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GAS
M24, also known as the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, is a large naked eye expanse of stars, clusters, nebulosity and other objects located in Sagittarius. At mag. +2.5 and covering 1.5 degrees of sky, it's visible to the naked eye as a large detached part of the Milky Way. The object is a fantastic sight in binoculars and small telescopes.MELOTTE 111
Melotte 111 is located on the southern side of star gamma Comae Berenices (γ Com - mag. +4.35). This star appears to be a cluster member, but is actually a foreground star at 170 light-years distant. The group's brightest stars are all of 5th magnitude, including 12,13,14,16 and 21 Comae Berenices. The Coma Star Cluster is of thefinest
MESSIER 10 - M10 - GLOBULAR CLUSTER M10 is a fine globular cluster that's located in the constellation of Ophiuchus. One of the largest constellations, Ophiuchus straddles the celestial equator and contains a host of globular clusters of which Messier catalogued seven of them.The brightest and best of them is M10 (mag. +6.6), which can be spotted with binoculars, appearing like an out of focus fuzzy star. IC 2602 - THE SOUTHERN PLEIADES IC 2602 is a prominent open cluster in the southern constellation of Carina that was discovered by Abbe Lacaille in 1751 from South Africa. It contains about 60 stars spread across 50 arc minutes and is easily visible to the naked eye. The brightest member is blue-white Theta Carinae (θ Car), which shines at magnitude +2.74. Of the remaining constituents all are of fifth magnitude or fainter. NGC 3626 - SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 3626, mag. +10.9, is a spiral galaxy in Leo that was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. It's one of many galaxies in the constellation within the range of small scopes.. NGC 3626 is located 70 million light-years away. It covers 2.7 x 1.9 arc minutes of apparent sky, which corresponds to a spatial diameter of 55,000 light-years and is estimated to contain 40 billion stars. NGC 6025 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6025, mag. +5.1, is a naked eye open cluster located in the southern constellation of Triangulum Australe. It's essentially a southern-based object that's a nice target for binoculars and small scopes. From all locations below 30S, NGC 6025 is circumpolar and therefore never sets. The cluster can also be seen from northern locations, although from latitudes greater than 30N it never risesCALDWELL 71
Caldwell 71 - C71 - NGC 2477 - Open Cluster. NGC 2477 is a stunning open cluster located in the Milky Way rich constellation of Puppis. It's arguably the constellations finest cluster which also contains other superb examples such as M46, M47 and M93. At magnitude +5.8, NGC 2477 is faintly visible to the naked eye but easily seen with ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR MARCH 2021 Algol eclipse dates and times for March 2021. Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips inIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". NGC 4631 - THE WHALE GALAXY - BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 4631, also known as the Whale Galaxy, is a magnitude +9.3 edge-on barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It has a high surface brightness and therefore is a good target for small scopes. Larger instruments reveal numerous dust clumps and mottling. HOME | FREESTARCHARTS.COMMESSIERNGC/ICSTARSCONTACTGLOSSARYINTERSTELLARGAS
M24, also known as the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, is a large naked eye expanse of stars, clusters, nebulosity and other objects located in Sagittarius. At mag. +2.5 and covering 1.5 degrees of sky, it's visible to the naked eye as a large detached part of the Milky Way. The object is a fantastic sight in binoculars and small telescopes.MELOTTE 111
Melotte 111 is located on the southern side of star gamma Comae Berenices (γ Com - mag. +4.35). This star appears to be a cluster member, but is actually a foreground star at 170 light-years distant. The group's brightest stars are all of 5th magnitude, including 12,13,14,16 and 21 Comae Berenices. The Coma Star Cluster is of thefinest
MESSIER 10 - M10 - GLOBULAR CLUSTER M10 is a fine globular cluster that's located in the constellation of Ophiuchus. One of the largest constellations, Ophiuchus straddles the celestial equator and contains a host of globular clusters of which Messier catalogued seven of them.The brightest and best of them is M10 (mag. +6.6), which can be spotted with binoculars, appearing like an out of focus fuzzy star. IC 2602 - THE SOUTHERN PLEIADES IC 2602 is a prominent open cluster in the southern constellation of Carina that was discovered by Abbe Lacaille in 1751 from South Africa. It contains about 60 stars spread across 50 arc minutes and is easily visible to the naked eye. The brightest member is blue-white Theta Carinae (θ Car), which shines at magnitude +2.74. Of the remaining constituents all are of fifth magnitude or fainter. NGC 3626 - SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 3626, mag. +10.9, is a spiral galaxy in Leo that was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. It's one of many galaxies in the constellation within the range of small scopes.. NGC 3626 is located 70 million light-years away. It covers 2.7 x 1.9 arc minutes of apparent sky, which corresponds to a spatial diameter of 55,000 light-years and is estimated to contain 40 billion stars. NGC 6025 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6025, mag. +5.1, is a naked eye open cluster located in the southern constellation of Triangulum Australe. It's essentially a southern-based object that's a nice target for binoculars and small scopes. From all locations below 30S, NGC 6025 is circumpolar and therefore never sets. The cluster can also be seen from northern locations, although from latitudes greater than 30N it never risesCALDWELL 71
Caldwell 71 - C71 - NGC 2477 - Open Cluster. NGC 2477 is a stunning open cluster located in the Milky Way rich constellation of Puppis. It's arguably the constellations finest cluster which also contains other superb examples such as M46, M47 and M93. At magnitude +5.8, NGC 2477 is faintly visible to the naked eye but easily seen with ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR MARCH 2021 Algol eclipse dates and times for March 2021. Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips inIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". NGC 4631 - THE WHALE GALAXY - BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 4631, also known as the Whale Galaxy, is a magnitude +9.3 edge-on barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It has a high surface brightness and therefore is a good target for small scopes. Larger instruments reveal numerous dust clumps and mottling. HOME | FREESTARCHARTS.COM Algol eclipse dates and times for May 2021 Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hoursIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR JUNE 2021 Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hours before returning to its original state.CIRCUMPOLAR STAR
Circumpolar star. A star that never sets from an observer's location. For example, from latitude 50N all stars with a declination greater than 40N will be circumpolar. The term circumpolar applies in general to all objects that never set from an observer's location. For example, deep sky objects, comets etc. NGC 6231 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6231 is a bright open cluster of approx. 120 stars spread over 15 arc minutes of sky in Scorpius. With a combined magnitude of +2.6, this group of stars is visible to the naked eye and a stunning sight through binoculars and telescopes. At its heart are numerous hot luminous fifth and sixth magnitude blue-white type B supergiants.It appears similar to a smaller version of M45, the famous NGC 7023 - IRIS NEBULA - REFLECTION - FREESTARCHARTS.COM NGC 7023 is a reflection nebula located in the west central section of the far northern constellation of Cepheus. This nebula contains at its centre an extremely young star named V380 Cep (mag. +7.1), which is believed to have burst into life just 5,500 years ago.Since incredibly young there is plenty of local dust surrounding the star, and when starlight hits the dust it's reflected to become ORION - CONSTELLATION GUIDE Orion Orionis Ori The Hunter Introduction. Orion is a prominent constellation that's one of the brightest and most familiar sights in the night sky. Straddling the celestial equator it can be seen from all locations on Earth. Named after a great hunter in Greek mythology, it contains two first magnitude stars, many other bright stars, a famous belt, spectacular nebulae, some impressiveCALDWELL 46
Caldwell 46 - C46 - NGC 2261 - Hubble's Variable Nebula - Reflection Nebula. NGC 2261 is a curious variable reflection nebula in Monoceros that's known as Hubble's Variable Nebula. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1783 and is illuminated by variable star R Monocerotis (R Mon). The nebula is unusual in that it changes shape over just aMESSIER 104
M104, more commonly known as the Sombrero Galaxy, is a spectacular almost edge-on spiral galaxy in Virgo. At magnitude +8.4, it appears in binoculars as a small patch of nebulosity. Its most striking feature, which is visible in medium/large size amateur scopes, is a ring of thick dust encapsulating the galaxy bulge that gives it the appearance of a Sombrero hat. CALDWELL 1 - C1 - NGC 188 - OPEN CLUSTER Caldwell 1 - C1 - NGC 188 - Open Cluster. The first item in the Caldwell catalogue is NGC 188 an open cluster located in the far northern constellation of Cepheus. It was discovered by John Herschel - the son of William Hershel - on November 3, 1831. He originally recorded it as h 34 in his 1833 catalogue and then included it as GC92 in his
HOME | FREESTARCHARTS.COMMESSIERNGC/ICSTARSCONTACTGLOSSARYINTERSTELLARGAS
M24, also known as the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, is a large naked eye expanse of stars, clusters, nebulosity and other objects located in Sagittarius. At mag. +2.5 and covering 1.5 degrees of sky, it's visible to the naked eye as a large detached part of the Milky Way. The object is a fantastic sight in binoculars and small telescopes.MELOTTE 111
Melotte 111 is located on the southern side of star gamma Comae Berenices (γ Com - mag. +4.35). This star appears to be a cluster member, but is actually a foreground star at 170 light-years distant. The group's brightest stars are all of 5th magnitude, including 12,13,14,16 and 21 Comae Berenices. The Coma Star Cluster is of thefinest
MESSIER 10 - M10 - GLOBULAR CLUSTER M10 is a fine globular cluster that's located in the constellation of Ophiuchus. One of the largest constellations, Ophiuchus straddles the celestial equator and contains a host of globular clusters of which Messier catalogued seven of them.The brightest and best of them is M10 (mag. +6.6), which can be spotted with binoculars, appearing like an out of focus fuzzy star. IC 2602 - THE SOUTHERN PLEIADES IC 2602 is a prominent open cluster in the southern constellation of Carina that was discovered by Abbe Lacaille in 1751 from South Africa. It contains about 60 stars spread across 50 arc minutes and is easily visible to the naked eye. The brightest member is blue-white Theta Carinae (θ Car), which shines at magnitude +2.74. Of the remaining constituents all are of fifth magnitude or fainter. NGC 3626 - SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 3626, mag. +10.9, is a spiral galaxy in Leo that was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. It's one of many galaxies in the constellation within the range of small scopes.. NGC 3626 is located 70 million light-years away. It covers 2.7 x 1.9 arc minutes of apparent sky, which corresponds to a spatial diameter of 55,000 light-years and is estimated to contain 40 billion stars. NGC 6025 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6025, mag. +5.1, is a naked eye open cluster located in the southern constellation of Triangulum Australe. It's essentially a southern-based object that's a nice target for binoculars and small scopes. From all locations below 30S, NGC 6025 is circumpolar and therefore never sets. The cluster can also be seen from northern locations, although from latitudes greater than 30N it never risesCALDWELL 71
Caldwell 71 - C71 - NGC 2477 - Open Cluster. NGC 2477 is a stunning open cluster located in the Milky Way rich constellation of Puppis. It's arguably the constellations finest cluster which also contains other superb examples such as M46, M47 and M93. At magnitude +5.8, NGC 2477 is faintly visible to the naked eye but easily seen with ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR MARCH 2021 Algol eclipse dates and times for March 2021. Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips inIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". NGC 4631 - THE WHALE GALAXY - BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 4631, also known as the Whale Galaxy, is a magnitude +9.3 edge-on barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It has a high surface brightness and therefore is a good target for small scopes. Larger instruments reveal numerous dust clumps and mottling. HOME | FREESTARCHARTS.COMMESSIERNGC/ICSTARSCONTACTGLOSSARYINTERSTELLARGAS
M24, also known as the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, is a large naked eye expanse of stars, clusters, nebulosity and other objects located in Sagittarius. At mag. +2.5 and covering 1.5 degrees of sky, it's visible to the naked eye as a large detached part of the Milky Way. The object is a fantastic sight in binoculars and small telescopes.MELOTTE 111
Melotte 111 is located on the southern side of star gamma Comae Berenices (γ Com - mag. +4.35). This star appears to be a cluster member, but is actually a foreground star at 170 light-years distant. The group's brightest stars are all of 5th magnitude, including 12,13,14,16 and 21 Comae Berenices. The Coma Star Cluster is of thefinest
MESSIER 10 - M10 - GLOBULAR CLUSTER M10 is a fine globular cluster that's located in the constellation of Ophiuchus. One of the largest constellations, Ophiuchus straddles the celestial equator and contains a host of globular clusters of which Messier catalogued seven of them.The brightest and best of them is M10 (mag. +6.6), which can be spotted with binoculars, appearing like an out of focus fuzzy star. IC 2602 - THE SOUTHERN PLEIADES IC 2602 is a prominent open cluster in the southern constellation of Carina that was discovered by Abbe Lacaille in 1751 from South Africa. It contains about 60 stars spread across 50 arc minutes and is easily visible to the naked eye. The brightest member is blue-white Theta Carinae (θ Car), which shines at magnitude +2.74. Of the remaining constituents all are of fifth magnitude or fainter. NGC 3626 - SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 3626, mag. +10.9, is a spiral galaxy in Leo that was discovered by William Herschel on March 14, 1784. It's one of many galaxies in the constellation within the range of small scopes.. NGC 3626 is located 70 million light-years away. It covers 2.7 x 1.9 arc minutes of apparent sky, which corresponds to a spatial diameter of 55,000 light-years and is estimated to contain 40 billion stars. NGC 6025 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6025, mag. +5.1, is a naked eye open cluster located in the southern constellation of Triangulum Australe. It's essentially a southern-based object that's a nice target for binoculars and small scopes. From all locations below 30S, NGC 6025 is circumpolar and therefore never sets. The cluster can also be seen from northern locations, although from latitudes greater than 30N it never risesCALDWELL 71
Caldwell 71 - C71 - NGC 2477 - Open Cluster. NGC 2477 is a stunning open cluster located in the Milky Way rich constellation of Puppis. It's arguably the constellations finest cluster which also contains other superb examples such as M46, M47 and M93. At magnitude +5.8, NGC 2477 is faintly visible to the naked eye but easily seen with ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR MARCH 2021 Algol eclipse dates and times for March 2021. Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips inIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". NGC 4631 - THE WHALE GALAXY - BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 4631, also known as the Whale Galaxy, is a magnitude +9.3 edge-on barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It has a high surface brightness and therefore is a good target for small scopes. Larger instruments reveal numerous dust clumps and mottling. HOME | FREESTARCHARTS.COM Algol eclipse dates and times for May 2021 Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hoursIC 59 AND IC 63
IC 59 and IC 63 are faint reflection and emission nebula located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia.They are challenging objects to spot with telescopes for a number of reasons. Both nebulae are faint at apparent mag. +10, they have extremely low surface brightness and surround bright variable star gamma Cas (γ Cas). This remarkable star is partly unstable and is known as a "shell star". ALGOL ECLIPSE DATES AND TIMES FOR JUNE 2021 Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hours before returning to its original state.CIRCUMPOLAR STAR
Circumpolar star. A star that never sets from an observer's location. For example, from latitude 50N all stars with a declination greater than 40N will be circumpolar. The term circumpolar applies in general to all objects that never set from an observer's location. For example, deep sky objects, comets etc. NGC 6231 - OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6231 is a bright open cluster of approx. 120 stars spread over 15 arc minutes of sky in Scorpius. With a combined magnitude of +2.6, this group of stars is visible to the naked eye and a stunning sight through binoculars and telescopes. At its heart are numerous hot luminous fifth and sixth magnitude blue-white type B supergiants.It appears similar to a smaller version of M45, the famous NGC 7023 - IRIS NEBULA - REFLECTION - FREESTARCHARTS.COM NGC 7023 is a reflection nebula located in the west central section of the far northern constellation of Cepheus. This nebula contains at its centre an extremely young star named V380 Cep (mag. +7.1), which is believed to have burst into life just 5,500 years ago.Since incredibly young there is plenty of local dust surrounding the star, and when starlight hits the dust it's reflected to become ORION - CONSTELLATION GUIDE Orion Orionis Ori The Hunter Introduction. Orion is a prominent constellation that's one of the brightest and most familiar sights in the night sky. Straddling the celestial equator it can be seen from all locations on Earth. Named after a great hunter in Greek mythology, it contains two first magnitude stars, many other bright stars, a famous belt, spectacular nebulae, some impressiveCALDWELL 46
Caldwell 46 - C46 - NGC 2261 - Hubble's Variable Nebula - Reflection Nebula. NGC 2261 is a curious variable reflection nebula in Monoceros that's known as Hubble's Variable Nebula. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1783 and is illuminated by variable star R Monocerotis (R Mon). The nebula is unusual in that it changes shape over just aMESSIER 104
M104, more commonly known as the Sombrero Galaxy, is a spectacular almost edge-on spiral galaxy in Virgo. At magnitude +8.4, it appears in binoculars as a small patch of nebulosity. Its most striking feature, which is visible in medium/large size amateur scopes, is a ring of thick dust encapsulating the galaxy bulge that gives it the appearance of a Sombrero hat. CALDWELL 1 - C1 - NGC 188 - OPEN CLUSTER Caldwell 1 - C1 - NGC 188 - Open Cluster. The first item in the Caldwell catalogue is NGC 188 an open cluster located in the far northern constellation of Cepheus. It was discovered by John Herschel - the son of William Hershel - on November 3, 1831. He originally recorded it as h 34 in his 1833 catalogue and then included it as GC92 in his
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If you like the website and want to contribute to the running costs then please do so below. All contributions are most welcome.MESSIER CATALOGUE
The Messier Catalogue is a famous catalogue in Astronomy. It consists of 110 deep sky objects, including open and globular star clusters, galaxies, nebulae, an asterism, a double star and even a supernova remnant. It was compiled in the 18th century by Charles Messier. Messier was a comet hunter who was born in Badonviller, France on June 26, 1730. When searching for comets he was frustrated by fixed objects that looked like comets in the night sky but actually weren't. These fuzzy "comet" like objects hindered his searches so he catalogued them in order to avoid them in future. The first version of his catalogue contained 45 objects and was published in 1774 in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Over the next 7 years he updated the catalogue and published the final version in 1781, containing 103 objects. Many of these objects he actually discovered himself. On several different occasions between 1921 and 1966, astronomers and historians discovered evidence of another 7 deep-sky objects that were observed either by Messier or his friend and assistant, Pierre Mechain, shortly after the final version was published. These objects, numbered M104 to M110, are now accepted by astronomers as "official"Messier objects.
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MESSIER 101 - M101 - THE PINWHEEL GALAXY (SPIRAL GALAXY) M101 is a large face-on spiral galaxy located 22 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major . At magnitude +7.9, it can be glimpsed in binoculars or small telescopes from dark sites. However, this galaxy suffers from low surface brightness and in bad seeing conditions or light polluted areas is sometimes difficult to spot even with 200mm (8-inch) scopes. M101 is best seen from the Northern Hemisphere during the months of March, April and May. M101 is also known as the Pinwheel galaxy and was discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781. He described it as "nebula without star, very obscure and pretty large, 6' to 7' in diameter, between the left hand of Boötes and the tail of the great Bear." He communicated this to Charles Messier, who verified its position and then included it in his catalogue as one of the final entries. Locating the part of sky where M101 is positioned is easy, since it's close to the handle of the bowl that forms the Plough or Big Dipper asterism of Ursa Major. The Pinwheel galaxy is located at one corner of an equatorial triangle formed with second magnitude stars Mizar (ζ UMa - mag. +2.2) and Alkaid (η UMa - mag. +1.8). M101 is 5.5 degrees east of Mizar (the celebrated naked eye double star) and 5.5 degrees northeast of Alkaid.M101 The
Pinwheel Galaxy (credit:- NASA/ESA/NOAO/AURA/NSF)Read more ...
MESSIER 31 - M31 - ANDROMEDA GALAXY (SPIRAL GALAXY) M31, the famous Andromeda Galaxy, is the largest member of the Local Group that also includes the Milky Way, the Triangulum Galaxy (M33) and about 50 other smaller galaxies. With an apparent mag. of +3.4, it's one of the brightest Messier objects and easily visible to the naked eye even from areas with a certain amount of light pollution . M31 is usually regarded as the most distant object that can be easily seen without optical aid. The Andromeda Galaxy has been known for a long time. It was first recorded over 1000 years ago by Isfahan based Persian astronomer Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sufi. In 964 AD, he described it as the little cloud in his Book of Fixed Stars. This object was almost certainly known - for a number of years before this date - to other Persian astronomers. The first person to telescopically observe and describe M31, was German astronomer Simon Marius on December 15, 1612. Unaware of both Al Sufi's and Marius' discovery, Giovanni Batista Hodierna independently rediscovered the object sometime before 1654. Then on August 3, 1764, Charles Messier added the great spiral to his catalogue. Incidentally, Messier incorrectly credited Marius as the discoverer, apparently unaware of the earlier work of Al-Sufi. For a long time, the true nature of M31 was unknown. It was simply regarded as a large nebula located within our galaxy. Up until the 20th century, it was referred to as either the Andromeda Nebula or the Great Andromeda Nebula. In the 18th century, William Herschel incorrectly believed M31 was one of the nearest nebulae, located at a distance of not more than 17,000 light-years . However, he was correct in viewing the galaxy as an island universe like the Milky Way, although at such a small distance it would be much smaller in size than our own galaxy.M31 The Andromeda
Galaxy (credit:- Adam Evans)Read more ...
STARS
On a clear night, from a dark site with exceptional seeing there are about 2,500 stars visible to the naked eye at any one time and in total there are about 6,000 stars, maybe a few more, visible to the naked eye from Earth. However this represents a very tiny fraction of the number of stars in our Milky Way galaxy. Conservative estimates put the total number at 100 billion with probably many more. With at least 100 billion galaxies in the Universe the total number of stars in the Universe is enormous, almost unimaginable. In this section we list some of the more famous, unusual and historical significant stars / star groupings of interest to amateur astronomers.Read more ...
ALPHA CENTAURI - Α CEN Alpha Centauri is the third brightest star in the night sky. To the naked eye it shines at apparent magnitude -0.27, which is fainter than Canopus (mag. -0.72) but brighter than Arcturus (mag. -0.04) . However, Alpha Centauri is not a single star; it's a triple consisting of two bright components and a feeble red dwarf . For most of their orbit, the main stars are easily split with small telescopes. This is also the nearest star system to the Solar System. Alpha Centauri (credit:- ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/Davide DeMartin)
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SIRIUS - ALPHA CANIS MAJORIS - Α CMA There are at least 6,000 stars bright enough to be visible with the naked eye. Under dark skies, up to about 3,000 can be seen at any one time (since one half of the Earth is in daylight). However, none can rival the brilliance of Sirius, the brightest night time star. Located in the constellation of Canis Major, Sirius shines with an apparent magnitude of -1.46. It's noticeably brighter than its nearest rival Canopus (α Car mag. -0.72) and four times more brilliant than Arcturus , the brightest star in the northern section of sky. Sirius is also known as the "Dog Star". When close to the horizon it twinkles. Of course, the colour variations are only a result of the Earth's unsteady atmosphere. In practice, all stars do twinkle and to a lesser extent the planets as well. Sirius (credit:- Fred Espenak)Read more ...
MESSIER 43 - M43 - DE MAIRAN'S NEBULA (EMISSION/REFLECTION) M43 is a HII region located in the constellation of Orion that was discovered by Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan sometime before 1731. As part of the famous Orion Nebula (M42) , it's positioned just north of the main nebula and separated from it by a narrow dust lane. With an apparent mag. of +9.0, M43 is about 100 times fainter than M42, but still bright enough to be seen with binoculars. Occasionally, ninth mag. nebulae like M43 can be difficult to find - especially if located in barren parts of the sky - but not this one. Firstly, it's located in majestic Orion, perhaps the most recognizable of all constellations, secondly it's part of the Orion Nebula and therefore positioned right next to the great showpiece object and finally it has a relatively high surface brightness. Of course, finding M42 is easy, it's positioned 5 degrees south of the three bright stars that form Orion's belt (Mintaka, Alnilam and Alnitak). M43 is located just 8 arc minutes north of M42 surrounding a 7th magnitude star. M43 (and M42) are best seen during the months of December, January and February. M43 De Mairan's Nebula (credit:- NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)) Finder Chart for M43 (credit:- freestarcharts) Finder Chart for M43 - pdf format (credit:- freestarcharts)Read more ...
MESSIER 51 - M51 - THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY (SPIRAL GALAXY) M51, also known as the Whirlpool Galaxy, is a grand design spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It's one of the most famous galaxies in the sky, appearing face-on when viewed from Earth. At magnitude +8.4, it's relatively bright and visible in binoculars, especially from dark sites. M51 has a much smaller dwarf companion, known as NGC 5195, and together they form the finest and most studied example of an interacting galaxy pair in the sky. M51 was one of Charles Messier original discoveries on October 13, 1773. His friend Pierre Méchain discovered NGC 5195 on March 20, 1781. Messier described M51, as a faint nebula without stars, that was difficult to see. In his catalogue of 1781, he put M51 and NGC 5195 in the same note and therefore some confusion exists. Was he referring to M51 as the larger galaxy, or did he mean the pair itself. If it was the pair, then the main galaxy should really be referred to as M51A, with NGC 5195 separately known as M51B. Canes Venatici is a small northern constellation of faint stars that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Apart from its brightest member, Cor Caroli (α CVn - mag. +2.9), it contains no stars better than 4th magnitude. However, finding M51 isn't difficult as it positioned only a few degrees from the handle of the seven stars, that form the famous Plough or Big Dipper asterism of Ursa Major . To pinpoint M51, first identify Alkaid (η UMa - mag +1.9) the end star of the handle of the Plough. Located 3 degrees directly west of Alkaid is 24 UMa (mag. +4.5). Positioned a degree northeast of 24 UMa is a mag. +6.5 star. Now imagine a line connecting this star with 24 UMa and continue it southwards for a further two degrees. This leads to a triangle of stars of magnitudes +7.1, +7.1 and +7.5. All three are easily visible in binoculars, with M51 located just west of the southernmost star.Read more ...
NGC / IC CATALOGUES
The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC) is an extensive catalogue of astronomical deep sky objects that was compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. Danish born Dreyer spent much of his life in Ireland where he compiled the catalogue, which was based on Sir William Herschel's Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Herschel first published his catalogue containing 1,000 entries in 1786 with assistance from his sister Caroline. He then added another 1,000 entries in 1789 and a final 500 in 1802, bringing the total number of entries to 2,500. In 1864, Sir John Herschel the son of William then expanded the catalogue into the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters and Clusters of Stars (GC), which contained 5,079entries.
Dreyer build on the early work of the Herschel's to produce the renowned NGC, which is still used by astronomers all over the World today. In total he listed 7,840 objects that are referred to as NGC objects. The catalogue contains all types of deep sky objects including galaxies, nebulae , globular clusters , open clusters , supernova remnants and planetary nebulae . Compiling the catalogue was a massive task for Dreyer, he had to deal with many observation reports from a host of different scopes that contained numerous amounts of contradictory information. The sheer volume of information and number of objects meant Dreyer couldn't validate all of them himself and as a result, he had to accept some data as recorded. Although Dreyer himself was very accurate in his transcripts, it's perhaps not surprising that the catalogue contains several, mostly position and description errors. In addition to the NGC, Dreyer also published two supplements, known as the Index Catalogues (IC). The first containing 1,520 objects was published in 1895. The second published in 1908 listed an extra 3,866 objects. In total, the two IC's catalogues contain 5,386 objects. Various attempts have been made to correct the original NGC errors. These include the Revised New General Catalogue by Jack Sulentic and William Tifft in 1973 and NGC 2000.0 by Roger Sinnott in 1989 using J2000.0 coordinates. More recently, the Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue (Revised NGC/IC) published by Wolfgang Steinickein 1996.
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