECTING PC PRINTER PORT TO EXTERNAL ELECTRONICS Below are listed a series of projects using pyparallel and electronics. We will use a common PC printer port to learn basic python and electronics interfacing. Starting with routines I wrote to aid students I'd advise walking through this in sequence. Have fun and send comments and/or corrections to lewis@bvu.net. Connecting a PC Printer Port to Electronics with Python is closely related to Raspberry Pi. It too is a nearly identical Linux system but differs in being designed to use a hardware printer port as I-O to connect electronics projects. The projects here too are in Python and with modifications will work on Raspberry Pi and vise-versa. It differs in I never bothered to setup the I2C interface found in Raspberry Pi instead interfaced an Arduino to better handle low-levelelectronics.
Now a available for download a custom live Linux distribution to use a PC printer port for electronics control - without installing or altering the PC in any way. See Live Linux Distro for Using Printer Port with Electronics * Introduction to Python Bitwise Operations * Python Bitwise Operations by Example * Using the PC Printer Port series: * Programming the PC Printer Port in Python * Additional Commands for Py-Parallel * Controlling Data Bits on the PC Parallel Port * Connecting Switches to the PC Printer Port with Python * Reading an Analog Voltage Through the PC Printer Port Part 1 * Reading an Analog Voltage Through the PC Printer Port Part 2 * Controlling a Serial LCD Display on a PC Printer Port with Python * Serial ADC and LCD Display with PC Printer Port with Python * Controlling MAX7219 LED Display with PC Printer Port with Python * MAX7219 8-Digit LED Display and Serial ADC in Python* Project pages:
* Part 1: Read Arduino with PC Printer Port * Part 2: Better way to Read Arduino Through the PC Printer Port * Part 3: Read-Write an Arduino Through a PC Printer Port * Part 4: Control LCD Display and Arduino from the PC Printer Port Printer Port Projects Main PageVideos:
Connect Electronics to PC printer Port with Python Setup PC Printer Port with Python-Linux Use PC Printer Port to Read Analog Voltage Read-Write Arduino ADC PWN with Printer Port Printer Port to Serial LCD Display Connect Arduino to PC Printer Port for advanced controlLINUX VIDEOS
Live Linux Distro for Using Printer Port with Electronics Using the powerful Rox-Filer system in Linux Use FEH under Linux for a Wallpaper Setter How to create Symbolic links in Linux MICROCHIP PIC PROJECTS PIC18F2550, PIC16F628A, PIC12F683 Microchip PIC18F2550 projects are based on the BOLT system board but can be used without it. Centered on the PIC18F2550 is programmed in C like Arduino and the programs are often interchangeable. I present a lot of code examples. Also included in that section is assembly language projects for thePIC PIC16F628A and
PIC12F683 . While cheap and versatile controllers there's a steep learning curve in usingassembly.
Introduction to PIC12F683 Programming * Main Pages for PIC: * PIC18F2550 Main Page * PIC16F628A Main Page * Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A Interrupts by Example * PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A Pull Up Resistors with Interrupts * Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16f628a Timers by Example * Programming PIC16F84A-PIC16F628A TMR0 Interrupts * Programming PIC16F84A Software Delay Routines by Example * Microchip PIC16F84A H-Bridge Motor Control * Microchip PIC16F628A Basic H-Bridge Motor Control * PIC12F683 Microcontroller Circuits YouTube * PIC12F683 Microcontroller and Circuits * Introducing the BOLT PIC18F2550 Microcontroller Board * PIC18F2550 BOLT with Serial LCD Display * Using the MAX7219 with the 18F2550 Programs: * MAX7219 Display Driver and a PIC Micro Controller * MAX7219 Display Controller in the Non-Decode Mode with PIC* Programming:
* Working with Pulse-Width Modulation and the PIC Microcontroller * Using TMR0 and Interrupts on the PIC18F2550* YouTube Videos:
* My YouTube Channel * MAX7219 display controller with 8X8 LED Matrix * Programming the MAX7219 and 7-Segment Display * Connecting PIC18F2550 to Parallel LCD Display * Connecting PIC18F2550 to Serial LCD Displays * Assembly language projects using PIC16F628: * Exploring the Microchip PIC in Assembly * Using a Microchip PIC with TLC548 Serial ADC * Controlling PIC Pulse Width Modulation with a Serial ADC * Using TMR0 on a PIC with Interrupts * External Clock Crystal with PIC16F628 TMR1 Generates Interrupt * PIC Using Rotary Encoder to Operate Stepper Motor * PIC16F628 Pulse Width Modulation Controls Brightness of LED * Another way to Turn On-Off PWM in a PIC * TLC548 Serial ADC Spec. Sheet PICAXE MICROCONTROLLER PROJECTS Finally we come to the PICAXE Microcontroller in this case a medium range PICAXE-18M2. While built hardware wise on a Mircochip PIC controller it has an easy to learn built in proprietary basic. It's designed for students rather more than serious applications. The PICAXE series of micro-controllers rank as the easiest and most cost effective way to use Microchip processors. I wanted an easier and less expensive way to introduce my students to the "PIC" micro-controller. Here I hope to get those starting out past poorly written literature and lack of simple working code examples. * PICAXE Operates H-Bridge Motor Controller * PICAXE Micorcontroller Controls Motor Speed - Direction* PICAXE Projects
* Video: DC Motor Control with PICAXE * Connecting the PICAXE to a H-Bridge DC Motor Control * Exploring the PICAXE Micro-Controller * PICAXE and a Dallas DS18B20 1-Wire Digital Thermometer * Connecting the Dallas DS18B20 1-Wire Digital Thermometer to thePICAXE
* Understanding Micro-Controller Input/Output Ports * Using the 74HC165 Shift Register with the PICAXE Micro-Controller * Connecting the 74HC595 Shift Register to PICAXE Micro-controller * Using 7-Segment Displays with the PICAXE Micro-Controller * Potentiometers and Analog-to-Digital Conversion with the PICAXE * PWM Motor Speed Control and the PICAXE Micro-Controller * Connecting the PICAXE to the Ds1307 Real Time Clock * Connecting the PICAXE to an External EEPROM (24LC08) * Connecting a Servo to a PICAXE * Connecting the TLC548 ADC to the PICAXE * Connecting the AD5220 Digital Potentiometer to the PICAXE * Solar Panel Charge Controller Using PICAXE Microcontroller* Off Site:
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