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MASS EXTINCTIONS
The famous work of Jack Sepkoski, using a grouping called family level in fossil organisms, identified 5 major mass extinction events in the period of Earth history where shelly fossils can be easily found. Thus they are called the Big Five and are named as: 1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inSTRUCTURE OF WATER
1. Water and its hydrogen bonding (Figures 1 & 2). Atoms are the building blocks of materials in the Earth and on its surface, and are composed of two fundamental items: a nucleus, which is positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus (the orbits are called shells).GA3 MICROB CONTENTS
MICROBIALITE ATLAS CONTENTS PAGE. INTRODUCTION. This website aims to provide a comprehensive record of microbialites that formed in the latest Permian to Early Triassic after the end-Permian massextinction.
COTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described it STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA41 HUNGARY BALV N
Overview of Balvany North site showing pre-extinction limestones at the bottom, transition shales in the middle, and laminated limestones at the top (where the yellow 0.5-m scale is positioned).MASS EXTINCTIONS
The famous work of Jack Sepkoski, using a grouping called family level in fossil organisms, identified 5 major mass extinction events in the period of Earth history where shelly fossils can be easily found. Thus they are called the Big Five and are named as: 1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inSTRUCTURE OF WATER
1. Water and its hydrogen bonding (Figures 1 & 2). Atoms are the building blocks of materials in the Earth and on its surface, and are composed of two fundamental items: a nucleus, which is positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus (the orbits are called shells).GA3 MICROB CONTENTS
MICROBIALITE ATLAS CONTENTS PAGE. INTRODUCTION. This website aims to provide a comprehensive record of microbialites that formed in the latest Permian to Early Triassic after the end-Permian massextinction.
COTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described it STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA41 HUNGARY BALV N
Overview of Balvany North site showing pre-extinction limestones at the bottom, transition shales in the middle, and laminated limestones at the top (where the yellow 0.5-m scale is positioned). INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.GA51 CONTROLS
CONTROLS ON THE FORMATION OF MICROBIALITES FORMED AFTER THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Below is a summary from a recent paper, which provides a brief overview of the main features of the microbialites, and summarises the possible controls on their formation. INFORMATION FOR GEOSCIENCE RESEARCHERS: PROJECTS If you have not already read the introduction to this website, please click here. for an explanation of the purpose of the website, so that you understand what this 'Geosciences' section is about.. Otherwise read on below. Please note that there is some overlap between the "Everybody" and "Research" sections of the website, so don't be afraid to browse around and look at content across the site. STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA2 IMPORTANT INFO
Instructions: 1) The contenst page can be accessed from the link below, and has a menu giving direct access to any page. 2) On each page is a link back to the contents page, so in a few clicks you can access any part of the atlas. 3) In some parts of the atlas you may find it useful to use and buttons on your browser to compare localpages.
DARK ZONE INTRODUCTION INGREDIENTS-packet of ginger biscuits (not digestive biscuits; believe me, ginger biscuits are MUCH better). -some margarine or butter (see later for the amount). -one medium-size lemon (don't use lemon from a bottle, you need the real thing). -one medium-size tub of double cream (do not use single cream, it does not work properly; can use whipping cream, but if you are going for the fullGA14E SICHUAN NOTE
SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT PTB RESEARCH IN HUAYING MOUNTAINS AREA. The paper published by Kershaw, Zhang and Lan in 1999 was the first to recognise these features as microbialites, but earlier work by Reinhardt (1988) and by Wang Shenghai et al. (1994) are less mentioned.GA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites. GA46 ITALY - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM A9: ITALY. This page authored by Richard Twitchett. This page gives details of Griesbachian (earliest Triassic) microbialites in the Werfen Formation at L’Uomo, Passa San Pellegrino, northern Italy, N46 deg, 23’42.6”; E011 deg, 47’55.2”.GA32 TURKEYCD-0M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos at 0 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show the latest Permian erosion surface at Çürük Dag; the extinction event took place above the erosion surface, but below the overlying grainstones, so that rock (and time)is missing here.
MASS EXTINCTIONS
The famous work of Jack Sepkoski, using a grouping called family level in fossil organisms, identified 5 major mass extinction events in the period of Earth history where shelly fossils can be easily found. Thus they are called the Big Five and are named as: 1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inSTRUCTURE OF WATER
THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. The imbalance of attraction between hydrogen and oxygen for electrons leads to asymmetry in the shape of water molecules. For reasons that do not need to concern us, electrons in the shells of oxygen are arranged in pairs. Because each pair of electrons in the molecule has the same negative charge, pairs repelother
GA3 MICROB CONTENTS
MICROBIALITE ATLAS CONTENTS PAGE. INTRODUCTION. This website aims to provide a comprehensive record of microbialites that formed in the latest Permian to Early Triassic after the end-Permian massextinction.
COTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described it STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA41 HUNGARY BALV N
Overview of Balvany North site showing pre-extinction limestones at the bottom, transition shales in the middle, and laminated limestones at the top (where the yellow 0.5-m scale is positioned).MASS EXTINCTIONS
The famous work of Jack Sepkoski, using a grouping called family level in fossil organisms, identified 5 major mass extinction events in the period of Earth history where shelly fossils can be easily found. Thus they are called the Big Five and are named as: 1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inSTRUCTURE OF WATER
THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. The imbalance of attraction between hydrogen and oxygen for electrons leads to asymmetry in the shape of water molecules. For reasons that do not need to concern us, electrons in the shells of oxygen are arranged in pairs. Because each pair of electrons in the molecule has the same negative charge, pairs repelother
GA3 MICROB CONTENTS
MICROBIALITE ATLAS CONTENTS PAGE. INTRODUCTION. This website aims to provide a comprehensive record of microbialites that formed in the latest Permian to Early Triassic after the end-Permian massextinction.
COTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described it STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA41 HUNGARY BALV N
Overview of Balvany North site showing pre-extinction limestones at the bottom, transition shales in the middle, and laminated limestones at the top (where the yellow 0.5-m scale is positioned). INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.GA51 CONTROLS
CONTROLS ON THE FORMATION OF MICROBIALITES FORMED AFTER THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Below is a summary from a recent paper, which provides a brief overview of the main features of the microbialites, and summarises the possible controls on their formation. INFORMATION FOR GEOSCIENCE RESEARCHERS: PROJECTS If you have not already read the introduction to this website, please click here. for an explanation of the purpose of the website, so that you understand what this 'Geosciences' section is about.. Otherwise read on below. Please note that there is some overlap between the "Everybody" and "Research" sections of the website, so don't be afraid to browse around and look at content across the site. STROMATOPOROID MINERALOGY Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges that grew on the sea floor, normally using the dead skeletons of other organisms as a hard surface to grow on, as shown in the rather beautiful photo below (Fig. 1) Stromatoporoids were enormously abundant during the 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma, so a study of their original mineralogy is ofGA2 IMPORTANT INFO
Instructions: 1) The contenst page can be accessed from the link below, and has a menu giving direct access to any page. 2) On each page is a link back to the contents page, so in a few clicks you can access any part of the atlas. 3) In some parts of the atlas you may find it useful to use and buttons on your browser to compare localpages.
STROMATOPOROID SPICULES The stromatoporoid sample is surrounded by dolomitic and sparitic cements. Four thin sections were made (one tangential, one longitudinal and two oblique sections). The samples were examined under a normal light microscope, scanning electron microscope DARK ZONE INTRODUCTION INGREDIENTS-packet of ginger biscuits (not digestive biscuits; believe me, ginger biscuits are MUCH better). -some margarine or butter (see later for the amount). -one medium-size lemon (don't use lemon from a bottle, you need the real thing). -one medium-size tub of double cream (do not use single cream, it does not work properly; can use whipping cream, but if you are going for the fullGA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites. GA46 ITALY - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM A9: ITALY. This page authored by Richard Twitchett. This page gives details of Griesbachian (earliest Triassic) microbialites in the Werfen Formation at L’Uomo, Passa San Pellegrino, northern Italy, N46 deg, 23’42.6”; E011 deg, 47’55.2”.GA32 TURKEYCD-0M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos at 0 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show the latest Permian erosion surface at Çürük Dag; the extinction event took place above the erosion surface, but below the overlying grainstones, so that rock (and time)is missing here.
INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.MASS EXTINCTIONS
1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. 2. Late Devonian event, ca. 350 million years ago. 3. End-Permian event, ca 250 million years ago; the most severe event: approximately 90% of all marine species died out, and a large number of terrestrial species too.. 4. Late Triassic event, ca, 200 million years ago.. 5. End-Cretaceous event, otherwise called the K/T (meaning Cretaceous FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
STRUCTURE OF WATER
THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. The imbalance of attraction between hydrogen and oxygen for electrons leads to asymmetry in the shape of water molecules. For reasons that do not need to concern us, electrons in the shells of oxygen are arranged in pairs. Because each pair of electrons in the molecule has the same negative charge, pairs repelother
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learn EL NINO - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM Ekman transport drives the overall water flow to the left (west), and leads to updrawing of water in the eastern side of the Pacific basin. This updrawing is normally referred to as upwelling and it brings cold nutrient-rich water from the deep Pacific, and a thriving Peruvian fish industry from the upwelled nutrients. Furthermore, because there is a piling of surface water on the west sideCOTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described itGA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites. INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.MASS EXTINCTIONS
1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. 2. Late Devonian event, ca. 350 million years ago. 3. End-Permian event, ca 250 million years ago; the most severe event: approximately 90% of all marine species died out, and a large number of terrestrial species too.. 4. Late Triassic event, ca, 200 million years ago.. 5. End-Cretaceous event, otherwise called the K/T (meaning Cretaceous FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS Reefs can also be seen in Castleton in Derbyshire, and in the northeast near Durham. Travelling abroad can take you to some spectacular fossil reefs; the Capitan Reef in west Texas is a mountain-size reef deposit, as is the Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. On the island of Gotland in Sweden, are some of the best exposed reefs in the world.FOSSIL REEFS
Fossil stromatolites grew mostly in the sea; living stromatolites are also in the sea, but there are examples which live in highly salty lakes and even in fresh water. Stromatoporoids are sponges that grew a calcium carbonate skeleton and lived in normal marine conditions inshallow oceans.
STRUCTURE OF WATER
THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. The imbalance of attraction between hydrogen and oxygen for electrons leads to asymmetry in the shape of water molecules. For reasons that do not need to concern us, electrons in the shells of oxygen are arranged in pairs. Because each pair of electrons in the molecule has the same negative charge, pairs repelother
GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learn EL NINO - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM Ekman transport drives the overall water flow to the left (west), and leads to updrawing of water in the eastern side of the Pacific basin. This updrawing is normally referred to as upwelling and it brings cold nutrient-rich water from the deep Pacific, and a thriving Peruvian fish industry from the upwelled nutrients. Furthermore, because there is a piling of surface water on the west sideCOTHAMMARBLE
Cotham Marble is part of a sedimentary deposit in a huge area of shallow water on the margins of the oceans, and is likely to have been formed in a large intertidal flat across parts of southern England and south Wales. Cotham Marble is sometimes referred to as Landscape Marble because in the imagination of the people who first described itGA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites.ABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inGA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites.GA30 TURKEY MAIN
A4: TURKEY. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. PTB microbialites outcrop in the mountains west of Antalya in southern Turkey. The Çürük Dag site is probably the most complex in the world, with repetitions of stromatolites, thrombolites and hybrid microbialites. STROMATOPOROID SPICULES Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges, abundant in the Palaeozoic Era, during the ca. 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma. They suffered in the Late Devonian extinction (the Frasnian/Fammenian event ) and almost completely disappeared from the rock record at the end of the Devonian Period (see Figs. 3 and 4).GA5 P-T BOUNDARY
Click on the abbreviations on the map above. A1 - A11 are sites with microbialites; Aa - Az are sites lacking microbialites. Map derived from several sources combined.GA1 M ATLAS TITLE
AN ATLAS OF MICROBIALITES AFTER THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION EVENT (ca. 250 million years ago) Edited by: Steve Kershaw, Institute forthe Environment,
GA33 TURKEYCD-0.7M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos beginning at 0.7 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show stromatolites near the base , of the microbialite. The log below shows enlargement of the basal part of the sequence and photos under the log can be matched to the log cartoons, which are based on the photos.GA31 TURKEYCD-01
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Curuk Dag is probably the best site in the world to show the diversity of microbialite forms in the PTB sequences.GA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA32 TURKEYCD-0M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos at 0 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show the latest Permian erosion surface at Çürük Dag; the extinction event took place above the erosion surface, but below the overlying grainstones, so that rock (and time)is missing here.
INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.MASS EXTINCTIONS
1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. 2. Late Devonian event, ca. 350 million years ago. 3. End-Permian event, ca 250 million years ago; the most severe event: approximately 90% of all marine species died out, and a large number of terrestrial species too.. 4. Late Triassic event, ca, 200 million years ago.. 5. End-Cretaceous event, otherwise called the K/T (meaning CretaceousFOSSIL REEFS
2) SOME MORE BASICS ABOUT STROMATOLITES AND STROMATOPOROIDS The reason for the similarity of the names of stromatolites and stromatoporoids is because they are similarly layered; the word stroma comes from Greek language, meaning a layer or mattress. Thus stromatolite means "layered rock", while stromatoporoid means "layered with porous structure". In most cases, stromatolites are composed of FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS A very nice example of reef fossils is in the Exhibition Road entrance to the Natural History Museum in London, the entire walls of the entrance hall are faced with almost black-coloured limestone from the backreefs of giant reef structures that grew in south Devon about 350 million years ago; it is called the Ashburton Limestone.STRUCTURE OF WATER
1. Water and its hydrogen bonding (Figures 1 & 2). Atoms are the building blocks of materials in the Earth and on its surface, and are composed of two fundamental items: a nucleus, which is positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus (the orbits are called shells).GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnCOTHAMMARBLE
1) WHAT IS IN THIS SECTION OF THE WEBSITE? At the end of the Triassic Period (about 190 million years ago), across a large area of the southwest part of England and parts of south Wales was the development of a very thin limestone (only about 20 cm thick) of a highly intricate deposit that, for me, is one of the most attractive limestones in the world. EL NINO - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM Ekman transport drives the overall water flow to the left (west), and leads to updrawing of water in the eastern side of the Pacific basin. This updrawing is normally referred to as upwelling and it brings cold nutrient-rich water from the deep Pacific, and a thriving Peruvian fish industry from the upwelled nutrients. Furthermore, because there is a piling of surface water on the west sideGA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites. INTRODUCTION TO THIS WEBSITE Earth surface environments are the conditions on the Earth surface (sea, lakes, rivers etc.), controlled by a combination of action of the processes (plate tectonics, volcanism, greenhouse warming etc.) in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere.. My research work focuses on processes and the environments using evidence in rocks.MASS EXTINCTIONS
1. Late Ordovician event, ca. 440 million years ago. 2. Late Devonian event, ca. 350 million years ago. 3. End-Permian event, ca 250 million years ago; the most severe event: approximately 90% of all marine species died out, and a large number of terrestrial species too.. 4. Late Triassic event, ca, 200 million years ago.. 5. End-Cretaceous event, otherwise called the K/T (meaning CretaceousFOSSIL REEFS
2) SOME MORE BASICS ABOUT STROMATOLITES AND STROMATOPOROIDS The reason for the similarity of the names of stromatolites and stromatoporoids is because they are similarly layered; the word stroma comes from Greek language, meaning a layer or mattress. Thus stromatolite means "layered rock", while stromatoporoid means "layered with porous structure". In most cases, stromatolites are composed of FOSSIL BIOLOGICAL REEFS A very nice example of reef fossils is in the Exhibition Road entrance to the Natural History Museum in London, the entire walls of the entrance hall are faced with almost black-coloured limestone from the backreefs of giant reef structures that grew in south Devon about 350 million years ago; it is called the Ashburton Limestone.STRUCTURE OF WATER
1. Water and its hydrogen bonding (Figures 1 & 2). Atoms are the building blocks of materials in the Earth and on its surface, and are composed of two fundamental items: a nucleus, which is positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus (the orbits are called shells).GA4 MICROB. TYPES
PTB microbialites are dominated by stromatolites and thrombolites, and a comprehensive coverage of microbialite types is beyond the scope of this website; the reader is recommended to go into the literature, beginning with the references on this page, to learnCOTHAMMARBLE
1) WHAT IS IN THIS SECTION OF THE WEBSITE? At the end of the Triassic Period (about 190 million years ago), across a large area of the southwest part of England and parts of south Wales was the development of a very thin limestone (only about 20 cm thick) of a highly intricate deposit that, for me, is one of the most attractive limestones in the world. EL NINO - EARTHSURFACEPROCESSES.COM Ekman transport drives the overall water flow to the left (west), and leads to updrawing of water in the eastern side of the Pacific basin. This updrawing is normally referred to as upwelling and it brings cold nutrient-rich water from the deep Pacific, and a thriving Peruvian fish industry from the upwelled nutrients. Furthermore, because there is a piling of surface water on the west sideGA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites.ABOUT STEVE KERSHAW
Summary description: My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass a broad range of Earth-surface environments including: shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in geologically recent and older sedimentary deposits. Within this broad spectrum, four areas have developed, outlined below. The primary aim is to interpret environmental change (including sea-level change) inGA38 TURKEY OZ TEPE
A4: TURKEY OZNUR TEPE SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Oznur Tepe is not yet fully described, so here is presented only a few images to show the key features of the site, and to highlight its difference from other PTB microbialites.GA30 TURKEY MAIN
A4: TURKEY. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. PTB microbialites outcrop in the mountains west of Antalya in southern Turkey. The Çürük Dag site is probably the most complex in the world, with repetitions of stromatolites, thrombolites and hybrid microbialites. STROMATOPOROID SPICULES Stromatoporoids are calcified sponges, abundant in the Palaeozoic Era, during the ca. 100 million years between the middle Ordovician and Late Devonian Periods, ca. 470 - 370 Ma. They suffered in the Late Devonian extinction (the Frasnian/Fammenian event ) and almost completely disappeared from the rock record at the end of the Devonian Period (see Figs. 3 and 4).GA5 P-T BOUNDARY
Click on the abbreviations on the map above. A1 - A11 are sites with microbialites; Aa - Az are sites lacking microbialites. Map derived from several sources combined.GA1 M ATLAS TITLE
AN ATLAS OF MICROBIALITES AFTER THE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION EVENT (ca. 250 million years ago) Edited by: Steve Kershaw, Institute forthe Environment,
GA33 TURKEYCD-0.7M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos beginning at 0.7 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show stromatolites near the base , of the microbialite. The log below shows enlargement of the basal part of the sequence and photos under the log can be matched to the log cartoons, which are based on the photos.GA31 TURKEYCD-01
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Curuk Dag is probably the best site in the world to show the diversity of microbialite forms in the PTB sequences.GA9 S CHINA
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC MICROBIALITES FROM SOUTH CHINA. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. This page is the start of a subsection of the Microbialite Atlas describing microbialites from the South China Block, a microcontinent in eastern Tethys Sea during the Permian-Triassic transition.GA32 TURKEYCD-0M
A4: TURKEY CURUK DAG SITE: Photos at 0 m. This page authored by Steve Kershaw. Photos on this page show the latest Permian erosion surface at Çürük Dag; the extinction event took place above the erosion surface, but below the overlying grainstones, so that rock (and time)is missing here.
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