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OXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by COVID-19 IN INDIA : STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT COVID-19 in India : State-wise estimates of current hospital beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators Geetanjali Kapoor, Aditi Sriram, Jyoti Joshi, ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY Antibiotic prescribing rates by country. One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it remains among the highest in the world (Steinman, Gonzales et MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
SCOPING REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN INDIA iii Figure 3.1: Carbapenem (meropenem/imipenem) resistance among four gram- negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures 21 Figure 3.2: Mortality associated with dual carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections 24 Figure 3.3: E. coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among sewage treatment plants (STPs) receiving waste from various SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KENYA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 GARP-Kenya Working Group Sam Kariuki, PhD, Chairman, Principal Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Moses Gichia, BVM, MSc, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development Patrick Irungu, PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its DriversOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by COVID-19 IN INDIA : STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT COVID-19 in India : State-wise estimates of current hospital beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators Geetanjali Kapoor, Aditi Sriram, Jyoti Joshi, ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY Antibiotic prescribing rates by country. One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it remains among the highest in the world (Steinman, Gonzales et MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
SCOPING REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN INDIA iii Figure 3.1: Carbapenem (meropenem/imipenem) resistance among four gram- negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures 21 Figure 3.2: Mortality associated with dual carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections 24 Figure 3.3: E. coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among sewage treatment plants (STPs) receiving waste from various SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KENYA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 GARP-Kenya Working Group Sam Kariuki, PhD, Chairman, Principal Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Moses Gichia, BVM, MSc, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development Patrick Irungu, PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-personGOLDEN MUSTARD
It is estimated that vitamin A deficiency affects 130 million children worldwide, and in India, approximately 330,000 children die each year as a result of insufficient intake. CDDEP’s Golden Mustard project, funded by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, examined the potential impact of biofortification of MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
63 MILLION INDIANS ARE PUSHED INTO POVERTY BY HEALTH Each year, some 150 million people worldwide face financial catastrophe due to spending on health—and according to a 2010 study, more than one third of them live in India. 1,2 The number of Indians falling below the poverty line (BPL) due to health spending may run as high as 63 million people: almost 7% of the nation’s population. 2 This total is on the rise: the Indian Ministry of Health DOWNLOAD - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS & POLICY CDDEP 962 Wayne Ave, Suite 530 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. Tel: +1202.939.3300
TETANUS - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS & POLICY Clinical definition: Infection caused by C. tetani characterized by acute onset of muscle stiffness and muscular contractions. Neonate, Infant, Child & Adolescent Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Metronidazole (IV) Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. o First week of life (7 days or less): 7.5 mg/kg/dose 12hourly o 8
ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION: MILD-MODERATE Clinical definition: Acute lower respiratory tract infection includes acute viral bronchiolitis, and acute viral and bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics are indicated in the empiric treatment of pneumonia and are not usually indicated for the treatment of bronchiolitis. However, the decision to prescribe or withhold antibiotics is influenced by several factors: the ability to clinically SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KENYA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 GARP-Kenya Working Group Sam Kariuki, PhD, Chairman, Principal Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Moses Gichia, BVM, MSc, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development Patrick Irungu, PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) Clinical definition: Uncomplicated UTI is an infection limited to the lower urinary tract with no associated urological anomalies. It is seen most in girls older than 2 years of age. Complicated UTI is an infection involving the renal parenchyma (acute pyelonephritis) or which is associated with underlying congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION (COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED Clinical definition: Suspected or confirmed peritonitis including perforation or leakage of intestinal contents into peritoneum Neonate Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Combination therapy with: Cefotaxime (IV) PLUS Metronidazole (IV) Cefotaxime- Powder for injection: 250 mg per vial (as sodium salt) o First week of life (7 days or less): 50 mg/kg/dose 12 CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, disease THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by DONATE TO OXYGENFORINDIA Donate to OxygenforIndia. Join us in our efforts to provide lifesaving medical oxygen to those who need it the most through the OxygenForIndia network. CDDEP is a 501 (c) (3), nonprofit, and nonpartisan organization (EIN number 27-3235008), and all donations are fully deductible within the limits of the law. COVID-19 IN INDIA: STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT The Question: COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March 2020. While all countries are working hard to cope with the sharp rise in infections, the existing healthcare capacity even in developed countries appears to be falling short of the real need. India, home to over 1.3 billion ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY Antibiotic prescribing rates by country. One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it remains among the highest in the world (Steinman, Gonzales etRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
UGANDA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ANTIBIOTIC … Uganda National Academy of Sciences A4 Lincoln House Makerere University P.O. Box 23911, Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256-414-53 30 44 Fax:+256-414-53 30 44
CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, disease THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by DONATE TO OXYGENFORINDIA Donate to OxygenforIndia. Join us in our efforts to provide lifesaving medical oxygen to those who need it the most through the OxygenForIndia network. CDDEP is a 501 (c) (3), nonprofit, and nonpartisan organization (EIN number 27-3235008), and all donations are fully deductible within the limits of the law. COVID-19 IN INDIA: STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT The Question: COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March 2020. While all countries are working hard to cope with the sharp rise in infections, the existing healthcare capacity even in developed countries appears to be falling short of the real need. India, home to over 1.3 billion ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY Antibiotic prescribing rates by country. One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it remains among the highest in the world (Steinman, Gonzales etRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
UGANDA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ANTIBIOTIC … Uganda National Academy of Sciences A4 Lincoln House Makerere University P.O. Box 23911, Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256-414-53 30 44 Fax:+256-414-53 30 44
WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, disease WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-personOXYGENFORINDIA
23,3M Corona cases, 254,000 deaths, 10,000s deaths from lack of oxygen. Several organizations are focused on helping by purchasing oxygen concentrators and cylinders, but few are working on the last mile problem. Without well-functioning databases or helplines, desperate family members are turning to social media and unreliable oroutdated sources.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE The seven core components of CHASP address: CDDEP’s Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership is developing actionable policy proposals for India, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. Researchers are identifying weaknesses in how antibiotics are developed and regulated and how antibiotic use and resistance are tracked. CURRENT PRICES OF ANTIBIOTICS BY CLASS, AGE Figure 1.8 compares current (nominal) prices of different generations of antibiotics. There is a general increasing trend in prices, with newer antibiotics, such as oxazolidinones and quinolones, costing much more than penicillins, sulfonamides, and other older drugs. LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE This graphic, from a recent paper reviewing current knowledge of antimalarial drug resistance, illustrates nine stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The paper describes the cycle thus: Transmission of malaria occurs through a vector, the mosquito, that ingests gametocytes the sexual form of the parasite when feeding on aninfected human.
TETANUS - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS & POLICY Clinical definition: Infection caused by C. tetani characterized by acute onset of muscle stiffness and muscular contractions. Neonate, Infant, Child & Adolescent Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Metronidazole (IV) Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. o First week of life (7 days or less): 7.5 mg/kg/dose 12hourly o 8
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) Clinical definition: Uncomplicated UTI is an infection limited to the lower urinary tract with no associated urological anomalies. It is seen most in girls older than 2 years of age. Complicated UTI is an infection involving the renal parenchyma (acute pyelonephritis) or which is associated with underlying congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION (COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED Clinical definition: Suspected or confirmed peritonitis including perforation or leakage of intestinal contents into peritoneum Neonate Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Combination therapy with: Cefotaxime (IV) PLUS Metronidazole (IV) Cefotaxime- Powder for injection: 250 mg per vial (as sodium salt) o First week of life (7 days or less): 50 mg/kg/dose 12RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE Weekly: Studies show decline in antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic; No association with severe disease for the more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage; SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 vaccination; Meningococcal B vaccination coverage among adolescents in the UnitedStates remains low.
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. COVID-19 IN INDIA : STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT COVID-19 in India : State-wise estimates of current hospital beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators Geetanjali Kapoor, Aditi Sriram, Jyoti Joshi, ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it SCOPING REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN INDIA iii Figure 3.1: Carbapenem (meropenem/imipenem) resistance among four gram- negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures 21 Figure 3.2: Mortality associated with dual carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections 24 Figure 3.3: E. coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among sewage treatment plants (STPs) receiving waste from various SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KENYA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 GARP-Kenya Working Group Sam Kariuki, PhD, Chairman, Principal Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Moses Gichia, BVM, MSc, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development Patrick Irungu, PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE Weekly: Studies show decline in antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic; No association with severe disease for the more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage; SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 vaccination; Meningococcal B vaccination coverage among adolescents in the UnitedStates remains low.
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. COVID-19 IN INDIA : STATE-WISE ESTIMATES OF CURRENT COVID-19 in India : State-wise estimates of current hospital beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators Geetanjali Kapoor, Aditi Sriram, Jyoti Joshi, ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIBING RATES BY COUNTRY One reason for the higher prevalence of resistance in the United States may be the higher levels of antibiotic prescribing in this country (see Box 2.5, Chapter 2). Although antibiotic prescribing has fallen in the United States since 1994, it SCOPING REPORT ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN INDIA iii Figure 3.1: Carbapenem (meropenem/imipenem) resistance among four gram- negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures 21 Figure 3.2: Mortality associated with dual carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections 24 Figure 3.3: E. coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among sewage treatment plants (STPs) receiving waste from various SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS KENYA SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 GARP-Kenya Working Group Sam Kariuki, PhD, Chairman, Principal Researcher, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Moses Gichia, BVM, MSc, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development Patrick Irungu, PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi DONATE TO OXYGENFORINDIA Join us in our efforts to provide lifesaving medical oxygen to those who need it the most through the OxygenForIndia network. CDDEP is a 501(c)(3), nonprofit, and nonpartisan organization (EIN number 27-3235008), and all donations are fully deductible within the limits of the law. WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-person COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specificallyGOLDEN MUSTARD
Vitamin A deficiency has a grave effect on nutrition and mortality worldwide. Children and pregnant and lactating women, especially those in low socioeconomic classes, are at particular risk of blindness and death as a result of inadequate vitamin INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS A. If there are risk factors for S. aureus (e.g. patient is an IV drug user, if vegetation is very large, or patient has rapidly accelerating symptoms), add cloxacillin.. Principles of Stewardship: For suspected infective endocarditis cases, 3 blood cultures should be obtained in rapid succession from 3 anatomic sites within 6 hours before administration of antibiotic therapy. TETANUS - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS & POLICY Clinical definition: Infection caused by C. tetani characterized by acute onset of muscle stiffness and muscular contractions. Neonate, Infant, Child & Adolescent Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Metronidazole (IV) Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. o First week of life (7 days or less): 7.5 mg/kg/dose 12hourly o 8
SYPHILIS (INCLUDING CONGENITAL SYPHILIS) Clinical definition: Multi-organ infection caused by T. pallidum. Congenital infection is acquired by vertical transmission via the transplacental route during pregnancy. Signs that may be present at birth or within the first 3 months of life include jaundice, pallor, oedema, generalised erythematous maculopapular rash that may desquamate, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, rhinitis COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION (COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED Clinical definition: Suspected or confirmed peritonitis including perforation or leakage of intestinal contents into peritoneum Neonate Preferred antibiotic choice Drug Formulation Dosage Duration Combination therapy with: Cefotaxime (IV) PLUS Metronidazole (IV) Cefotaxime- Powder for injection: 250 mg per vial (as sodium salt) o First week of life (7 days or less): 50 mg/kg/dose 12 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) Clinical definition: Uncomplicated UTI is an infection limited to the lower urinary tract with no associated urological anomalies. It is seen most in girls older than 2 years of age. Complicated UTI is an infection involving the renal parenchyma (acute pyelonephritis) or which is associated with underlying congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE ARE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, diseaseRESEARCH AREAS
Our research focuses on four sets of questions as they apply to these areas of research. 1. Disease Dynamics and Behavior How are disease dynamics influenced by incentives and human behavior? In recent years, CDDEP researchers have expanded the frontiers of economic epidemiology—the interplay of ecology and economics in determining how infectious diseases emerge, establish,OXYGENFORINDIA
23,3M Corona cases, 254,000 deaths, 10,000s deaths from lack of oxygen. Several organizations are focused on helping by purchasing oxygen concentrators and cylinders, but few are working on the last mile problem. Without well-functioning databases or helplines, desperate family members are turning to social media and unreliable oroutdated sources.
WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-person ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE The seven core components of CHASP address: CDDEP’s Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership is developing actionable policy proposals for India, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. Researchers are identifying weaknesses in how antibiotics are developed and regulated and how antibiotic use and resistance are tracked. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE This graphic, from a recent paper reviewing current knowledge of antimalarial drug resistance, illustrates nine stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The paper describes the cycle thus: Transmission of malaria occurs through a vector, the mosquito, that ingests gametocytes the sexual form of the parasite when feeding on aninfected human.
MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
EILI KLEIN - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS Eili Klein. June 23, 2017. Eili Klein has been associated with CDDEP since its founding and is currently a fellow. Dr. Klein is a mathematical ecologist and epidemiologist whose research focuses on the role of behavior in the spread of infectious diseases. Examining how individuals respond to incentives for both healthy and unhealthybehavior
THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S ANTIBIOTICS 2015 CONTRIBUTORS NK Ganguly for the GARP-India Working Group Samuel Kariuki, Linus Ndegwa, and Eveline Wesangula for the GARP-Kenya Working Group Betuel Sigaúque and Esperança Sevene for the GARP- Mozambique Working Group Buddha Basnynat, Paras Pokharel, Sameer Mani Dixit, and Santoshi Giri for the GARP-Nepal Working Group Adriano Duse, Olga Perovic, and Kim Faure for the GARP-South CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, diseaseRESEARCH AREAS
Our research focuses on four sets of questions as they apply to these areas of research. 1. Disease Dynamics and Behavior How are disease dynamics influenced by incentives and human behavior? In recent years, CDDEP researchers have expanded the frontiers of economic epidemiology—the interplay of ecology and economics in determining how infectious diseases emerge, establish,OXYGENFORINDIA
23,3M Corona cases, 254,000 deaths, 10,000s deaths from lack of oxygen. Several organizations are focused on helping by purchasing oxygen concentrators and cylinders, but few are working on the last mile problem. Without well-functioning databases or helplines, desperate family members are turning to social media and unreliable oroutdated sources.
WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-person ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE The seven core components of CHASP address: CDDEP’s Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership is developing actionable policy proposals for India, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. Researchers are identifying weaknesses in how antibiotics are developed and regulated and how antibiotic use and resistance are tracked. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE This graphic, from a recent paper reviewing current knowledge of antimalarial drug resistance, illustrates nine stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The paper describes the cycle thus: Transmission of malaria occurs through a vector, the mosquito, that ingests gametocytes the sexual form of the parasite when feeding on aninfected human.
MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
EILI KLEIN - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS Eili Klein. June 23, 2017. Eili Klein has been associated with CDDEP since its founding and is currently a fellow. Dr. Klein is a mathematical ecologist and epidemiologist whose research focuses on the role of behavior in the spread of infectious diseases. Examining how individuals respond to incentives for both healthy and unhealthybehavior
THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S ANTIBIOTICS 2015 CONTRIBUTORS NK Ganguly for the GARP-India Working Group Samuel Kariuki, Linus Ndegwa, and Eveline Wesangula for the GARP-Kenya Working Group Betuel Sigaúque and Esperança Sevene for the GARP- Mozambique Working Group Buddha Basnynat, Paras Pokharel, Sameer Mani Dixit, and Santoshi Giri for the GARP-Nepal Working Group Adriano Duse, Olga Perovic, and Kim Faure for the GARP-South CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE March 23, 2021. Weekly Digest. Weekly Digest: CDDEP partners with WHO on Action Framework on using vaccines to prevent AMR; Attributes and predictors of long COVID; Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19; Antenatal screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria can reduce pre-term and low birth weight March 15, 2021. THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance around the world. Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has helped inform researchers, policy makers and the public of important trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use. In 2015, ResistanceMap re-launched with a newdesign
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi. June 23, 2017. Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Dr. Nandi received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nandi’s research at CDDEP focuses on the long term effects of early childhood interventions on cognitive, educational, and labor marketRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, diseaseRESEARCH AREAS
Our research focuses on four sets of questions as they apply to these areas of research. 1. Disease Dynamics and Behavior How are disease dynamics influenced by incentives and human behavior? In recent years, CDDEP researchers have expanded the frontiers of economic epidemiology—the interplay of ecology and economics in determining how infectious diseases emerge, establish,OXYGENFORINDIA
23,3M Corona cases, 254,000 deaths, 10,000s deaths from lack of oxygen. Several organizations are focused on helping by purchasing oxygen concentrators and cylinders, but few are working on the last mile problem. Without well-functioning databases or helplines, desperate family members are turning to social media and unreliable oroutdated sources.
WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-person ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE The seven core components of CHASP address: CDDEP’s Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership is developing actionable policy proposals for India, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. Researchers are identifying weaknesses in how antibiotics are developed and regulated and how antibiotic use and resistance are tracked. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE This graphic, from a recent paper reviewing current knowledge of antimalarial drug resistance, illustrates nine stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The paper describes the cycle thus: Transmission of malaria occurs through a vector, the mosquito, that ingests gametocytes the sexual form of the parasite when feeding on aninfected human.
MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY MRSA infection rates by country. Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, probably because of highlevels
EILI KLEIN - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS Eili Klein. June 23, 2017. Eili Klein has been associated with CDDEP since its founding and is currently a fellow. Dr. Klein is a mathematical ecologist and epidemiologist whose research focuses on the role of behavior in the spread of infectious diseases. Examining how individuals respond to incentives for both healthy and unhealthybehavior
THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S ANTIBIOTICS 2015 CONTRIBUTORS NK Ganguly for the GARP-India Working Group Samuel Kariuki, Linus Ndegwa, and Eveline Wesangula for the GARP-Kenya Working Group Betuel Sigaúque and Esperança Sevene for the GARP- Mozambique Working Group Buddha Basnynat, Paras Pokharel, Sameer Mani Dixit, and Santoshi Giri for the GARP-Nepal Working Group Adriano Duse, Olga Perovic, and Kim Faure for the GARP-South CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE Weekly: Studies show decline in antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic; No association with severe disease for the more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage; SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 vaccination; Meningococcal B vaccination coverage among adolescents in the UnitedStates remains low.
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data.RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), having joined as a post-doctoral scholar in 2010. He is also a visiting scholar at the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi. His primary researchRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. CDDEP - HOME - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICSRESEARCH AREASPUBLICATIONSPROJECTSWHO COLLABORATING CENTREMEDIAWHO WE AREDYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ECONOMICSECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIMEJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CONTROLREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICSREVIEW OF ECONOMIC DYNAMICS CODE Weekly: Studies show decline in antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic; No association with severe disease for the more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage; SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk following COVID-19 vaccination; Meningococcal B vaccination coverage among adolescents in the UnitedStates remains low.
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used byOXYGENFORINDIA
THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS REPORT IN 2021 Researchers at CDDEP have released, The State of the World’s Antibiotics in 2021, which presents extensive data on global antimicrobial use and resistance as well as drivers and correlates of antimicrobial resistance, based on CDDEP’s extensive research and data collection through ResistanceMap (www.resistancemap.org), a global repository that has been widely used by THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S ANTIBIOTICS 2021 The State of the World's Antibiotics 2021 A Global Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers COVID-19 FOR INDIA UPDATES Projections for India • Created using IndiaSIM, a validated, simulated population of the Indian population based on NFHS and other national data. Previously used for NTAGI for vaccine introduction modeling. § Each individual in this simulated model represents an actual Indian in terms of age, income, location, health system access and other covariates found in NFHS data.RESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
ARINDAM NANDI
Arindam Nandi is a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), having joined as a post-doctoral scholar in 2010. He is also a visiting scholar at the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi. His primary researchRESISTANCEMAP
ResistanceMap is a web-based collection of data visualization tools that allows interactive exploration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic use trends in countries across the globe. WHO WE ARE - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) produces independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and wellbeing of human populations around the world. What We Do CDDEP was founded with the objective of using research to support better decision-making in health policy. CDDEP researchers employ a range of expertise—including economics, epidemiology, diseaseRESEARCH AREAS
Our research focuses on four sets of questions as they apply to these areas of research. 1. Disease Dynamics and Behavior How are disease dynamics influenced by incentives and human behavior? In recent years, CDDEP researchers have expanded the frontiers of economic epidemiology—the interplay of ecology and economics in determining how infectious diseases emerge, establish,OXYGENFORINDIA
The current situation in India. As India battles the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, people are dying unable to get a hospital bed. For many in need of oxygen therapy, it is impossible to get treatment at home because of shortages, lack of information, and access. WEEKLY DIGEST: BACK TO SCHOOL Back to school – safely. In a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, data from an extensive online survey in the United States was used to investigate the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes at different levels of school mitigation measures. There was a positive association between in-person ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Weekly digest: High levels of antibiotic resistance among COVID-19 patients in Indian hospitals; Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission; Mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccines trigger a potent immune response; COVID-19 in Africa. OVERALL AND UNIT COSTS OF THE FIVE MOST COMMON HOSPITAL Using estimates from a recent study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, this graphic shows the overall cost and per-case cost for each of the five major hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in the US.The five major HAIs identified by the study are: central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, C. difficile infections, andcatheter
LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIA PARASITE This graphic, from a recent paper reviewing current knowledge of antimalarial drug resistance, illustrates nine stages in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. The paper describes the cycle thus: Transmission of malaria occurs through a vector, the mosquito, that ingests gametocytes the sexual form of the parasite when feeding on aninfected human.
MRSA INFECTION RATES BY COUNTRY Figure 1.4 shows MRSA rates for the United States and other high- and middle-income countries for 2004. In Europe, only Romania and Malta had higher rates of MRSA than the United States in that year. MRSA levels were high in East Asia, specifically EILI KLEIN - CENTER FOR DISEASE DYNAMICS, ECONOMICS Eili Klein has been associated with CDDEP since its founding and is currently a fellow. Dr. Klein is a mathematical ecologist and epidemiologist whose research focuses on the role of behavior in the spread of infectious diseases. Examining how THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S ANTIBIOTICS 2015 CONTRIBUTORS NK Ganguly for the GARP-India Working Group Samuel Kariuki, Linus Ndegwa, and Eveline Wesangula for the GARP-Kenya Working Group Betuel Sigaúque and Esperança Sevene for the GARP- Mozambique Working Group Buddha Basnynat, Paras Pokharel, Sameer Mani Dixit, and Santoshi Giri for the GARP-Nepal Working Group Adriano Duse, Olga Perovic, and Kim Faure for the GARP-South OFFICES IN Washington D.C. & New Delhi The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy* RESEARCH AREAS
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The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy* RESEARCH AREAS
* Overview
* Antibiotic Resistance * Disease Control Priorities * Environmental Health* Malaria
* Health & Development* COVID-19
* Overview
* COVID-19 in Africa* COVID-19 in India
* Visualizations
* Current Projects
* ResistanceMap
* ARVac Consortium
* Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership(MAAP)
* Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) * Partnership for Global Health: A Study of AMR in Delhi, India* Magic Bus
* Past Projects
* Media & Resources
* News & Blog
* Infographics
* Press Releases
* Media Coverage
* Fact Sheets
* Who We Are
* About Us
* Our Team
* Board of Directors* Working at CDDEP
* Contact
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ADVANCING HEALTH AND WELLBEING THROUGH INDEPENDENT RESEARCH CDDEP's COVID-19 ResponsePublication
COVID-19 in India: Potential Impact of the Lockdown and Other...April 20, 2020
Weekly
Digest
Weekly Digest: Childhood vaccines reduce antibiotic...May 04, 2020
Resistance Map
ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and... Stay up to date with all our latest news and policy informing researchAREAS OF RESEARCH
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Discover the numerous ways we are addressing antibiotic effectiveness.Learn More
DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIESLearn More
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHLearn More
MALARIA
Read more about how we are combining medical intelligence and climate data to track malaria.Learn More
HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENTLearn More
LATEST
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Weekly
Digest
Weekly Digest: State-wise estimates of current hospital beds, ICU beds, and ventilators in India; World hunger could double in 2020 due to COVID-19; Not enough antibiotics are currently under development in the US. April 27, 2020*
COVID-19 in India: State-Wise Estimates of Current Hospital Beds, ICU Beds, and Ventilators April 21, 2020*
Weekly
Digest
Weekly Digest: Modeling the impact of India’s lockdown on COVID-19; Public health interventions linked to improved control of COVID-19 in China; US study reports decrease in C. diff infections. April 20, 2020*
Weekly
Digest
Weekly Digest: Pooled COVID-19 tests could help scale up testing & identify disease hotspots; Study reports drop in incidence of MDR infections in US hospitals; Pre-symptomatic COVID-19 transmission in Singapore. April 13, 2020*
Post
Weekly Digest: Clinical trials for novel coronavirus treatments progress; Researchers estimate 1.38% death rate among confirmed COVID-19 cases in China; Increased taxation of tobacco, alcohol & sugary beverages may save millions of lives. April 06, 2020*
Publication
Pooling RT-PCR or NGS Samples to Cost-Effectively Generate Estimates of COVID-19 Prevalence in Resource-Limited Environments April 06, 2020*
Weekly Digest: CDDEP forecasts COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations in India; Physical distancing measures to reduce COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China; DRC needs $20 million to prevent re-emergence of Ebola. March 30, 2020*
Blog
Weekly Digest: COVID-19 case count surpasses 350,000; Researchers detail first known person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 in US; US company offers at-home COVID-19 test. March 23, 2020*
Posts
Action, not panic, is essential to contain COVID-19 March 14, 2020*
Weekly Digest: COVID-19 pandemic continues to shock the world; DRC Ebola outbreak close to an end; Antimicrobial use and resistance common across animal production systems in Africa. March 13, 2020 View All Our Latest Posts SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER Stay up to date with all our latest news and policy informing research Privacy Policy Terms of ServiceFOLLOW US
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