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MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
NEED FOR REFORM IN “CONTESTED DIVORCE CASES” Source: Wikimedia Commons Marriage and divorce in India are regulated by codified and uncodified personal laws. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce between Hindus. However, the legal framework governing the marriage and divorce between members of the Scheduled Tribes community has been unclear. LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA Legal Accountability of the Police in India Centre for Law and Policy Research 1 LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA1 I: INTRODUCTION Given the reported failure of the state and central government to fully implement theJAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. CASTE DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA: A STUDY OF NCRB DATA (PART The recent gruesome report of the beheading of a Dalit minor girl in Tamil Nadu for rejecting the advances of an upper caste male once again throws the issue of caste discrimination into sharp focus. Women from Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and violence due to the intersection of caste and gender. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether the LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
NEED FOR REFORM IN “CONTESTED DIVORCE CASES” Source: Wikimedia Commons Marriage and divorce in India are regulated by codified and uncodified personal laws. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce between Hindus. However, the legal framework governing the marriage and divorce between members of the Scheduled Tribes community has been unclear. LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA Legal Accountability of the Police in India Centre for Law and Policy Research 1 LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA1 I: INTRODUCTION Given the reported failure of the state and central government to fully implement theJAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. CASTE DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA: A STUDY OF NCRB DATA (PART The recent gruesome report of the beheading of a Dalit minor girl in Tamil Nadu for rejecting the advances of an upper caste male once again throws the issue of caste discrimination into sharp focus. Women from Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and violence due to the intersection of caste and gender. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether the LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation onCLPR BROADCAST
CLPR has designed and prepared a curriculum for a course titled “Introducing Intersectionality” which it has been teaching at the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata.The course seeks to challenge our understanding of discrimination, transforming it from the treatment of individuals as single-identity persons into one that takes into account the multi-faceted DISCRIMINATION & INTERSECTIONALITY ARCHIVES Tackling Caste Discrimination : Understanding the Prohibition of Employment Of Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013. Venue Center for Law and Policy Research, D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru. Time 9:30 A.M.-4:00 P.M. AN OVERVIEW OF THE EQUALITY BILL, 2019 The Equality Bill 2019. CLPR’s Equality Bill 2019 builds on these efforts and presents a new equality law model. It has examined other equality legislations the world over including The UK Equality Act, 2010, The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 of South Africa and the Victorian EqualOpportunity Act
BREAKING NEW GROUND: TRANSGENDER PERSONS' FUNDAMENTAL The fundamental right of transgender persons to marry individuals of their choice was recently affirmed by the Madras High Court in Arunkumar and Another. v The Inspector General of Registration and Ors. (WP (MD) No. 4125 of 2019 and WMP (MD) No. 3220 of 2019). The High Court upheld a Hindu marriage between Arunkumar and Sreeja (atranswoman
B.R. AMBEDKAR'S IDEA OF SEPARATE SETTLEMENTS B.R. Ambedkar’s Idea of Separate Settlements. In 1951, the District Collector of Pune requisitioned certain land for the development of a Kashiwadi Harijan Colony for the upliftment of Dalits. This was challenged by several landowners whose plot was listed to be acquired. The Court, in this case, held that such an acquisition would be CASTE DISCRIMINATION IN SOUTH INDIA: A STUDY OF NCRB DATA Caste Discrimination in South India: A study of NCRB data. On 21 May 2018, The Wire reported the death of a Dalit man in Gujarat who was allegedly beaten to death when he protested the fact that his wife was asked to clean filth, free of charge. This reporting comes only two months after the decision of Subhash Kashinath Mahajan, where the ANALYSIS OF USE OF UAPA FROM NCRB DATA The use of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 (“UAPA”) in the last few years needs critical analysis, especially in light of the increasing use of the UAPA.What is surprising is that while the UAPA was enacted in 1967, its constitutionality has never been challenged in any of the High Courts or the Supreme Court. INDEPENDENT THOUGHT VS UNION OF INDIA In 2013, Independent Thought, an organization working for the rights of women and children, filed W.P.(C) 382/2013 before the Supreme Court challenging Exception 2 to Section 375 of the IPC to the extent of its applicability in case of minor girls. The Exception, more commonly known as the Marital Rape exemption, states that a man cannot be charged with rape of his wife provided the wife is THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s prompt W.P. 13112 / 2012 (GM RES, PIL) I.A NO. IN THE MATTER OF High Court of Kerala in the case of Saumya Ann Thomas v.Union of India, ILR 2010 (1) Ker 804. In this case, the court held that Section 10-A was unconstitutional as it violated Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India. CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
CONTACT US - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH - CLPR Contact. Centre for Law & Policy Research. D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru – 560025. Ph: + 91 080 4091 2112. If you would like to partner or collaborate with us in any way or reach out for any general information regarding our work. Contact us at reachout@clpr.org.in. MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
NEED FOR REFORM IN “CONTESTED DIVORCE CASES” Source: Wikimedia Commons Marriage and divorce in India are regulated by codified and uncodified personal laws. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce between Hindus. However, the legal framework governing the marriage and divorce between members of the Scheduled Tribes community has been unclear.JAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether the LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people. CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
CONTACT US - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH - CLPR Contact. Centre for Law & Policy Research. D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru – 560025. Ph: + 91 080 4091 2112. If you would like to partner or collaborate with us in any way or reach out for any general information regarding our work. Contact us at reachout@clpr.org.in. MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
NEED FOR REFORM IN “CONTESTED DIVORCE CASES” Source: Wikimedia Commons Marriage and divorce in India are regulated by codified and uncodified personal laws. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce between Hindus. However, the legal framework governing the marriage and divorce between members of the Scheduled Tribes community has been unclear.JAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether the LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people.CLPR BROADCAST
CLPR has designed and prepared a curriculum for a course titled “Introducing Intersectionality” which it has been teaching at the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata.The course seeks to challenge our understanding of discrimination, transforming it from the treatment of individuals as single-identity persons into one that takes into account the multi-faceted CONTACT US - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH - CLPR Centre for Law & Policy Research . D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru – 560025. Ph: +91 080 4091 2112 If you would like to partner or collaborate with us in any way or reach out for any general information regarding our work. AN OVERVIEW OF THE EQUALITY BILL, 2019 The Equality Bill 2019. CLPR’s Equality Bill 2019 builds on these efforts and presents a new equality law model. It has examined other equality legislations the world over including The UK Equality Act, 2010, The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 of South Africa and the Victorian EqualOpportunity Act
BREAKING NEW GROUND: TRANSGENDER PERSONS' FUNDAMENTAL The fundamental right of transgender persons to marry individuals of their choice was recently affirmed by the Madras High Court in Arunkumar and Another. v The Inspector General of Registration and Ors. (WP (MD) No. 4125 of 2019 and WMP (MD) No. 3220 of 2019). The High Court upheld a Hindu marriage between Arunkumar and Sreeja (atranswoman
B.R. AMBEDKAR'S IDEA OF SEPARATE SETTLEMENTS B.R. Ambedkar’s Idea of Separate Settlements. In 1951, the District Collector of Pune requisitioned certain land for the development of a Kashiwadi Harijan Colony for the upliftment of Dalits. This was challenged by several landowners whose plot was listed to be acquired. The Court, in this case, held that such an acquisition would be ANALYSIS OF USE OF UAPA FROM NCRB DATA The use of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 (“UAPA”) in the last few years needs critical analysis, especially in light of the increasing use of the UAPA.What is surprising is that while the UAPA was enacted in 1967, its constitutionality has never been challenged in any of the High Courts or the Supreme Court. INDEPENDENT THOUGHT VS UNION OF INDIA In 2013, Independent Thought, an organization working for the rights of women and children, filed W.P.(C) 382/2013 before the Supreme Court challenging Exception 2 to Section 375 of the IPC to the extent of its applicability in case of minor girls. The Exception, more commonly known as the Marital Rape exemption, states that a man cannot be charged with rape of his wife provided the wife is CASTE DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA: A STUDY OF NCRB DATA (PART The recent gruesome report of the beheading of a Dalit minor girl in Tamil Nadu for rejecting the advances of an upper caste male once again throws the issue of caste discrimination into sharp focus. Women from Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and violence due to the intersection of caste and gender. CASTE DISCRIMINATION IN SOUTH INDIA: A STUDY OF NCRB DATA Caste Discrimination in South India: A study of NCRB data. On 21 May 2018, The Wire reported the death of a Dalit man in Gujarat who was allegedly beaten to death when he protested the fact that his wife was asked to clean filth, free of charge. This reporting comes only two months after the decision of Subhash Kashinath Mahajan, where the W.P. 13112 / 2012 (GM RES, PIL) I.A NO. IN THE MATTER OF High Court of Kerala in the case of Saumya Ann Thomas v.Union of India, ILR 2010 (1) Ker 804. In this case, the court held that Section 10-A was unconstitutional as it violated Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India. CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
VIKRAMADITYA SAHAI
Vikramaditya Sahai is a post graduate in political science from University of Delhi. They have previously worked as faculty at the Gender Studies Department, Ambedkar University, Delhi and as a consultant on a project to study non-normative sexuality and gender housed at the Advanced Centre for Women Studies, TISS, Bombay. THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummated LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s promptMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people. NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who STATE POLICY FOR TRANSGENDERS IN KERALA, 2015 THE YOGYAKARTA PRINCIPLES CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
VIKRAMADITYA SAHAI
Vikramaditya Sahai is a post graduate in political science from University of Delhi. They have previously worked as faculty at the Gender Studies Department, Ambedkar University, Delhi and as a consultant on a project to study non-normative sexuality and gender housed at the Advanced Centre for Women Studies, TISS, Bombay. THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummated LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s promptMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people. NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who STATE POLICY FOR TRANSGENDERS IN KERALA, 2015 THE YOGYAKARTA PRINCIPLES CONTACT US - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH - CLPR Contact. Centre for Law & Policy Research. D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru – 560025. Ph: + 91 080 4091 2112. If you would like to partner or collaborate with us in any way or reach out for any general information regarding our work. Contact us at reachout@clpr.org.in. CLPR RELEASES REPORT OF STUDY ON INTERSECTIONAL As part of our work on equality and non-discrimination, CLPR conducted a study on experiences of intersectional discrimination in South India between May – November, 2018.The objective of the study was to understand the relationship between different intersecting identities and various sites of discrimination such as educational institutions, workplaces, police stations, and public transport. B.R. AMBEDKAR'S IDEA OF SEPARATE SETTLEMENTS B.R. Ambedkar’s Idea of Separate Settlements. In 1951, the District Collector of Pune requisitioned certain land for the development of a Kashiwadi Harijan Colony for the upliftment of Dalits. This was challenged by several landowners whose plot was listed to be acquired. The Court, in this case, held that such an acquisition would be BREAKING NEW GROUND: TRANSGENDER PERSONS' FUNDAMENTAL The fundamental right of transgender persons to marry individuals of their choice was recently affirmed by the Madras High Court in Arunkumar and Another. v The Inspector General of Registration and Ors. (WP (MD) No. 4125 of 2019 and WMP (MD) No. 3220 of 2019). The High Court upheld a Hindu marriage between Arunkumar and Sreeja (atranswoman
PRIVACY THEORY 101: WARREN AND BRANDEIS’S 'THE RIGHT TO Image only for representational purpose . In this series of blogs, we have been exploring the theoretical foundations of informational privacy. In the last post, we examined Helen Nissenbaum’s very influential construction of privacy as ‘contextual integrity’.In this post, we will turn the clock back a century or so to examine one of the most influential legal developments in US privacy NEED FOR RECOGNITION OF TRANS RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL A cursory look at the development of trans rights indicates that the world has made significant progress in addressing the recognition of gender identity rights. These regional and domestic developments do not, however, recompense the reality that transgender persons still suffer some of the most pervasive forms of violence and discrimination. In the absence of concrete universal standards THOU SHALL NOT EAT: DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF FOOD Clause 3 of the CLPR Equality Bill,2020 prohibits discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics.Clause 2(oo)(i) mentions food preference as one of the protected characteristics. Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of food preference is refreshingly new RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s prompt AN OVERVIEW OF THE EQUALITY BILL, 2019 The Equality Bill 2019. CLPR’s Equality Bill 2019 builds on these efforts and presents a new equality law model. It has examined other equality legislations the world over including The UK Equality Act, 2010, The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 of South Africa and the Victorian EqualOpportunity Act
CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummatedJAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people. THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s prompt NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether theMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Mohammed Arif Jameel v. Union of India. Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole forprisoners.
THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummatedJAYNA KOTHARI
Priya Ramani verdict has expanded the law on sexual harassment. February 24, 2021. In this article published by Indian Express, Jayna Kothari, Senior Advocate & Executive Director at Center for Law and Policy Research argues that the recent Priya Ramani judgment has expanded the law on sexual harassment and provided the opportunity to widen the defences against defamation law. LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on SOCIETY FOR UN-AIDED PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF RAJASTHAN V. UNION Mrs. Menaka Guruswamy and Mrs. Jayna Kothari, appearing for the intervener namely The Azim Premji Foundation, in I.A. No. 7 in W.P. (C) No. 95/2010, apart from other contentions, submitted that Article 21A calls for horizontal application of sanction on state actors so as to give effect to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the people. THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s prompt NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY VS. UNION OF INDIA Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.), a retired judge of the Madras High Court, challenged the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme. He argued that the scheme violated the right to privacy. A three-judge bench held that a larger bench should determine whether theMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA Legal Accountability of the Police in India Centre for Law and Policy Research 1 LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE POLICE IN INDIA1 I: INTRODUCTION Given the reported failure of the state and central government to fully implement the AN OVERVIEW OF THE EQUALITY BILL, 2019 The Equality Bill 2019. CLPR’s Equality Bill 2019 builds on these efforts and presents a new equality law model. It has examined other equality legislations the world over including The UK Equality Act, 2010, The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 of South Africa and the Victorian EqualOpportunity Act
ANALYSIS OF USE OF UAPA FROM NCRB DATA The use of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967 (“UAPA”) in the last few years needs critical analysis, especially in light of the increasing use of the UAPA.What is surprising is that while the UAPA was enacted in 1967, its constitutionality has never been challenged in any of the High Courts or the Supreme Court. INDEPENDENT THOUGHT VS UNION OF INDIA In 2013, Independent Thought, an organization working for the rights of women and children, filed W.P.(C) 382/2013 before the Supreme Court challenging Exception 2 to Section 375 of the IPC to the extent of its applicability in case of minor girls. The Exception, more commonly known as the Marital Rape exemption, states that a man cannot be charged with rape of his wife provided the wife isVIKRAMADITYA SAHAI
Vikramaditya Sahai is a post graduate in political science from University of Delhi. They have previously worked as faculty at the Gender Studies Department, Ambedkar University, Delhi and as a consultant on a project to study non-normative sexuality and gender housed at the Advanced Centre for Women Studies, TISS, Bombay. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST The CPIO appears to decide. Citizens must file RTI requests to the CPIO. So if the CPIO does not think an exemption provision is attracted, then the CPIO may never bring the request before a relevant officer of the public authority. The Court’s judgment appears to agree with this: ‘the PIO comes to the conclusion that any of theexemption
CALL FOR APPLICATIONS: THE CLPR EQUALITY FELLOWSHIP We invite applications for The CLPR Equality Fellowship. The CLPR Equality Fellowship is a paid, two-year opportunity which will be awarded to 6 young lawyers keen to pursue the practice of public interest law on a full-time basis. Application Deadline: December 30,2018, 5PM IST
UNPACKING PUBLIC HEALTH UNPACKING PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari Jayna Kothari is the Executive Director, Centre for Law and Policy Research. She practices as a Counsel in IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY 2. The New India Assurance Co. Ltd. ] Through its Chairman ] 87, M. G Road, Fort ] Mumbai, 400001 ] 3. General Insurance Company of India ] JAYALAKSHMI VS. STATE OF TAMIL NADU DECISION: Despite multiple arguments from the Respondents in this case that Jayalakshmi’s case was motivated by monetary intentions, the Court ruled unequivocally that this was a case of custodial violence and there is no doubt that the physical and sexual abuse of Pandian at the hands of the police officers was responsible for her suicide. CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole for prisoners.VIKRAMADITYA SAHAI
Vikramaditya Sahai is a post graduate in political science from University of Delhi. They have previously worked as faculty at the Gender Studies Department, Ambedkar University, Delhi and as a consultant on a project to study non-normative sexuality and gender housed at the Advanced Centre for Women Studies, TISS, Bombay. THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummated LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s promptMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who THE YOGYAKARTA PRINCIPLES STATE POLICY FOR TRANSGENDERS IN KERALA, 2015 CLPR - HOME - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH The Centre for Law and Policy Research (CLPR) is a not-for-profit trust that was started in 2009 by Jayna Kothari and SudhirKrishnaswamy.
MOHAMMED ARIF JAMEEL V. UNION OF INDIA Over the last two weeks, the Karnataka High Court has taken up public interest litigation in the case of Mohammed Areef Jameel & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. on relief measures during the lockdown ranging from access to food and essential items, access to medicines, animal welfare and parole for prisoners.VIKRAMADITYA SAHAI
Vikramaditya Sahai is a post graduate in political science from University of Delhi. They have previously worked as faculty at the Gender Studies Department, Ambedkar University, Delhi and as a consultant on a project to study non-normative sexuality and gender housed at the Advanced Centre for Women Studies, TISS, Bombay. THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE ACT, 2006 (PCMA) WHAT IS PCMA? • Main legislation to prohibit and prevent child marriages • Section 3: child marriage is valid but “voidable” at the option of the minor contracting party • Parties may annul the marriage within 2 years of attaining adulthood or through a guardian • Very few women are able to exercise the option of annulling their marriage, after it is consummated LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A SOLIDARISTIC WELFARE STATE On April 12 2012, the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.Several private schools (aided, unaided, minority and non-minority) had challenged the constitutionality of the Act on two major grounds: first, that the section 12(1)(c) obligation on THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s promptMAKING RIGHTS REAL
MAKING RIGHTS REAL POLICY BRIEF Authors: Jayna Kothari, Executive Director, CLPR is the lead author. Deekshitha Ganesan, Saumya Dadooand J Mandakini,
NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA) VS. UNION OF KEY FACTS: This case was filed by the National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) to legally recognize persons who fall outside the male/female gender binary, including persons who THE YOGYAKARTA PRINCIPLES STATE POLICY FOR TRANSGENDERS IN KERALA, 2015 CONTACT US - CENTRE FOR LAW & POLICY RESEARCH - CLPR Centre for Law & Policy Research . D6, Dona Cynthia Apartments, 35, Primrose Road, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru – 560025. Ph: +91 080 4091 2112 If you would like to partner or collaborate with us in any way or reach out for any general information regarding our work. NEED FOR REFORM IN “CONTESTED DIVORCE CASES” Source: Wikimedia Commons Marriage and divorce in India are regulated by codified and uncodified personal laws. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce between Hindus. However, the legal framework governing the marriage and divorce between members of the Scheduled Tribes community has been unclear. THOU SHALL NOT EAT: DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF FOOD Clause 3 of the CLPR Equality Bill,2020 prohibits discrimination on the basis of protected characteristics.Clause 2(oo)(i) mentions food preference as one of the protected characteristics. Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of food preference is refreshingly new CLPR RELEASES REPORT OF STUDY ON INTERSECTIONAL As part of our work on equality and non-discrimination, CLPR conducted a study on experiences of intersectional discrimination in South India between May – November, 2018.The objective of the study was to understand the relationship between different intersecting identities and various sites of discrimination such as educational institutions, workplaces, police stations, and public transport. B.R. AMBEDKAR'S IDEA OF SEPARATE SETTLEMENTS In 1951, the District Collector of Pune requisitioned certain land for the development of a Kashiwadi Harijan Colony for the upliftment of Dalits. This was challenged by several landowners whose plot was listed to be acquired. The Court, in this case, held that such an acquisition would be discriminatory against non-Dalits under Article 15(1) of the Constitution. It stated that several people NEED FOR RECOGNITION OF TRANS RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL A cursory look at the development of trans rights indicates that the world has made significant progress in addressing the recognition of gender identity rights. These regional and domestic developments do not, however, recompense the reality that transgender persons still suffer some of the most pervasive forms of violence and discrimination. In the absence of concrete universal standards PRIVACY THEORY 101: WARREN AND BRANDEIS’S 'THE RIGHT TO Image only for representational purpose . In this series of blogs, we have been exploring the theoretical foundations of informational privacy. In the last post, we examined Helen Nissenbaum’s very influential construction of privacy as ‘contextual integrity’.In this post, we will turn the clock back a century or so to examine one of the most influential legal developments in US privacy THE TRANSGENDER WELFARE DEVELOPMENT BOARD, WEST BENGAL Post the verdict in National Legal Services Authority v.Union of India in 2014, West Bengal was one of the first few states to set up the Transgender Welfare Development Board (“Board”).The early euphoria of the judgment and the State Government’s prompt BREAKING NEW GROUND: TRANSGENDER PERSONS' FUNDAMENTAL “A marriage solemnized between a male and a transwoman, both professing Hindu religion, is a valid marriage in terms of Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Registrar of Marriages is bound to register the same. RTI JUDGMENT: CONFUSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC INTEREST Last week, the Supreme Court opened up the Office of the Chief Justice of India to the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. In a unanimous judgment authored by Justice Sanjiv Khanna, the Court held that the need for judicial independence does not place an absolute bar on information disclosure. Can we expect this to usher in a new era of transparency and accountability?Skip to content
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CLPR FILES PETITIONS BEFORE KAT SEEKING RESERVATIONS FOR TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN DIVISION ASSISTANT POSTS IN KARNATAKA21 October 2019
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INTRODUCING INTERSECTIONALITY | COURSE09 January 2020
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SC OBSERVER | THE SUPREME COURT IN REVIEW, 201920 December 2019
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FOCUS AREAS
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
Our law and policy research, litigation and intervention advances autonomy of women and adolescent girls.Read More
TRANSGENDER RIGHTS
Since 2015 we have engaged in path breaking litigation and law and policy research that shapes the field of transgender rights in India.Read More
DISCRIMINATION & INTERSECTIONALITY Our core focus in combating discrimination on the basis of disability, sex, gender identity and caste has resulted in high impact litigation and in depth, insightful social science research on intersectionality.Read More
IMPACT
MADRAS HIGH COURT ALLOWS TRANSGENDER APPLICANTS TO WRITE EXAM FOR POLICE CONSTABLE SELECTIONS DESPITE AGE BAR CLPR represented three transgender persons in appealing to the Madras High Court for the relaxation of the age bar for the post of grade IIpolice constable.
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ANUPAMA D. V. THE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTORATE OF THE DISABLED AND SENIOR CITIZENS EMPOWERMENT & ORS. The Petitioner is a person with blindness. She had applied for the post of Assistant Teacher in the Blind Children’s Residential School, Chitradurga (Respondent No. 6) which is an aided…Read More
JEEVA M. V. STATE OF KARNATAKA & ANR. CLPR represented a transgender person seeking change of name and gender in school certificates and pre-university records before the Karnataka High Court.Read More
INITIATIVES
SUPREME COURT OBSERVER A living archive of the Supreme Court of India.Visit
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TRANS LAW CELL
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CLPR hosts weekly drop in sessions for members of the transgender and sexual minority community. CLPR lawyers are available to answer your legal queries or questions, to provide legal advice and to assist with litigation. _No prior appointment or registration is required._ _No fees will be charged for this service._NEWS & MEDIA
CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE INTERNET SHUTDOWNS NEED TO BE CHALLENGED- JAYNA KOTHARI, SENIOR ADVOCATE, HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKAThe Quint
February 20, 2020
CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE CAA STIR SPURS DEMAND FOR COPIES OF CONSTITUTIONHindustan Times
February 11, 2020
EVENTS
CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE SC OBSERVER WORKSHOP: DAYANAND SAGAR UNIVERSITY 10:00 A.M.-1:00 P.M.07March 2020
TRANSGENDER RIGHTS
CONVERSATIONS ON THE TRANSGENDER (PROTECTIONS OF RIGHTS ACT) 20192:00 P.M.-5:00 P.M.
13March 2020
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