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NORTON AMPLIFIERS
This page discusses Norton Amplifiers. They have been invented by Dave Norton working at ANZAC in 1975, with the intention to create a very linear, low noise broadband amplifier by introducing lossless transformer feedback. In his patent application the circuit looks like this: The strong feedback makes gain independent on transistor characteristics (as long as A GENERIC SCREEN CAPTURE TOOL FOR SCPI INSTRUMENTS A SCPI Instrument Screenshot Tool Update 2020-06-29: V1.5 has the instruments in a CSV file and not hardcoded in Python anymore. Added a few instruments (Keysight DSOS and MSOS, all models, Keysight DSOX1000, some minor utilities). Thanks to all that sent me instrument commands ! See download link: PythonScreenShotV15 Update 2020-06-04:Added a few
HOMEBREW SCPI CONTROLLABLE INSTRUMENTS WITH ARDUINO A dual SPDT with 4mm sockets and heavy-duty contacts (250V/10A, ARPWRSW) – done. A SCPI enabled line power outlet (DPDT, heavy duty, ARPOWOC) – done. A 6 output TTL port to control or trigger other dumb instruments (ARDIGOUT) – done. A 6-way 10Bit analog input /digital input and output and 4 analog outputs with 12Bit resolution,all this
INJECTION TRANSFORMERS A good injection transformer has the following characteristics: A very broad frequency range, covering the whole range of frequencies that may show up in your system. Broad frequency range means that the S21 of this transformer is really flat (0.1dB), not just 3dB down. Phasestability.
HIGH FREQUENCY PROBES Somewhere on these pages, I wrote that when it comes to RF, only a dead probe is a good probe. I still mean it. The good old approach with a tip and and an alligator clip is simply useless above ca. 100Mhz. The impedance of your probe (e.g., 10pf for a 500MHz Keysightpassive probe),
HIGH VOLTAGE LAB POWER SUPPLIES Power Dissipation. Wide-range high voltage lab power supplies could dissipate insane amounts of power if you try to extract a medium to high current at a very low output voltage, making your PSU dissipate the rest of the voltage from the filter cap to the output, multiplied by the load current as heat. With higher power PSUs, you need toemploy
A 2A 4V MAX. BATTERY OPERATED CONSTANT CURRENT POWERSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICPROJECTSFORFUN.WORDPRESS.COM A COLLECTION OF PROPER DESIGN PRACTICES USING THE LM723 IC Keep cool. Although the LM723 can dissipate a few 100mW and deliver up to 150mA, better use an external pass transistor to do the hard work and keep the regulator chip cool. A PNP pass transistor can further improve noise performance. Provide enough voltage headroom. PREREGULATOR CIRCUITS FOR LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES Preregulator Circuits for Linear Power Supplies. Linear power supplies can be really good regarding noise and ripple, but what they are normally not is energy efficient. At low power levers, this can be ignored, but a high power, wide voltage range lab power supply could burn away tremendous amounts of TUBE RF POWER AMPLIFIERS This chapter deals with a rather nostalgic topic nowadays: Vacuum Tube RF Power Amplifiers. In the old days, with no affordable high-power RF semiconductors available, this was the one and only way to create legal limit power in the amateur bands. Today, up to 23cm it is no problem at all to create a fewNORTON AMPLIFIERS
This page discusses Norton Amplifiers. They have been invented by Dave Norton working at ANZAC in 1975, with the intention to create a very linear, low noise broadband amplifier by introducing lossless transformer feedback. In his patent application the circuit looks like this: The strong feedback makes gain independent on transistor characteristics (as long as A GENERIC SCREEN CAPTURE TOOL FOR SCPI INSTRUMENTS A SCPI Instrument Screenshot Tool Update 2020-06-29: V1.5 has the instruments in a CSV file and not hardcoded in Python anymore. Added a few instruments (Keysight DSOS and MSOS, all models, Keysight DSOX1000, some minor utilities). Thanks to all that sent me instrument commands ! See download link: PythonScreenShotV15 Update 2020-06-04:Added a few
HOMEBREW SCPI CONTROLLABLE INSTRUMENTS WITH ARDUINO A dual SPDT with 4mm sockets and heavy-duty contacts (250V/10A, ARPWRSW) – done. A SCPI enabled line power outlet (DPDT, heavy duty, ARPOWOC) – done. A 6 output TTL port to control or trigger other dumb instruments (ARDIGOUT) – done. A 6-way 10Bit analog input /digital input and output and 4 analog outputs with 12Bit resolution,all this
INJECTION TRANSFORMERS A good injection transformer has the following characteristics: A very broad frequency range, covering the whole range of frequencies that may show up in your system. Broad frequency range means that the S21 of this transformer is really flat (0.1dB), not just 3dB down. Phasestability.
HIGH FREQUENCY PROBES Somewhere on these pages, I wrote that when it comes to RF, only a dead probe is a good probe. I still mean it. The good old approach with a tip and and an alligator clip is simply useless above ca. 100Mhz. The impedance of your probe (e.g., 10pf for a 500MHz Keysightpassive probe),
HIGH VOLTAGE LAB POWER SUPPLIES Power Dissipation. Wide-range high voltage lab power supplies could dissipate insane amounts of power if you try to extract a medium to high current at a very low output voltage, making your PSU dissipate the rest of the voltage from the filter cap to the output, multiplied by the load current as heat. With higher power PSUs, you need toemploy
A 2A 4V MAX. BATTERY OPERATED CONSTANT CURRENT POWERSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICPROJECTSFORFUN.WORDPRESS.COM A COLLECTION OF PROPER DESIGN PRACTICES USING THE LM723 IC Keep cool. Although the LM723 can dissipate a few 100mW and deliver up to 150mA, better use an external pass transistor to do the hard work and keep the regulator chip cool. A PNP pass transistor can further improve noise performance. Provide enough voltage headroom. PREREGULATOR CIRCUITS FOR LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES Preregulator Circuits for Linear Power Supplies. Linear power supplies can be really good regarding noise and ripple, but what they are normally not is energy efficient. At low power levers, this can be ignored, but a high power, wide voltage range lab power supply could burn away tremendous amounts of HACKING KEYSIGHT AUTOPROBE EEPROMS Update: I added the N2818A differential probe to the team - see bottom of the page. In my pages "Using the Keysight Autoprobe Interface in your own Projects" I made a connector that could support a homebrew probe with power, set the attenuation via a control resistor and use the offset. For what I INJECTION TRANSFORMERS Suppose you have the following situation in your development process of some linear, regulating circuitry: You have designed a control loop to stabilize a physical quantity of your choice (voltage, current, resistance, power, frequency, ). You have collected the characteristics of your control loop components as precise as you could, but some doubt remains because A COLLECTION OF PROPER DESIGN PRACTICES USING THE LM723 IC Update: I added a link to a good video from Goran Dzambazov how not to run an LM723 from zero volts like often cited from an old Elektor publication (***). Elektor after some decades responded to the criticism and explained how the blunder happened Update: I A PL519 HF POWER AMPLIFIER A PL519 HF Power Amplifier. The famous PL519, a sweep tube from 1970ies color TV sets, is shown below: In my humble opinion, building at least one tube amplifier in your life completes the spectrum of a ham radio operators competences. At lower powers, this could qualify as a “Silly Circuit” in 2018 (because everything could also bedone
SILLY CIRCUITS
The native LM723 maximum drift specs are 150ppm/°C for tempco from 0 to 70°C and 50ppm of typical long term drift for 1000 hours. For 10V and a temperature range of 30°C, we have a variation of 0,45% for temp and 0,15% for 1000h, so a max. total of 0.6%, giving MEASURING NOISE SOURCE ENR After building a noise source, how can the ENR of the new born baby be measured reliably ? There is not just one answer to this question, and, especially at higher levels of accuracy (0.2-0.5dB) the whole story gets a bit tricky, too. The approach I am using is to comparethe output of a
A QUAD USB POWER SUPPLY WITH LOW NOISE Here I opted for a solution that would reliably power 4 10-Port USB hubs with no RFI. It should provide the following functionalities: Linear regulated, no noise and RFI. Passively cooled, quiet, no fan. Protected against overload and overtemperature. LEDs to warn againstoverload.
A NONINTEGER FREQUENCY DIVIDER WITH SINEWAVE OUTPUT I got the request to help with a noninteger frequency divider with sinewave input and output. The requirements were: Input frequency is a 5MHz sinewave into 50Ohms (I assumed a few dBm) Output frequency is 60kHz (a factor of 250/3, this is 83.3333). The output should be a 60kHz pure sinewave with at least 100mVpp A COMPARISON OF VACUUM TUBE NOISE DIODES This pages deal with the different characterstics of vacuum tube noise diodes. The tubes tested were (cited values are typical operating conditions): 2D2S - A Russian tube with up to 40mA anode current (ENR into 50Ohms is 16dB). Filament is 1.4V@1.6A, anode voltage is 125V. 2D3B - Also from Russia, a small, solder-in tube with A 70CM BANDPASS FILTER A 70cm Bandpass Filter. For use as an output filter for a multiplier I tried to make a classic, lumped component filter for 432MHz using small air-core inductors and two trimmers. The idea was to use a capacitively coupled design to better suppress subharmonics, like this here: We can expect much better stopband attenuation below the center ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR FUN Need a small RF power meter with remote control capabilities ? Of course, you can buy this from the big names (Keysight, R&S, Anritsu, ). You get multi-sensor capabilities, wide dynamic ranges, a lot of measurement modes, fast reply, but for a flexible solution about 10K€ are gone, and a simple commercial USB sensor is more than3K€.
HACKING KEYSIGHT AUTOPROBE EEPROMS Update: I added the N2818A differential probe to the team - see bottom of the page. In my pages "Using the Keysight Autoprobe Interface in your own Projects" I made a connector that could support a homebrew probe with power, set the attenuation via a control resistor and use the offset. For what INORTON AMPLIFIERS
This page discusses Norton Amplifiers. They have been invented by Dave Norton working at ANZAC in 1975, with the intention to create a very linear, low noise broadband amplifier by introducing lossless transformer feedback. In his patent application the circuit looks like this: The strong feedback makes gain independent on transistor characteristics (as long as HIGH FREQUENCY PROBES Somewhere on these pages, I wrote that when it comes to RF, only a dead probe is a good probe. I still mean it. The good old approach with a tip and and an alligator clip is simply useless above ca. 100Mhz. The impedance of your probe (e.g., 10pf for a 500MHz Keysightpassive probe),
PREREGULATOR CIRCUITS FOR LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES Linear power supplies can be really good regarding noise and ripple, but what they are normally not is energy efficient. At low power levers, this can be ignored, but a high power, wide voltage range lab power supply could burn away tremendous amounts of heat when ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR FUN Need a small RF power meter with remote control capabilities ? Of course, you can buy this from the big names (Keysight, R&S, Anritsu, ). You get multi-sensor capabilities, wide dynamic ranges, a lot of measurement modes, fast reply, but for a flexible solution about 10K€ are gone, and a simple commercial USB sensor is more than3K€.
HACKING KEYSIGHT AUTOPROBE EEPROMS Update: I added the N2818A differential probe to the team - see bottom of the page. In my pages "Using the Keysight Autoprobe Interface in your own Projects" I made a connector that could support a homebrew probe with power, set the attenuation via a control resistor and use the offset. For what INORTON AMPLIFIERS
This page discusses Norton Amplifiers. They have been invented by Dave Norton working at ANZAC in 1975, with the intention to create a very linear, low noise broadband amplifier by introducing lossless transformer feedback. In his patent application the circuit looks like this: The strong feedback makes gain independent on transistor characteristics (as long as HIGH FREQUENCY PROBES Somewhere on these pages, I wrote that when it comes to RF, only a dead probe is a good probe. I still mean it. The good old approach with a tip and and an alligator clip is simply useless above ca. 100Mhz. The impedance of your probe (e.g., 10pf for a 500MHz Keysightpassive probe),
PREREGULATOR CIRCUITS FOR LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES Linear power supplies can be really good regarding noise and ripple, but what they are normally not is energy efficient. At low power levers, this can be ignored, but a high power, wide voltage range lab power supply could burn away tremendous amounts of heat when A COLLECTION OF PROPER DESIGN PRACTICES USING THE LM723 IC Update: I added a link to a good video from Goran Dzambazov how not to run an LM723 from zero volts like often cited from an old Elektor publication (***). Elektor after some decades responded to the criticism and explained how the blunder happened Update: ISILLY CIRCUITS
A NONINTEGER FREQUENCY DIVIDER WITH SINEWAVE OUTPUTSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICPROJECTSFORFUN.WORDPRESS.COM A BFY90 NORTON AMPLIFIER I built this one to see what can be achieved with a straightforward design using common off-the-shelf components. It looks like this (attached to a 10MHz to 100MHz noise measurement setup, for the actual measurements I used my 2D3B tube noise source and my INA02186 preamp): and
A 70CM BANDPASS FILTER For use as an output filter for a multiplier I tried to make a classic, lumped component filter for 432MHz using small air-core inductors and two trimmers. The idea was to use a capacitively coupled design to better suppress subharmonics, like this here: We can expect much better stopband attenuation below the center frequency than ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR FUN Need a small RF power meter with remote control capabilities ? Of course, you can buy this from the big names (Keysight, R&S, Anritsu, ). You get multi-sensor capabilities, wide dynamic ranges, a lot of measurement modes, fast reply, but for a flexible solution about 10K€ are gone, and a simple commercial USB sensor is more than3K€.
HACKING KEYSIGHT AUTOPROBE EEPROMS Update: I added the N2818A differential probe to the team - see bottom of the page. In my pages "Using the Keysight Autoprobe Interface in your own Projects" I made a connector that could support a homebrew probe with power, set the attenuation via a control resistor and use the offset. For what I INJECTION TRANSFORMERS Suppose you have the following situation in your development process of some linear, regulating circuitry: You have designed a control loop to stabilize a physical quantity of your choice (voltage, current, resistance, power, frequency, ). You have collected the characteristics of your control loop components as precise as you could, but some doubt remains because HIGH VOLTAGE LAB POWER SUPPLIES A Word of Warning All below is meant for people having proper education about high voltage design, construction, operation, safety and measurement procedures. If you lack any of these, dont try to reproduce any of my designs here. All what you do is at your own risk. You need to re-evalute all information on this MEASURING NOISE SOURCE ENR After building a noise source, how can the ENR of the new born baby be measured reliably ? There is not just one answer to this question, and, especially at higher levels of accuracy (0.2-0.5dB) the whole story gets a bit tricky, too. The approach I am using is to comparethe output of a
SILLY CIRCUITS
Update: In the meantime more LM723-related temp stabilizer circuits were found on the net. See the bottom of this page. Another one by Rainer Schmitz DG1SMD was added. Another Update: See the bottom of the page for some logger results and my ideas about them. A self-heated LM723 reference ? I read about this awkward A COLLECTION OF PROPER DESIGN PRACTICES USING THE LM723 IC Update: I added a link to a good video from Goran Dzambazov how not to run an LM723 from zero volts like often cited from an old Elektor publication (***). Elektor after some decades responded to the criticism and explained how the blunder happened Update: I A NONINTEGER FREQUENCY DIVIDER WITH SINEWAVE OUTPUT I got the request to help with a noninteger frequency divider with sinewave input and output. The requirements were: Input frequency is a 5MHz sinewave into 50Ohms (I assumed a few dBm) Output frequency is 60kHz (a factor of 250/3, this is 83.3333). The output should be a 60kHz pure sinewave with at least 100mVpp A PGA103+ MMIC AMPLIFIER The PGA103+ is one of Mini Circuits new generation MMICs boasting high gain, high IP3 and P1dB, plus a very low noise figure above 50MHz. From VHF to 23cm, this could serve as a universal building block whenever gain is needed. Lacking a PGA103+ SPICE model, I did A COMPLEMENTARY HF PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER The motivation for this one was an (almost) inductorless broadband amp using common transistors, with (hopefully) usable IP3 levels. The schematics looks like this: Click here for a larger resolution picture Simulation looked quite OK for the non-RF transistors used : Click here for a larger resolution picture Looks reasonable, for a -3dbSkip to content
ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR FUN … because its great if it finally works !!! Homebrew Electronics, Ham Radio, RF Design, Test EquipmentMenu
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MEASURING THE IMPEDANCE OF BLASTED STEAKS 17. July 201917. July 2019~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
Science also has to be fun sometimes, and so we tried to determine the influence of shockwaves on steaks. The shockwaves were created by high explosives in a water tank. Measurements of pre- and post-blast impedances were done on a Bode100 low frequency network analyzer. The results were promising – watch yourself: Click here for Measuring the Impedance of Blasted Steaks … POWER SUPPLY IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS USING AN AP300 FREQUENCYRESPONSE ANALYZER
17. July 201917. July 2019~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
After testing a Keysight E5061B-3L5 and an Omicron Bode100 VNA, I got another LF frequency response analyzer (not a full VNA) on loan, the AP Instruments AP300. This unit has a low frequency limit of 10mHz, way lower than the other instruments. It looks like this: I use these units to determine the output impedance of linear, low noise power supplies. Click here for a Power Supply Impedance Measurements Using an AP300 Frequency Response Analyzer … PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENTS OF HOMEMADE AND COMMERCIAL OSCILLATORS ANDSIGNAL SOURCES
27. February 2019
~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
Having an FSUP Phase Noise Analyzer on loan for an oscillator project (thanks N1UL !) I had the chance to check the phase noise of some commercial and homebrew oscillators and signal sources.Example:
This a an EFRATOM
LPRO101 Rubidium Standard. I also measured a commercial MillRen OCXO, a GPS standard, a Keysight N5171B RF signal generator and a RIGOLDG1062Z.
Click here to see some Phase Noise Measurements of Commercial and Homemade Oscillators … SILLY CIRCUITS -UNUSUAL BEHAVIOUR OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS13. February 2019
~ electroprojectfun
~ 2 Comments
Normally, crystal oscillators are standard components, used thousands of times without too much engineering attention necessary. If it comes to high quality crystals, a lot of unexpected effects can occur, like generating several nonharmonic frequencies at the same time and evenchaotic behaviour.
here in the time domain: Click here to see some Unusual Behaviour of Crystal Oscillators … USING THE KEYSIGHT AUTOPROBE INTERFACE IN YOUR OWN PROJECTS20. November 2018
~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
As an owner of some Keysight equipment I wanted to use some probes intended for the Oscilloscope AutoProbe connector on other test equipment like VNAs or spectrum analyzers. I asked how to do this at the Keysight forums, but nobody had an answer for me there except thatit does not work.
OK, lets homebrew something and see how far we get. To make a long story short, it worked after a while of research andtesting.
Click here to See Using the Keysight AutoProbe Interface in Your OwnProjects …
MEASURING COMMERCIAL AND HOMEMADE INJECTION TRANSFORMERS ON A BODE100 VNA
13. November 2018
~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
Having a Bode100 on a test loan I tried to make a full test run on all injection transformers I had at hand. it worked quite well, the details can be seen here: Click here to See Measuring Commercial and Homebrew InjectionTransformers ..
A DUMMY LOAD CONVERTED TO A POWER ATTENUATOR 7. November 20187. November 2018~ electroprojectfun
~ Leave a comment
I recently bought some dummy loads from eBay with a “monitor” output. As I found out this monitor was just a wire loop floating in open space coupling some undefined output to a BNC connector. I did not like this, so I converted this into a 40dB power attenuator. It worked fine, details here: Click here to see a Dummy Load Converted to a Power Attenuator …POSTS NAVIGATION
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* Measuring the Impedance of Blasted Steaks17. July 2019
* Power Supply Impedance Measurements Using an AP300 FrequencyResponse Analyzer
17. July 2019
* Phase Noise Measurements of Homemade and Commercial Oscillatorsand Signal Sources
27. February 2019
* Silly Circuits -Unusual Behaviour of Crystal Oscillators13. February 2019
* Using the Keysight AutoProbe Interface in Your Own Projects20. November 2018
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