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and innovations.
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green chemistry. The last few decades of the 20th century witnessed growing concerns over the impact of industry on the global environment. These concerns included acid rain, increasing levels of greenhouse gases, fertilizers in streams and rivers, polluted city atmospheres, and a hole in the ozone layer. Some of these are directlyattributable
SURFACTANTS
SOAPS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Soaps. Soaps are made from naturally occurring animal fats and vegetable oils. The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH 2 OHCHOHCH 2 OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO 2 H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms. BENZENE AND METHYLBENZENESPOLYURETHANES
EXTRACTING CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GASSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORGTITANIUM DIOXIDE
Uses of titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the most used white pigment and provides whiteness and opacity for paints and coatings (including glazes), plastics and paper. It has many speciality uses. It is resistant to UV radiation and thus does not discolour over a long period of time and ultra pure and fine crystal titanium dioxidegrades
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE)HOMEINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONSBASIC CHEMICALSPOLYMERS Welcome to The Essential Chemical Industry - online. This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processesand innovations.
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green chemistry. The last few decades of the 20th century witnessed growing concerns over the impact of industry on the global environment. These concerns included acid rain, increasing levels of greenhouse gases, fertilizers in streams and rivers, polluted city atmospheres, and a hole in the ozone layer. Some of these are directlyattributable
SURFACTANTS
SOAPS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Soaps. Soaps are made from naturally occurring animal fats and vegetable oils. The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH 2 OHCHOHCH 2 OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO 2 H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms. BENZENE AND METHYLBENZENESPOLYURETHANES
EXTRACTING CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GASSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORGTITANIUM DIOXIDE
Uses of titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the most used white pigment and provides whiteness and opacity for paints and coatings (including glazes), plastics and paper. It has many speciality uses. It is resistant to UV radiation and thus does not discolour over a long period of time and ultra pure and fine crystal titanium dioxidegrades
SURFACTANTS
Surfactants. Surfactants are one of many different compounds that make up a detergent. They are added to remove dirt from skin, clothes and household articles particularly in kitchens and bathrooms. They are also used extensively in industry. The term surfactant comes from the words surface active agent. Figure 1 Surfactants aid the effectiveCHEMICAL REACTORS
Chemical reactors. The reactors, in which chemicals are made in industry, vary in size from a few cm 3 to the vast structures that are often depicted in photographs of industrial plants. For example, kilns that produce lime from limestone may be over 25 metres high COLORANTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Colorants are used in many industries - to colour clothes, paints, plastics, photographs, prints, and ceramics. Colorants are also now being used in novel applications and are termed functional (high technology) as they are not just included in the product for aesthetic reasons but for specific purposes, for example in surgery. SOAPS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Soaps. Soaps are made from naturally occurring animal fats and vegetable oils. The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH 2 OHCHOHCH 2 OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO 2 H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms. LEAD - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Lead is extracted from its ore by reduction with carbon. Considerable effort has to be made to separate the lead ore from zinc ores. In recent years, lead has become one of SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
EXTRACTING CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS Extracting crude oil and natural gas. When we refer to crude oil as a raw material for the chemical industry, we are usually referring to crude oil, which a mixture of hydrocarbons. Strictly, we should be using the term petroleum, derived from Latin petra - rocks and oleum – oil. Petroleum describes not only the mixture of hydrocarbons in CRACKING AND RELATED REFINERY PROCESSES Cracking and related refinery processes. We depend largely on crude, the gases associated with it and natural gas (mainly methane) as the source of liquid fuels (petrol, diesel) and the feedstock for the chemical industry. Oil, and the gases associated with it, consists of a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons, containing any number POLYAMIDES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Polyamides are polymers which contain repeating amide, -CO-NH-, linkages. Proteins are examples of naturally occurring polyamides. The best known manufactured polyamides are often called nylons (the trade name given by the manufacturer, DuPont) and these are aliphaticpolyamides.
SULFURIC ACID
Figure 1 Uses of sulfuric acid. It is widely used in metal processing for example in the manufacture of copper and the manufacture of zinc and in cleaning the surface of steel sheet, known as 'pickling', prior to it being covered in a thin layer of tin, used to make cans for food. It is also used to make caprolactam, which is converted into THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE)HOMEINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONSBASIC CHEMICALSPOLYMERS Welcome to The Essential Chemical Industry - online. This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processesand innovations.
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) There is an overview of the Chemical Industry which looks at the industry in an international context. The other 76 units are presented in five thematic groups: 1. I ndustrial processes includes topics such as distillation, catalysis and the range of chemical reactorsavailable. 2.
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) Consultants. Over 200 experts in over 100 industrial companies, universities and research centres worldwide have given their time and expertise. Companies have also provided recent photographs to illustrate specific points raised in the text and individuals have contributed to the accounts of the chemical industry and the uses ofspecific
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
EXTRACTING CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GASSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG BENZENE AND METHYLBENZENES SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
METHANOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Methanol is destined to be a major fuel for cars, either as a liquid fuel, mixed with petrol, or in fuel cells where it has been used to prepare, in situ in the car, hydrogen for the fuel cell. Whereas a few years ago, only a small amount of methanol was used directly as a fuel in cars, this use is now increasing rapidly. CHLORINE - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE)HOMEINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONSBASIC CHEMICALSPOLYMERS Welcome to The Essential Chemical Industry - online. This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processesand innovations.
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) There is an overview of the Chemical Industry which looks at the industry in an international context. The other 76 units are presented in five thematic groups: 1. I ndustrial processes includes topics such as distillation, catalysis and the range of chemical reactorsavailable. 2.
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) Consultants. Over 200 experts in over 100 industrial companies, universities and research centres worldwide have given their time and expertise. Companies have also provided recent photographs to illustrate specific points raised in the text and individuals have contributed to the accounts of the chemical industry and the uses ofspecific
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
EXTRACTING CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GASSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG BENZENE AND METHYLBENZENES SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
METHANOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Methanol is destined to be a major fuel for cars, either as a liquid fuel, mixed with petrol, or in fuel cells where it has been used to prepare, in situ in the car, hydrogen for the fuel cell. Whereas a few years ago, only a small amount of methanol was used directly as a fuel in cars, this use is now increasing rapidly. CHLORINE - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) There is an overview of the Chemical Industry which looks at the industry in an international context. The other 76 units are presented in five thematic groups: 1. I ndustrial processes includes topics such as distillation, catalysis and the range of chemical reactorsavailable. 2.
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) ECI online: its genesis. This website was originally developed from a book, The Essential Chemical Industry, produced in 1985 in the Department of Chemistry, University of York, a leading teaching and research department in the UK. The Essential Chemical Industry -online, gives an easy access to up-to-date, unbiased information that has been thoroughly researched and checked by industrialGREEN CHEMISTRY
Green chemistry. The last few decades of the 20th century witnessed growing concerns over the impact of industry on the global environment. These concerns included acid rain, increasing levels of greenhouse gases, fertilizers in streams and rivers, polluted city atmospheres, and a hole in the ozone layer. Some of these are directlyattributable
SURFACTANTS
Surfactants. Surfactants are one of many different compounds that make up a detergent. They are added to remove dirt from skin, clothes and household articles particularly in kitchens and bathrooms. They are also used extensively in industry. The term surfactant comes from the words surface active agent. Figure 1 Surfactants aid the effective SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
COLORANTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Colorants are used in many industries - to colour clothes, paints, plastics, photographs, prints, and ceramics. Colorants are also now being used in novel applications and are termed functional (high technology) as they are not just included in the product for aesthetic reasons but for specific purposes, for example in surgery. BENZENE AND METHYLBENZENES Benzene is the fundamental building block of aromatic compounds. It, and the methylbenzenes (toluene and the xylenes), are manufactured from fractions obtained from the distillation of oil and are used as intermediates in the production of a very wide range of chemicals aswell as in petrol.
POLYAMIDES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Polyamides are polymers which contain repeating amide, -CO-NH-, linkages. Proteins are examples of naturally occurring polyamides. The best known manufactured polyamides are often called nylons (the trade name given by the manufacturer, DuPont) and these are aliphaticpolyamides.
METHANOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Methanol is destined to be a major fuel for cars, either as a liquid fuel, mixed with petrol, or in fuel cells where it has been used to prepare, in situ in the car, hydrogen for the fuel cell. Whereas a few years ago, only a small amount of methanol was used directly as a fuel in cars, this use is now increasing rapidly.POLYURETHANES
Polyurethanes. The polymeric materials known as polyurethanes form a family of polymers which are essentially different from most other plastics in that there is no urethane monomer and the polymer is almost invariably created during the manufacture of a particular object. Polyurethanes are made by the exothermic reactions betweenalcohols with
THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE)HOMEINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONSBASIC CHEMICALSPOLYMERS Welcome to The Essential Chemical Industry - online. This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processesand innovations.
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
POLYAMIDES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG PHENOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG CRACKING AND RELATED REFINERY PROCESSESSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Uses of titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the most used white pigment and provides whiteness and opacity for paints and coatings (including glazes), plastics and paper. It has many speciality uses. It is resistant to UV radiation and thus does not discolour over a long period of time and ultra pure and fine crystal titanium dioxidegrades
EPOXYETHANE (ETHYLENE OXIDE)SODIUM CARBONATE
Light sodium carbonate contains less than 0.5% sodium chloride. Heavy sodium carbonate is obtained by hydrating light sodium carbonate to the monohydrate (Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O) and then dehydrating it to give a product with an increased crystal size and density. The two grades have different uses. The major uses of heavy sodium carbonate are as a THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE)HOMEINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMATERIALS AND APPLICATIONSBASIC CHEMICALSPOLYMERS Welcome to The Essential Chemical Industry - online. This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processesand innovations.
CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS PAINTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Paints. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied infactories to finish
POLYAMIDES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG PHENOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRYSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG CRACKING AND RELATED REFINERY PROCESSESSEE MORE ON ESSENTIALCHEMICALINDUSTRY.ORG SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Uses of titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the most used white pigment and provides whiteness and opacity for paints and coatings (including glazes), plastics and paper. It has many speciality uses. It is resistant to UV radiation and thus does not discolour over a long period of time and ultra pure and fine crystal titanium dioxidegrades
EPOXYETHANE (ETHYLENE OXIDE)SODIUM CARBONATE
Light sodium carbonate contains less than 0.5% sodium chloride. Heavy sodium carbonate is obtained by hydrating light sodium carbonate to the monohydrate (Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O) and then dehydrating it to give a product with an increased crystal size and density. The two grades have different uses. The major uses of heavy sodium carbonate are as a THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ONLINE) There is an overview of the Chemical Industry which looks at the industry in an international context. The other 76 units are presented in five thematic groups: 1. I ndustrial processes includes topics such as distillation, catalysis and the range of chemical reactorsavailable. 2.
COLORANTS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Colorants are used in many industries - to colour clothes, paints, plastics, photographs, prints, and ceramics. Colorants are also now being used in novel applications and are termed functional (high technology) as they are not just included in the product for aesthetic reasons but for specific purposes, for example in surgery. SOAPS - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Soaps. Soaps are made from naturally occurring animal fats and vegetable oils. The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH 2 OHCHOHCH 2 OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO 2 H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms. SILICONES - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Silicones are synthetic polymers with a silicon-oxygen backbone similar to that in silicon dioxide (silica), but with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms by C-Si bonds. The silicone chain exposes organic groups to the outside. Thus, despite having a very polar chain, the physical properties of silicones are similar to thoseof an alkane.
LEAD - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Lead is extracted from its ore by reduction with carbon. Considerable effort has to be made to separate the lead ore from zinc ores. In recent years, lead has become one ofETHENE (ETHYLENE)
Ethene (ethylene) is the most important organic chemical, by tonnage, that is manufactured. It is the building block for a vast range of chemicals from plastics to antifreeze solutions and solvents. Figure 1 On the site at Grangemouth in Scotland, ethene is produced by steam cracking of naphtha. By kind permission of INEOS ManufacturingScotland.
METHANOL - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Methanol is destined to be a major fuel for cars, either as a liquid fuel, mixed with petrol, or in fuel cells where it has been used to prepare, in situ in the car, hydrogen for the fuel cell. Whereas a few years ago, only a small amount of methanol was used directly as a fuel in cars, this use is now increasing rapidly. CHLORINE - ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Chlorine, along with its important by-product, sodium hydroxide, is produced from the readily available starting material, rock salt (sodium chloride). It is well known for its use in sterilizing drinking water and in particular swimming pool water. However, most chlorine is used in the chemical industry in the manufacture of otherproducts.
POLYURETHANES
Polyurethanes. The polymeric materials known as polyurethanes form a family of polymers which are essentially different from most other plastics in that there is no urethane monomer and the polymer is almost invariably created during the manufacture of a particular object. Polyurethanes are made by the exothermic reactions betweenalcohols with
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE) (POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) Poly (tetrafluoroethene) (Polytetrafluoroethylene) The fluorinated polymers are either homopolymers or co-polymers. Among the homopolymers, poly (tetraflororethene (PTFE) is the best known fluoropolymer, accounting for about 60% (by mass) of the total amount of the fluoropolymers produced. The other homopolymers include: PVDF(poly (1,1
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THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY - ONLINE__
* Home
* Using this website * ECI online: its genesis* Consultants
* Acknowledgements
* Copyright
* Introduction
* The chemical industry * Industrial processes * Catalysis in industry* Chemical reactors
* Cracking and related refinery processes* Distillation
* Extracting crude oil and natural gas* Green chemistry
* Recycling in the chemical industry * Materials and applications* Biofuels
* Biorefineries
* Biotechnology in the chemical industry* Colorants
* Composites
* Crop protection chemicals * Edible fats and oils* Fertilizers
* Nanomaterials
* Paints
* Soaps
* Surfactants
* Basic chemicals
* Ammonia
* Benzene and methylbenzenes* Bromine
* Buta-1,3-diene
* Calcium carbonate
* Chlorine
* Epoxyethane (Ethylene oxide) * Ethane-1,2-diol (Ethylene glycol) * Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid)* Ethanol
* Ethene (Ethylene)
* Fluorine
* Hydrogen
* Hydrogen chloride
* Hydrogen fluoride
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Iodine
* Methanal (Formaldehyde)* Methanol
* Methyl tertiary-butyl ether* Nitric acid
* Oxygen, nitrogen and the rare gases* Phenol
* Phosphoric acid
* Phosphorus
* Propanone (Acetone) * Propene (Propylene)* Sodium carbonate
* Sodium hydroxide
* Sulfur
* Sulfuric acid
* Titanium dioxide
* Urea
* Polymers
* Polymers: an overview * Degradable plastics * Methanal plastics (Formaldehyde plastics)* Polyamides
* Polycarbonates
* Poly(chloroethene) (Polyvinyl chloride)* Polyesters
* Poly(ethene) (Polyethylene) * Poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) (Polymethyl methacrylate) * Poly(phenylethene) (Polystyrene) * Poly(propene) (Polypropylene) * Poly(propenoic acid) (Polyacrylic acid) * Poly(propenonitrile) (Polyacrylonitrile) * Poly(tetrafluoroethene) (Polytetrafluoroethylene)* Polyurethanes
* Silicones
* Metals
* Aluminium
* Copper
* Iron
* Lead
* Magnesium
* Steel
* Titanium
* Zinc
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WELCOME TO THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY - ONLINE This is a reference library of the world’s principal industrial chemicals, their uses and their manufacture using current industrial processes and innovations. This new web-based edition was first developed in 2013 from the book of the same title, which went through five editions. It is intended for: * school, college and university students and their teachers * industrial chemists and employees of chemical companies needing a quick reference or overview ABOUT THE THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY - ONLINE _THE ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ECI) - ONLINE _is one of the most highly respected and up-to-date resources about the chemical industry. This innovative website has easy cross-referencing and drill-down capability and achieves a new level of access for the student, researcher and industrial chemist alike.* 1
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* Using this website * ECI online: its genesis* Consultants
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* Industrial processes * Materials and applications* Basic chemicals
* Polymers
* Metals
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