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in detail. 13.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: QUESTION BANK 10. Explain the concept of adolescent period in detail and list the characteristics of adolescent child. 11. "Adolescent is a process of stress and strain."-. Justify. 12. What is physical development? Compare the physical development of male and female adolescent childin detail. 13.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. LEARNING - EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Meaning of Learning: Learning means modification of behaviour through experience and training. Learning is the key process in human behaviour. Child Learning: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Principles of learning Educational psychologists have identified several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning process. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAJOR THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF Major Theoretical Principles of Thorndike’s theory of learning: Cat stamp in and stamp out for correct responses. Example False attempts made by cat. Selection & connection of proper responses to connect or associate them with adequate stimuli. Example: subsequent trials, cat tried to avoid the erroneous moves & to repeat the correct manner EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: READINESS Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EXERCISE The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leadsto
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EFFECT The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. It has a direct relationship to motivation. The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING Definition of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning refers to a kind of learning process where a response is made more probable or more frequent by reinforcement. It helps in the learning of operant behaviour, the behaviour that is not necessarily associated with aknown stimulus.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: QUESTION BANK 10. Explain the concept of adolescent period in detail and list the characteristics of adolescent child. 11. "Adolescent is a process of stress and strain."-. Justify. 12. What is physical development? Compare the physical development of male and female adolescent childin detail. 13.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: QUESTION BANK 10. Explain the concept of adolescent period in detail and list the characteristics of adolescent child. 11. "Adolescent is a process of stress and strain."-. Justify. 12. What is physical development? Compare the physical development of male and female adolescent childin detail. 13.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the LEARNING - EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Meaning of Learning: Learning means modification of behaviour through experience and training. Learning is the key process in human behaviour. Child Learning: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Principles of learning Educational psychologists have identified several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning process. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAJOR THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF Major Theoretical Principles of Thorndike’s theory of learning: Cat stamp in and stamp out for correct responses. Example False attempts made by cat. Selection & connection of proper responses to connect or associate them with adequate stimuli. Example: subsequent trials, cat tried to avoid the erroneous moves & to repeat the correct manner EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: READINESS Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EXERCISE The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leadsto
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS OF OPERANT Implications of Operant conditioning Theory. Implication of the theory of operant conditioning: 1. Conditioning study behaviour. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement which expedite learning. For effective teaching teacher should arranged effective contingencies of reinforcement. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EFFECT The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. It has a direct relationship to motivation. The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING Definition of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning refers to a kind of learning process where a response is made more probable or more frequent by reinforcement. It helps in the learning of operant behaviour, the behaviour that is not necessarily associated with aknown stimulus.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGSOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCLASSROOM FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGEXTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT EDUCATION Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING4 TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGSKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANTCONDITIONING THEORY
Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Mechanism of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is correlated with operant behaviour. Operant is a set of acts that constitutes some action of an organism. Process of operant conditioning response natural as well as random. Desired response reinforced through a suitable reinforcer in primary or secondary, positive or negative. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGSOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCLASSROOM FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGEXTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT EDUCATION Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING4 TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGSKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANTCONDITIONING THEORY
Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Mechanism of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is correlated with operant behaviour. Operant is a set of acts that constitutes some action of an organism. Process of operant conditioning response natural as well as random. Desired response reinforced through a suitable reinforcer in primary or secondary, positive or negative. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. LEARNING - EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Meaning of Learning: Learning means modification of behaviour through experience and training. Learning is the key process in human behaviour. Child Learning: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAJOR THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF Major Theoretical Principles of Thorndike’s theory of learning: Cat stamp in and stamp out for correct responses. Example False attempts made by cat. Selection & connection of proper responses to connect or associate them with adequate stimuli. Example: subsequent trials, cat tried to avoid the erroneous moves & to repeat the correct manner EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Principles of learning Educational psychologists have identified several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning process. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EXERCISE The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leadsto
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: READINESS Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: INTENSITY The more intense the material taught, the more likely it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience teaches more than a routine or boring experience. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EFFECT The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. It has a direct relationship to motivation. The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING Definition of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning refers to a kind of learning process where a response is made more probable or more frequent by reinforcement. It helps in the learning of operant behaviour, the behaviour that is not necessarily associated with aknown stimulus.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGSOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCLASSROOM FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGEXTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT EDUCATION Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING4 TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGSKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANTCONDITIONING THEORY
Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Mechanism of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is correlated with operant behaviour. Operant is a set of acts that constitutes some action of an organism. Process of operant conditioning response natural as well as random. Desired response reinforced through a suitable reinforcer in primary or secondary, positive or negative. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF LEARNING OR Nature of Learning or characterisitics of Learning. Firstly, All Living is Learning i.e, the individual is in active relation with his environment. Secondly, It results in Change in Behaviour. We note a change in the planarian’s response to the light. It is a change of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S LAWS OF LEARNING AND The second law of learning is the ‘Law of Exercise’, which means that drill or practice helps in increasing efficiency and durability of learning and according to Throndike’s S-R Bond Theory, the connections are strengthened with trail or practice and the connections are weakened when trial or practice is discontinued. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGSOCIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCLASSROOM FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGCULTURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGEXTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNINGFACTORS THAT AFFECT EDUCATION Environmental Factors Affecting Learning. 1. Heredity: Children of bright parents tend to be bright and the children of very inferior parents are often inferior. Though, heredity follows the principle of regression that says that traits when passing form parents to children tend to move towards the average. The genius son of a genius father is EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: THORNDIKE'S THEORY OF LEARNING Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Food kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of wires, thrust its paws through any opening. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING4 TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONINGSKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANT CONDITIONING EXAMPLESOPERANTCONDITIONING THEORY
Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Mechanism of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning is correlated with operant behaviour. Operant is a set of acts that constitutes some action of an organism. Process of operant conditioning response natural as well as random. Desired response reinforced through a suitable reinforcer in primary or secondary, positive or negative. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SEPTEMBER 2010 Introducing desirable modifications in their behaviour. 2. Chaining: Chaining is the process in shaping of behaviuor broken down into small steps for effective learning of a given task by providing subsequent reinforcement. It is a sort of chain reaction. One object sparks the other object and so on. Chaining starts when one response brings the EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: AUGUST 2010 The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT THEORY OF INSIGHTFUL LEARNING Cognitivist’s Theory of Learning (Gestalt’s Insightful Learning): Wolfgang Kohler originated theory. Gestalt is a german word means configuration or forms or patterns. Organised whole in contrast to a collection of parts. Example: Flower is just not a total of petals, calyx, corolla, colour, fragrance but something mere than that. LEARNING - EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Meaning of Learning: Learning means modification of behaviour through experience and training. Learning is the key process in human behaviour. Child Learning: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: MAJOR THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF Major Theoretical Principles of Thorndike’s theory of learning: Cat stamp in and stamp out for correct responses. Example False attempts made by cat. Selection & connection of proper responses to connect or associate them with adequate stimuli. Example: subsequent trials, cat tried to avoid the erroneous moves & to repeat the correct manner EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Principles of learning Educational psychologists have identified several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning process. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EXERCISE The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leadsto
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: READINESS Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATURE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is based on. 1.Certain operations or actions. 2.Stimuli or cause for evoking a response is not always essential. 3. Subject performed acts or carried out operations were active. Example A dog or child or an individual does something behaves in some manner which operates on the environment which in turn responds to theactivity.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: INTENSITY The more intense the material taught, the more likely it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience teaches more than a routine or boring experience. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: EFFECT The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. It has a direct relationship to motivation. The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING Definition of Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning refers to a kind of learning process where a response is made more probable or more frequent by reinforcement. It helps in the learning of operant behaviour, the behaviour that is not necessarily associated with aknown stimulus.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2010QUESTION BANK
1. What is Educational Psychology? Discuss any three definitions and explain in your own words. 2. What is educational psychology? Discuss the scope of educational psychology. 3. Explain the concept and nature of Educational Psychology indetail.
4. Discuss the functions of Educational Psychology among itsscope.
5. Discuss the importance of Educational Psychology and explain how the study of Educational Psychology is useful to the teacher? 6. Explain some important findings of educational psychology and their application in your teaching. 7. What is Growth and Development? 8. List the characteristics of Growth and Development. Discuss the factors that affect Growth and Development. 9. List the stages of Human Development and discuss their main characteristics in detail. 10. Explain the concept of adolescent period in detail and list the characteristics of adolescent child. 11. "Adolescent is a process of stress and strain."- Justify. 12. What is physical development? Compare the physical development of male and female adolescent child in detail. 13. Define physical, cognitive (mental) and psycho/social development? Explain with examples. 14. Explain the factors affecting Physical, Cognitive and Psycho / Social development of an adolescent learner. 15. What are special needs, problems and desires of an adolescent student? How can teachers help these students? 16. What kind of activities can be organized at the school for the development of an adolescent student? 17. What kind of guidance and counselling should be given the development of to the adolescent children in the school? 18. What is the role of reinforcers in Skinner's theory of learning? 19. Why Skinner's learning theory called operant conditioning? Discuss the difference between classical & operant conditioning. 20. How Skinner's operant conditioning is helpful in classroom learning? Discuss in detail. Explain the educational implication of Skinner's theory in detail. 21. What is cognitivists’ theory of learning? 22. What is Gestalt’s insightful learning? How will you apply the principles of Gestalt’s theory in teaching? 23. What is cognitivists’ theory of learning? How will use the principles of this theory in your classroom teaching. 24. What is humanistic theory? Discuss the important characteristicsof the theory.
25. Discuss Roger's theory of experiential learning in detail and discuss its educational implications. 26. What is learning? Give at least two important definitions and discuss learning as a process in detail. 27. List the major factors in learning process and how does they affect learning? Discuss in brief. 28. Discuss the factors affecting the learner in his learning process. 29. As a teacher what method will you use to make the learning processmore effective?
30. Calculate mean, median, mode, S.D from the following scores a- 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 6, 7, 3, 6,7, 14, 11, 13
b- 8, 3, 5, 8, 4, 2, 6, 7, 11,12, 13, 10, 9
31. Make a frequency distribution from the following scores and then calculate mean, median, mode 12,11, 13, 25, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 11, 23, 11 , 30, 23, 15, 16, 17, 12, 23, 24, 26, 29, 28, 27, 21, 22, 23. 24, 9 1. What do you understand by continuous and discrete series? Give examples of both. Give higher and lower limit of followingscores
12,15,14,17, 20,17,23,26,28,25,21 2. Write short notes on the following
v Mean
v Median
v Mode
3. Write uses of calculating co-relation. Describe positive and negative co-relation with examples. 4. Describe taxonomy of educational objectives as presented byBloom.
5. Describe main characteristics of normal probability curve. 62. State the importance of educational statistics. 63. Draw a normal probability curve & list out its characteristics. 64. What is Personality? Discuss the theories of personality 65. What is intelligence? State the types of intelligence. 66. What is aptitude? Explain the concept with an example. 67. Write short note on jung’s classification 68. Write short note on Theory of insightful learning. 69. How will you apply knowledge of general principles of learning in your classroom practices? 70. As a teacher how will you apply laws of Thorndike’s foreffective learning?
71. State the educational implications of Connectivism theory of learning given by Thorndike. 72. Explain the mechanism of operant conditioning. 73. State the major theoretical principles of Thorndike theory oflearning.
74. State educational implications of operant conditioning. 75. What is operant? 76. What is operant conditioning? 77. State the products of learning. 78. State the factors affecting learning. Explain factors affecting learning with respect to the learner. 79. State the factors affecting learning. Explain factors affecting learning with respect to the environment. 80. Write short note on operant conditioning. 81. Write short note on Connectivism (Thorndike theory of learning) 82. What is the formula for finding mean, median for grouped andungrouped data?
83. Explain the concept of learning. 84. State the nature of learning. 85. Write the definition of personality given by Allport. 86. State the characteristics of personality. 87. Discuss the type approach of personality. 88. Discuss the trait approach of personality. 89. Discuss the Hippocrates’s classification of personality. 90. Discuss the Sheldon’s classification of personality. 91. Discuss Jung’s classification of personality. 92. State the trait’s of Catell’s theory. 93. State the characteristics of intelligence. Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 2:01 AM
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2010PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY: HUMANISTIC APPROACH: GIVEN BY MASLOWPhysiological
Safety
Love& Belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
FREUD’S THEORY
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
ERICKSON’S THEORY
Infancy: 0—1 Year
Early Childhood: 1to 3 yearsPlay Age: 4-5
School Age 6-11
Puberty/Adolescence:12-20 Young Adulthood: 20-24 Middle Adulthood: 25-65Late Adulthood :
Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 4:06 AM
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INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO LEARN. INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY FORABSTRACT THINKING.
TO JUDGE WELL, TO REASON WELL, TO COMPREHEND WELL: THESE ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLIGENCE. Jean Piaget: Intelligence is the ability to adapt to one’ssurroundings.
Terman: Intelligence is the capacity to learn and adjust to relativelynew situations.
Wechsler: Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual, to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment. Stern: It is the general mental adaptability to new problems andconditions of life.
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE Binet’s Uni Factor Thory Spearman’s Two Factor Theory: General and Specific Intelligence Thorndike’s Multi-factor Theory-* Verbal Ability
* Numerical Ability
* Reasoning Ability
* Memory Ability
* Spatial Ability
* Word Fluency
GUILFORD’S MULTI-DIMENSIONAL Content: Figural, Symbolic, Semantic, Behavioural Operation: Cognition, Memory, Convergent thinking, Divergent thinking,Evaluation
Products: Units, Class, Relations, Systems, Transformation,Implication
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLIGENCE:Ability to learn
Ability to understandAbility to adjust
Ability for abstract thinking Ability for logical thinking TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE SPATIAL Linguistic Logical/Mathematical Bodily/ Kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic Existential TESTS IN INTELLIGENCE: BINET AND SIMON TEST IN 1905 HAS FOLLOWING TYPE TEST ITEMS:Visual Coordination
Recognition of objects Naming objects in pictureSuggestibility
Definition of familiar objects WAIS TEST: HAS FOLLOWING TYPE TEST ITEMS:Vocabulary
Information
Arithmetic
Comprehension
Similarities
Digit Span
NON VERBAL TEST
Block Design
Picture ArrangementPicture Completion
Object Assembly
Maze
Classification of Tests: INDIVIDUAL TEST: One person is tested at a time. Features: Time Consuming, Costly, Reliable, Valid, Good in testing child, mentally weak and shy persons GROUP TEST: Many persons can be tested at a time. Features: Less Time Consuming, Less Costly, Less Reliable, Less Valid, Not Good in testing child, mentally weak and shy persons OTHER CLASSIFICATION: VERBAL TEST: Words are used in testing. Features: Culture Specific, Cannot be used with persons not having same language PERFORMANCE TEST: Words are not used. Instead some performance istested.
Features: Not Culture Specific, Can be used with persons not havingsame language
Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 4:05 AM
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2010APTITUDE
APTITUDE:
Aptitude refers to those qualities characterizing a persons way of behavior which serve to indicate how well he can learn to meet & solve a certain specified kinds of problem. People differ in terms of performance and human activity like leadership, music, art, teaching etc.Example:
Musical training, steno typist’s job. Individual possess certain specific aptitude or ability in addition to intellectual abilities or intelligence, which helps them to achieve success in some specific occupations or activities. Thus aptitude means specific ability or capacity disitinct from general intellectual ability that helps to acquire proficiency or achievement in specificfield.
TYPES OF APTITUDE TESTS: * MECHANICAL APTITUDE TEST * MUSICAL APTITUDE TEST * ART JUDGEMENT TEST * PROFESSIONAL APTITUDE TEST * SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST * CLERICAL APTITUDE TEST Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 3:14 AM
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HUMANISTIC APPROACH OF LEARNING : CARL ROGER’S THEORY OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: HUMANISTIC APPROACH OF LEARNING : CARL ROGER’S THEORY OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: * Vital to one’s progress & welfare * Associated with an application of the acquired knowledge * Learning psychological principles . Example Engines in order torepair a car.
* Learner centered.
* Cares for needs & wants of Learner. CHARACTERISTICS OR QUALITIES OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: * Personal involvement of the learner.* Self initiated
* Self evaluation
* Pervasive effect on a learner. Rogers believe: Strength & potentialities of human beings. Human beings have a natural inclination for learning & a desire to grow &progress.
ROLE OF THE TEACHER & THE PARENTS: * To help children in their ingerent desire for personal change &growth.
* To care for & facilitate such learning which helps the children to grow & develop according to their requirements. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING: * TO Arrange favourable & positive climate * To help learners to have purpose / objectives of his/ herlearning.
* To organize learning resources & making them available to thelearners.
* Balancing intellectual & emotional components of learning. * To share feelings & thoughts with learners in a democratic way. BASIC CONDITIONS FACILITATING LEARNING: * Self threat of learner is minimum. * Learning resources & climate are in learners favour. * Complete participation of learners, control its nature &direction.
* Self evaluation for progress & success. * Realizes importance of learning * Develops an openness as well as willingness to learn. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING ADVOCATES: * Humanistic & learner centered approach in classroom. * To make learning process more humane. * As per the needs & interest of the learners. * Personal social growth and development * Emphasizing more on application than on theory alone. Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 3:06 AM
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GESTALT'S LAWS OF LEARNING GESTALT LAWS OF LEARNING: * LAWS OF SIMILARITY: Grasp things which are similar. Similar ideas and experiences gets associated together. An object revives another object which resembles it. Example: seeing a man & remembering an intimate friend by some resemblance in his personal appearance though never saw them togetherin past.
A photo reminds us of the person when it represents. * LAWS OF PROXIMITY: Perceptual groups are favoured according to the nearness of their respective parts. Items form groups if they are spaced together. Example Traingle & cirlce* LAWS OF CLOSURE:
Satisified & more stable close areas than the unclosed ones. Closed areas form in groups. Incomplete situation of perception problem is not solved. Perception possible when separate parts together in a closed perceptual figure, consisting of achieving goal. * LAWS OF CONTINUITY: Experiences occurred together. Simultaneously & close succession which tends towards reviving one another. Example: Perception of ripe mango suggests idea of its sweet taste & flavor. Because this ideas are perceive together in the past. Idea of inkpot suggest idea of pen Idea of bat suggest idea of ball * LAWS OF CONTRASTS: Perception or an idea tends to suggest its contrary opposite. Example: Adversity reminds a person of his days of prosperity. Heat of summer suggests the cold of winter. On the basis of above principles children should be taught tune or melody rather than separate notes. Whole dance pattern rather than steps. Simple meaningful sentences rather than discrete words. Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 2:49 AM
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FACTORS AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF INSIGHT LEARNING INSIGHTFUL LEARNING DEPENDS ON CERTAIN FACTORS:* EXPERIENCE:
Example: Problems of modern mathematics solve unless he is well acquainted with its symbolic language.* INTELLIGENCE:
More intelligent greater will be his insight. * LEARNING SITUATION: Insight occurs when the learning situation is so arranged that all the necessary aspects are open to view.* INITIAL EFFORTS:
Insightful learning has to pass through the trial & error but this stage does not last ling it should be in the form of an initial effort to open the way for learning. * REPETITION & GENERALIZATION: Obtained solution of a problem is implement in another situation demanding similar type of solution EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF GESTALT THEORY OF LEARNING: * Learning purposeful & goal oriented. * Motivation to the learner * Acquaint with specific aims & purposes of the learning. * Emphasis on situation as a whole – maxim from whole to parts. Example: To learn or memorize a poem, present as a whole. After being read & understood as a whole, break into parts or stanzas as for effective memorized. * Organization of a perceptual fields & learning material as a whole. Learning cannot be related to subject or skill. It should be collection of isolated facts, informations or unrelated behaviuoral acts. Contributes in organization of curriculum, scheme of studies, work plan & procedure of planning the schedule of learning or teaching of a skill or a behavior. * Distinction between a psychological & a logical order ofpresentation.
Example: to teach matter we have to proceed as subelectronic particles electrons, atoms molecules and matter. Example: in geography: map of the world an orange and the relation ofsun & earth.
* Problem solving attitude develops * Encourages reasoning, develops thinking & trains imagination &creative activity
Posted by Dipali B. Gandhiat 2:35 AM
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