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B Control stations
PLAIN SCALE
The following two types of scales are used in surveying: (i) Plain Scale. (ii) Diagonal Scale. 11.7.1 Plain Scale. On a plain scale it is possible to read two dimensions directly such as unit and tenths. This scale is not drawn like ordinary foot rule (30 cm scale). If a scale of 1 : 40 is to be drawn, the markings are not like 4 m, 8 m, 12 mCOMPOSITE PILES
A pile is a slender column made of wood, concrete or steel. A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in situ by excavating a hole and then filling it with concrete. A group of piles are driven to the required depth and are capped with R.C.C. slab, over which superstructure is
GEOMETRICAL STAIR
(c) Well or Open-newel Stairs: It differs from dog legged stairs such that in this case there is 0.15 m to 1.0 m gap between the two adjacent flights. Figure 8.37 shows a typical opennewel stair. (d) Geometrical Stair: This type of stair is similar to the open newel stair except that well formed between the two adjacent flights is curved. The hand rail provided is continuous. DEEP BEAMS | CIVIL ENGINEERING The ACI 318 Building Code defines deep beams as flexural members with clear span-depth ratios less than 2.5 for continuous spans and 1.25 for simple spans. Some types of building components behave as deep beams and require analysis for nonlinear stress distribution in flexure. Some common examples are long, precast panels used asTESTS ON MORTAR
The following tests are conducted on the prepared mortars to ensure their quality: 1. Crushing Test 2. Tensile Strength Test 3. Adhesive Test. 1. Crushing Test: This test is carried out on a brick work with the mortar. This brick work is crushed in a compression testing machine and the load REDUCTION OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS The reduction of distance measurements means the process of converting a measured slope distance between two points to the ‘reduced’ distance over the ellipsoid between the projections of the two points onto the ellipsoid. It is useful to start by thinking of the simple geometry which would arise if the earth were flat, as shown in Figure11.1.
BEARING CAPACITY PROBLEM EXAMPLE 2 Bearing capacity problem example 2. If the soil in Ex. 1 fails by local shear failure, determine the net safe bearing pressure. All the other data given in Ex. 1 remain the same. Solution. For local shear failure: Foundation. Tags: allowable bearing pressure, Bearing Capacity, net bearing capacity, Problem example, Terzaghi, ultimatebearing
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BRICK MASONRY Header Bond. A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In a standard brick it is 90 mm × 90 mm face. In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are arranged in the header courses as shown in Fig. 8.5. CASE HISTORY OF FAILURE OF THE TRANSCONA GRAIN ELEVATOR Case History of Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator. One of the best known foundation failures occurred in October 1913 at North Transcona, Manitoba, Canada. It was ascertained later on that the failure occurred when the foundation pressure at the base was about equal to the calculated ultimate bearing capacity of an underlayinglayer of
PLANE AND GEODETIC SURVEYING 2 General principles of surveying 3 Principal surveying activities 4 Angle measurement 5 Distance measurement 6 Levelling 7 Satellite surveying 8 Geoids and ellipsoids 9 Map projections 10 Adjustment of observations 11 Reduction of distance measurements 12 Reciprocal vertical angles Appendices A Constants, ellipsoid and projection dataB Control stations
PLAIN SCALE
The following two types of scales are used in surveying: (i) Plain Scale. (ii) Diagonal Scale. 11.7.1 Plain Scale. On a plain scale it is possible to read two dimensions directly such as unit and tenths. This scale is not drawn like ordinary foot rule (30 cm scale). If a scale of 1 : 40 is to be drawn, the markings are not like 4 m, 8 m, 12 mCOMPOSITE PILES
A pile is a slender column made of wood, concrete or steel. A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in situ by excavating a hole and then filling it with concrete. A group of piles are driven to the required depth and are capped with R.C.C. slab, over which superstructure is
GEOMETRICAL STAIR
(c) Well or Open-newel Stairs: It differs from dog legged stairs such that in this case there is 0.15 m to 1.0 m gap between the two adjacent flights. Figure 8.37 shows a typical opennewel stair. (d) Geometrical Stair: This type of stair is similar to the open newel stair except that well formed between the two adjacent flights is curved. The hand rail provided is continuous. DEEP BEAMS | CIVIL ENGINEERING The ACI 318 Building Code defines deep beams as flexural members with clear span-depth ratios less than 2.5 for continuous spans and 1.25 for simple spans. Some types of building components behave as deep beams and require analysis for nonlinear stress distribution in flexure. Some common examples are long, precast panels used asTESTS ON MORTAR
The following tests are conducted on the prepared mortars to ensure their quality: 1. Crushing Test 2. Tensile Strength Test 3. Adhesive Test. 1. Crushing Test: This test is carried out on a brick work with the mortar. This brick work is crushed in a compression testing machine and the load REDUCTION OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS The reduction of distance measurements means the process of converting a measured slope distance between two points to the ‘reduced’ distance over the ellipsoid between the projections of the two points onto the ellipsoid. It is useful to start by thinking of the simple geometry which would arise if the earth were flat, as shown in Figure11.1.
BEARING CAPACITY PROBLEM EXAMPLE 2 Bearing capacity problem example 2. If the soil in Ex. 1 fails by local shear failure, determine the net safe bearing pressure. All the other data given in Ex. 1 remain the same. Solution. For local shear failure: Foundation. Tags: allowable bearing pressure, Bearing Capacity, net bearing capacity, Problem example, Terzaghi, ultimatebearing
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BRICK MASONRY Header Bond. A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In a standard brick it is 90 mm × 90 mm face. In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are arranged in the header courses as shown in Fig. 8.5. CASE HISTORY OF FAILURE OF THE TRANSCONA GRAIN ELEVATOR Case History of Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator. One of the best known foundation failures occurred in October 1913 at North Transcona, Manitoba, Canada. It was ascertained later on that the failure occurred when the foundation pressure at the base was about equal to the calculated ultimate bearing capacity of an underlayinglayer of
DEEP BEAMS | CIVIL ENGINEERING The ACI 318 Building Code defines deep beams as flexural members with clear span-depth ratios less than 2.5 for continuous spans and 1.25 for simple spans. Some types of building components behave as deep beams and require analysis for nonlinear stress distribution in flexure. Some common examples are long, precast panels used as VERTICAL CIRCULATION Vertical Circulation. Circulation, as usually applied in architecture, is the movement of people and goods between interior spaces in buildings and to entrances and exits. Safe, convenient, rapid circulation is essential for all buildings under both normal and emergency conditions. Such circulation may be channeled through any ofseveral
ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES The analysis of trusses is usually based on the following simplifying assumptions: 1. All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless hinges in plane trusses and by frictionless ball-and-socket joints in space trusses. 2. All loads and support reactions are applied only at the joints. 3. The centroidal COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION Design of a structural member for loading that induces both bending and axial compression should take into account not only the primary stresses due to the combined loading but also secondary effects. Commonly called P-delta effects, these result from two sources: (1) Incremental bending moments caused by buckling of the member thatcreate
HEAVYWEIGHT AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES The structural lightweight aggregates are defined by ASTM C330 and C331. They are either manufactured (expanded clay, shale, or slate, or blastfurnace slag) or natural (scoria and pumice). These aggregates produce concretes generally in the strength range of 3000 to 4000 psi; higher strengths are attainable and are discussed in Art. 4.17. DEFINITION OF PROJECT PHASES The definition of the various phases of development for a particular project from initial studies through postconstruction should be understood by the client and outlined thoroughly in the client-A /E agreement. The most-often-used phases of development include the following: Feasibility Studies. To assist the client in determining the scope of the project and theSTRUCTURAL STEEL
Steel studs are being increasingly used for the construction of interior and exterior walls in residential and light commercial applications. Typical studs for load bearing walls are Csections of 33 ksi yield point steel, 3.5 deep by 1.625 in wide, 0.033 or 0.043 inthick, with
TERZAGHI'S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY Terzaghi (1943) used the same form of equation as proposed by Prandtl (1921) and extended his theory to take into account the weight of soil and the effect of soil above the base of the foundation on the bearing capacity of soil. Terzaghi made the following assumptions for developing an equation for determining qu for a c-0 soil. The shapesof
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BRICK MASONRY Header Bond. A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In a standard brick it is 90 mm × 90 mm face. In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are arranged in the header courses as shown in Fig. 8.5.STRUCTURAL STEEL
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
Strength and stiffness from in situ tests STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS FROM IN SITU TESTSJanuary 22, 2020
The content: 1.1 Standard penetration tests (SPT) 1.1.1 Modification of raw SPT values 1.1.1.1 Method A 1.1.1.2 Method B 1.1.2 Relative density 1.1.3 Undrained soil…Uses of Piles
USES OF PILES
February 5, 2014
The major uses of piles are: 1. To carry vertical compression load. 2. To resist uplift load. 3. To resist horizontal or inclined loads.Normally…
TYPES OF PILES ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF INSTALLATIONFebruary 5, 2014
According to the method of construction, there are three types of piles. They are 1. Driven piles, 2. Cast-in-situ piles and 3. Drivenand cast-in-situ…
TYPES OF PILES ACCORDING TO THEIR COMPOSITIONFebruary 5, 2014
Piles may be classified according to their composition as 1. Timber Piles, 2. Concrete Piles, 3. Steel Piles. Timber Piles: Timber pilesare made of…
CLASSIFICATION OF PILESFebruary 5, 2014
Piles may be classified as long or short in accordance with the L/d ratio of the pile (where L = length, d = diameter of…Floating Foundation
FLOATING FOUNDATION
February 5, 2014
General Consideration A floating foundation for a building is defined as a foundation in which the weight of the building is approximatelyequal to the…
Design of Mat Foundations by Elastic Plate Method DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS BY ELASTIC PLATE METHODFebruary 5, 2014
Many methods are available for the design of mat-foundations. The one that is very much in use is the finite difference method. This methodis…
Design of Combined Footings by Elastic Line Method DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS BY ELASTIC LINE METHODFebruary 5, 2014
The relationship between deflection, y, at any point on an elastic beam and the corresponding bending moment M may be expressed by the equation The equations… Design of Mat Foundation by Rigid Method DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION BY RIGID METHODFebruary 5, 2014
In the conventional rigid method the mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid and the bearing pressure against the bottom of the mat followsa…
Design of Combined Footings by Rigid Method (Conventional Method) DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS BY RIGID METHOD (CONVENTIONAL METHOD)February 5, 2014
The rigid method of design of combined footings assumes that 1. The footing or mat is infinitely rigid, and therefore, the deflection ofthe footing…
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