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flow.
THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION
not about IP, but about logic Newsweek has an OK article on Internet Radio which contains the following very curious line: The rationale for a performance fee seems reasonable: why shouldn’t artists get some coin when Webcasters play their music?GENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders. GENE EXPRESSIONNEANDERTHALFAQCAMBODIAOREGONSOUTHEAST ASIAMIGRATION Open Thread – 05/30/2021 – Gene Expression. Posted on May 30, 2021. May 30, 2021 by Razib Khan. YouTube. The above video is from Eurovision. A bunch of 20-something Italians doing rock music is pretty weird, since rock is dead for all practical purposes in the USA. I’ve been setting up some Amazon book lists. FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more A GENETIC MAP OF THE WORLD A genetic map of the world. The above map is from a new preprint on the patterns of genetic variation as a function of geography for humans, Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography. The authors assemble an incredibly large dataset to generate these figures. The orange zones are “troughs” of geneflow.
THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION
not about IP, but about logic Newsweek has an OK article on Internet Radio which contains the following very curious line: The rationale for a performance fee seems reasonable: why shouldn’t artists get some coin when Webcasters play their music?GENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders.OPEN THREAD
9 hours ago · Peace, Poverty and Betrayal: A New History of British India. Don’t read if you haven’t read on this topic before. Also, check out John Darwin’s Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain.. Applying IQ to IQ. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more THE RISE OF A CHRISTIAN ELITE The above plot from a Peter Turchin blog post, Easter, Early Christians, and Cliodynamics, illustrates a sigmoid curve in the rise of Christianity among Roman elites (elites are relevant since we have data from them).If this is a topic you are interested in, Michelle Salzman’s The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire and Peter Brown’s THE “YAMNAYA” WERE NOT THE ANCESTORS OF THE “CORDED WARE In 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe and Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia were published. These two papers were game-changers. They established that the Yamnaya pastoralists of the Pontic steppe contributed a substantial proportion of ancestry to modern Europeans (later, the same was found to be the case in Indians and IN SEARCH OF BASAL EURASIANS, STILL In search of Basal Eurasians, still. A new preprint, Projecting ancient ancestry in modern-day Arabians and Iranians: a key role of the past exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on human migrations, finds that Basal Eurasian (BEu) ancestry seems to peak in eastern Arabia, and among Iberomaurusian people of late Pleistocene North Africa. BASAL HUMANS IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY CLOSET The ancient genome from South Africa was of not because it confirmed what many had long suspected: the deep structure of modern humans in Africa goes back quite a bit further than we had been assuming. A few years ago I co-wrote an op-ed for USA Today where I initially wrote that the Khoisan divergence from other humans was around ~200,000 years ago. . For various reasons I let a CHINA, DZUNGARS, AND UYGHURS On a less sarcastic note, there is a contradiction in the comment. The extermination of the Dzungars is characterized as “psychological recourse after severe trauma, a Society is an Individual-Collective, it has its own collective memory and experience, trauma to it THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. SOFT & HARD SELECTION VS. SOFT & HARD SWEEPS As for hard and soft sweeps, these are particular terms of relevance to genomics, because genome-wide data has allowed for their detection through the impact they have on the variation in the genome. A “sweep” is a strong selective event that tends to sweep away variation around the focus of selection. A hard sweep begins with a single mutant, and positive selection tends to drive it GENE EXPRESSION: BLONDE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS 1) The perception (based I assume in color plates in older anthropology books) that the blonde Aboriginals were ash in their coloration is correct. The reason, according to Birdsell, is that they exhibit very little pheomelanin in their hair. Of course there is a GENE EXPRESSIONNEANDERTHALFAQCAMBODIAOREGONSOUTHEAST ASIAMIGRATION Open Thread – 05/30/2021 – Gene Expression. Posted on May 30, 2021. May 30, 2021 by Razib Khan. YouTube. The above video is from Eurovision. A bunch of 20-something Italians doing rock music is pretty weird, since rock is dead for all practical purposes in the USA. I’ve been setting up some Amazon book lists. FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more IN SEARCH OF BASAL EURASIANS, STILL In search of Basal Eurasians, still. A new preprint, Projecting ancient ancestry in modern-day Arabians and Iranians: a key role of the past exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on human migrations, finds that Basal Eurasian (BEu) ancestry seems to peak in eastern Arabia, and among Iberomaurusian people of late Pleistocene North Africa. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders. GENE EXPRESSIONNEANDERTHALFAQCAMBODIAOREGONSOUTHEAST ASIAMIGRATION Open Thread – 05/30/2021 – Gene Expression. Posted on May 30, 2021. May 30, 2021 by Razib Khan. YouTube. The above video is from Eurovision. A bunch of 20-something Italians doing rock music is pretty weird, since rock is dead for all practical purposes in the USA. I’ve been setting up some Amazon book lists. FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more IN SEARCH OF BASAL EURASIANS, STILL In search of Basal Eurasians, still. A new preprint, Projecting ancient ancestry in modern-day Arabians and Iranians: a key role of the past exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on human migrations, finds that Basal Eurasian (BEu) ancestry seems to peak in eastern Arabia, and among Iberomaurusian people of late Pleistocene North Africa. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders.OPEN THREAD
E. O. Wilson’s Social Conquest of the Earth is now $2.99 on Kindle (don’t know how long this will last).. The “noble lie” on masks probably wasn’t a lie: Why Western public health went all-in on a campaign against masks.Basically, they didn’t know what they were talking about, but their authority is based on the premise that theydo.
THE RISE OF A CHRISTIAN ELITE The above plot from a Peter Turchin blog post, Easter, Early Christians, and Cliodynamics, illustrates a sigmoid curve in the rise of Christianity among Roman elites (elites are relevant since we have data from them).If this is a topic you are interested in, Michelle Salzman’s The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire and Peter Brown’s THE “YAMNAYA” WERE NOT THE ANCESTORS OF THE “CORDED WARE The “Yamnaya” were not the ancestors of the “Corded Ware” and “Bell Beakers”. In 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe and Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia were published. These two papers were game-changers. They established that the Yamnaya pastoralists of thePontic
BASAL HUMANS IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY CLOSET The ancient genome from South Africa was of not because it confirmed what many had long suspected: the deep structure of modern humans in Africa goes back quite a bit further than we had been assuming. A few years ago I co-wrote an op-ed for USA Today where I initially wrote that the Khoisan divergence from other humans was around ~200,000 years ago. . For various reasons I let a A GENETIC MAP OF THE WORLD A genetic map of the world. The above map is from a new preprint on the patterns of genetic variation as a function of geography for humans, Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography. The authors assemble an incredibly large dataset to generate these figures. The orange zones are “troughs” of geneflow.
CHINA, DZUNGARS, AND UYGHURS On a less sarcastic note, there is a contradiction in the comment. The extermination of the Dzungars is characterized as “psychological recourse after severe trauma, a Society is an Individual-Collective, it has its own collective memory and experience, trauma to it THE GENETICS OF THE TUATHA DÉ DANANN The genetics of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The power of ancient DNA in terms of human evolution at this point is to a large extent the ability to understand the arc of human cultural history as reflected in our genealogies. Archaeologists have long attempted to infer aspects of social and cultural practice from material remains. THE GENETIC PALIMPSEST OF THE HORN OF AFRICA The data seem to be pointing to the fact that the emergence of the genetic patterns in the “Horn of Africa” were likely complex, and occurred through multiple waves of interaction and migration. As the map above makes clears there are two major branches of the Afro-Asiatic language families present in Ethiopia and Somalia, Semitic and Cushitic. GENE EXPRESSION: BLONDE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS 1) The perception (based I assume in color plates in older anthropology books) that the blonde Aboriginals were ash in their coloration is correct. The reason, according to Birdsell, is that they exhibit very little pheomelanin in their hair. Of course there is a IN GRIP STRENGTH A WOMAN IN THE 90TH PERCENTILE WOULD BE The data to the left are from the paper Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.It is a German study, and compared three populations: normal men, normal women, and elite national level athletes in Germany in judo and handball. Judo and handball were selected because grip strength are at a premium in thesetwo sports.
GENE EXPRESSIONNEANDERTHALFAQCAMBODIAOREGONSOUTHEAST ASIAMIGRATION Open Thread – 05/30/2021 – Gene Expression. Posted on May 30, 2021. May 30, 2021 by Razib Khan. YouTube. The above video is from Eurovision. A bunch of 20-something Italians doing rock music is pretty weird, since rock is dead for all practical purposes in the USA. I’ve been setting up some Amazon book lists. FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more IN SEARCH OF BASAL EURASIANS, STILL In search of Basal Eurasians, still. A new preprint, Projecting ancient ancestry in modern-day Arabians and Iranians: a key role of the past exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on human migrations, finds that Basal Eurasian (BEu) ancestry seems to peak in eastern Arabia, and among Iberomaurusian people of late Pleistocene North Africa. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders. GENE EXPRESSIONNEANDERTHALFAQCAMBODIAOREGONSOUTHEAST ASIAMIGRATION Open Thread – 05/30/2021 – Gene Expression. Posted on May 30, 2021. May 30, 2021 by Razib Khan. YouTube. The above video is from Eurovision. A bunch of 20-something Italians doing rock music is pretty weird, since rock is dead for all practical purposes in the USA. I’ve been setting up some Amazon book lists. FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more IN SEARCH OF BASAL EURASIANS, STILL In search of Basal Eurasians, still. A new preprint, Projecting ancient ancestry in modern-day Arabians and Iranians: a key role of the past exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on human migrations, finds that Basal Eurasian (BEu) ancestry seems to peak in eastern Arabia, and among Iberomaurusian people of late Pleistocene North Africa. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's lifeGENE EXPRESSION
Title IX Redux A correspondent writes: . First you need to wake up and smell da coffee. The elimination of football PERIOD is the hidden agenda of some of the more ardent Title IX sports crusaders.OPEN THREAD
E. O. Wilson’s Social Conquest of the Earth is now $2.99 on Kindle (don’t know how long this will last).. The “noble lie” on masks probably wasn’t a lie: Why Western public health went all-in on a campaign against masks.Basically, they didn’t know what they were talking about, but their authority is based on the premise that theydo.
THE RISE OF A CHRISTIAN ELITE The above plot from a Peter Turchin blog post, Easter, Early Christians, and Cliodynamics, illustrates a sigmoid curve in the rise of Christianity among Roman elites (elites are relevant since we have data from them).If this is a topic you are interested in, Michelle Salzman’s The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire and Peter Brown’s THE “YAMNAYA” WERE NOT THE ANCESTORS OF THE “CORDED WARE The “Yamnaya” were not the ancestors of the “Corded Ware” and “Bell Beakers”. In 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe and Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia were published. These two papers were game-changers. They established that the Yamnaya pastoralists of thePontic
BASAL HUMANS IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY CLOSET The ancient genome from South Africa was of not because it confirmed what many had long suspected: the deep structure of modern humans in Africa goes back quite a bit further than we had been assuming. A few years ago I co-wrote an op-ed for USA Today where I initially wrote that the Khoisan divergence from other humans was around ~200,000 years ago. . For various reasons I let a A GENETIC MAP OF THE WORLD A genetic map of the world. The above map is from a new preprint on the patterns of genetic variation as a function of geography for humans, Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography. The authors assemble an incredibly large dataset to generate these figures. The orange zones are “troughs” of geneflow.
CHINA, DZUNGARS, AND UYGHURS On a less sarcastic note, there is a contradiction in the comment. The extermination of the Dzungars is characterized as “psychological recourse after severe trauma, a Society is an Individual-Collective, it has its own collective memory and experience, trauma to it THE GENETICS OF THE TUATHA DÉ DANANN The genetics of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The power of ancient DNA in terms of human evolution at this point is to a large extent the ability to understand the arc of human cultural history as reflected in our genealogies. Archaeologists have long attempted to infer aspects of social and cultural practice from material remains. THE GENETIC PALIMPSEST OF THE HORN OF AFRICA The data seem to be pointing to the fact that the emergence of the genetic patterns in the “Horn of Africa” were likely complex, and occurred through multiple waves of interaction and migration. As the map above makes clears there are two major branches of the Afro-Asiatic language families present in Ethiopia and Somalia, Semitic and Cushitic. GENE EXPRESSION: BLONDE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINALS 1) The perception (based I assume in color plates in older anthropology books) that the blonde Aboriginals were ash in their coloration is correct. The reason, according to Birdsell, is that they exhibit very little pheomelanin in their hair. Of course there is a IN GRIP STRENGTH A WOMAN IN THE 90TH PERCENTILE WOULD BE The data to the left are from the paper Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.It is a German study, and compared three populations: normal men, normal women, and elite national level athletes in Germany in judo and handball. Judo and handball were selected because grip strength are at a premium in thesetwo sports.
GENE EXPRESSIONEVOLUTIONARY GENETICSHOT SAUCEMIGRATIONCOVID-19POLITCSCHINA Bryan Ward-Perkins in The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization convinced me that material remains, or lack thereof, tell us something about social complexity and civilization as such. Eric Cline in 1177 B.C.:The Year Civilization Collapsed brings home to us just how fragile early societies were. Four centuries after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece the people of archaic 8th-century Greece FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. A GENETIC MAP OF THE WORLD A genetic map of the world. The above map is from a new preprint on the patterns of genetic variation as a function of geography for humans, Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography. The authors assemble an incredibly large dataset to generate these figures. The orange zones are “troughs” of geneflow.
GENE EXPRESSION
For nearly 1,000 years the kingdom of Champa occupied the coast of modern Vietnam, from Annam down to the Mekong delta. It was a maritime facing polity whose language was Austronesian. The Chams were closely connected to the people of Maritime Southeast Asia, and part of the broader Indic zone. They were Hindu. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
not about IP, but about logic Newsweek has an OK article on Internet Radio which contains the following very curious line: The rationale for a performance fee seems reasonable: why shouldn’t artists get some coin when Webcasters play their music?GENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's life GENE EXPRESSIONEVOLUTIONARY GENETICSHOT SAUCEMIGRATIONCOVID-19POLITCSCHINA Bryan Ward-Perkins in The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization convinced me that material remains, or lack thereof, tell us something about social complexity and civilization as such. Eric Cline in 1177 B.C.:The Year Civilization Collapsed brings home to us just how fragile early societies were. Four centuries after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece the people of archaic 8th-century Greece FEWER THAN 500 AMERICAN CHILDREN HAVE DIED OF COVID-19 Fewer than 500 American children have died of COVID-19. There are 258 confirmed deaths of COVID-19 for children. This is probably an underestimate, but I doubt it’s a two-fold underestimate. There are 74 million Americans who are in this age range. For comparison, 169 children under 15 years old died of asthma in 2016. A GENETIC MAP OF THE WORLD A genetic map of the world. The above map is from a new preprint on the patterns of genetic variation as a function of geography for humans, Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography. The authors assemble an incredibly large dataset to generate these figures. The orange zones are “troughs” of geneflow.
GENE EXPRESSION
For nearly 1,000 years the kingdom of Champa occupied the coast of modern Vietnam, from Annam down to the Mekong delta. It was a maritime facing polity whose language was Austronesian. The Chams were closely connected to the people of Maritime Southeast Asia, and part of the broader Indic zone. They were Hindu. THE NON-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY OF AFRIKANERS The gene flow from the Utah whites to the Gujuratis is simply an artifact of the fact that the Gujurati sample is mixed caste, and some of the Brahmin or Lohannas have more “Ancestral North Indian.”. The gene flow from the Europeans to the Khoisan is probably real, or, might be due to pastoralist admixture via East Africans. GENE EXPRESSION: OVERCLOCK YOUR ORGANIC PENTIUM Here is Greg Cochran's fascinating piece on "Overclocking" over at Jerry Pournelle's site.The opening paragrah of his pithy essay will give you a good taste: There is a good chance that an odd cluster of hereditary neurological diseases among the Ashkenazi Jews is a side-effect of strong selection for increased intelligence.GENE EXPRESSION: ID
Chris Mooney has an article up on the Intelligent Design movement. It certainly exhibits design, though less intelligence in my opinion. As Mooney notes, at least the Young Earth Creationists are intellectually coherent, and more importantly, honest .Update: I suggest everyone who is curious about the explanatory powers of Darwinism and critiques by the ID-folks to check out Boston ReviewGENE EXPRESSION
not about IP, but about logic Newsweek has an OK article on Internet Radio which contains the following very curious line: The rationale for a performance fee seems reasonable: why shouldn’t artists get some coin when Webcasters play their music?GENE EXPRESSION
LA leads the nation in number of murders Again from Nick Denton, this story on the absolute number of murders per year shows that Los Angeles has claimed that dubious national honor. But note that Detroit leaps off the page with 34 plus murders per 100000 per year. And that brings an important consideration to mind: the more relevant statistic, in my opinion at least, is the per capita murder GENE EXPRESSION: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS VS. MUHAMMED Southern Baptists vs. Muhammed Scott Galup writes eqloquently about the fact that someone who takes the claims of the monotheistic religious traditions without liberal revisionism must admit that most others are bound for hell (others depending on your own personal affiliation). Galupo balances the fact that many of the derogatory factual claims Southern Baptists make about Muhammed's life THE FRENCH BRONZE AGE IS WHAT MATTERS The French Bronze Age is what matters. Posted on May 27, 2020. May 27, 2020. by Razib Khan. A new preprint on ancient DNA, Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history. It goes from the late Pleistocene to the Iron Age, and has a lot of Neolithic samples, as well as Mesolithic and Bronze Age samples. AMBRY GENETICS AND PRS “EQUITY” Ambry Genetics and PRS “equity”. Posted on May 14, 2021. May 14, 2021. by Razib Khan. A few people shared with me some screenshots from a message from Ambry Genetics regarding polygenic risk scores (click to enlarge). From what I can gather this seems to indicate that they’ll stop offering polygenic risk scores until they become more THE RISE OF A CHRISTIAN ELITE The above plot from a Peter Turchin blog post, Easter, Early Christians, and Cliodynamics, illustrates a sigmoid curve in the rise of Christianity among Roman elites (elites are relevant since we have data from them).If this is a topic you are interested in, Michelle Salzman’s The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire and Peter Brown’s THE “YAMNAYA” WERE NOT THE ANCESTORS OF THE “CORDED WARE The “Yamnaya” were not the ancestors of the “Corded Ware” and “Bell Beakers”. In 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe and Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia were published. These two papers were game-changers. They established that the Yamnaya pastoralists of thePontic
BASAL HUMANS IN OUR EVOLUTIONARY CLOSET The ancient genome from South Africa was of not because it confirmed what many had long suspected: the deep structure of modern humans in Africa goes back quite a bit further than we had been assuming. A few years ago I co-wrote an op-ed for USA Today where I initially wrote that the Khoisan divergence from other humans was around ~200,000 years ago. . For various reasons I let a THE GENETICS OF THE TUATHA DÉ DANANN The genetics of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The power of ancient DNA in terms of human evolution at this point is to a large extent the ability to understand the arc of human cultural history as reflected in our genealogies. Archaeologists have long attempted to infer aspects of social and cultural practice from material remains. CHINA, DZUNGARS, AND UYGHURS On a less sarcastic note, there is a contradiction in the comment. The extermination of the Dzungars is characterized as “psychological recourse after severe trauma, a Society is an Individual-Collective, it has its own collective memory and experience, trauma to it ALINA CHAN IS CREDIBLE A question from long-time reader Riordan: Razib, I’ve been seeing this Twitter thread being passed around my Facebook circles yesterday: It relates to the curiosity of all of these #pangolinpapers being released on Feb 18-20, driving a mania that SARS2 came from pangolins; all 4 papers used the same 2019 dataset; there is a web of co-authorship (scroll to end of the thread cited here):https SOFT & HARD SELECTION VS. SOFT & HARD SWEEPS As for hard and soft sweeps, these are particular terms of relevance to genomics, because genome-wide data has allowed for their detection through the impact they have on the variation in the genome. A “sweep” is a strong selective event that tends to sweep away variation around the focus of selection. A hard sweep begins with a single mutant, and positive selection tends to drive it WHY BRONZE AGE STEPPE PEOPLE REPLACED THE FARMERS THEY Why Bronze Age steppe people replaced the farmers they conquered. One of the major revisions in my own mind about the demographic and historical processes of the Holocene in relation to humans has been the reality that large and dense agglomerations of agriculturalists could be marginalized by later peoples, to the point of having asmaller
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THE GREAT EXPLOSION ACROSS THE WORLD ISLAND Posted on May 12, 2020May 12, 2020by Razib Khan
Last
week I recorded an episode of The Insight with Chris Stringer. The topic de jure mostly had to do with Denisovans…but now I wish I’d waited a week. There would have been more to talk about! Two new papers have confirmed and solidified the FACT THAT MODERN HUMANS EXPANDED INTO EUROPE EARLIER THAN WE HAD ACCEPTED. A 14C chronology for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition at Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria, and Initial Upper
Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. The authors dated
a cave inhabited by individuals with modern human remains “to 45,820–43,650 cal BP (95.4% probability), probably beginning from 46,940 cal BP (95.4% probability).” And, they obtained mtDNA. The results established that these individuals were basal non-Africans of haplogroup M. Today there are very few West Eurasians, and almost no native Europeans, who carry haplogroup M, which is frequent in India and parts east. But this is not the first M found in Europe during the Pleistocene. The point though is that in concert with the results for Oase in Romania roughly contemporaneous (if perhaps somewhat later), they establish strongly that the FIRST MODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE DID NOT LEAVE DESCENDANTS IN THE CONTINENT.And,
perhaps most intriguingly these results confirm that Neanderthals and modern humans existed in Europe for at least 7,000 years simultaneously. This puts paid to the idea that the period of interaction between these two groups was short. The authors even suggest that Neanderthal archaeological cultures exhibit modern humaninfluence.
On a broader scale, THESE RESULTS BRING BALANCE AND ORDER BACK INTO THE WORLD. One stylized fact that has long been fascinating is that Australia seems to have been occupied by modern humans 5-10,000 years earlier than Europe. A reasonable explanation for this fact is that Neanderthals occupied Europe. But humans, we now know, tend to engage, interact, and migrate. Though there are older dates, very high confidence results indicate that humans reached Australia 49,000 yearsago
.
This site would be only 2,000 years later, and it seems plausible that this wasn’t the first. The best genetic evidence now suggests that at minimum modern humans began to diversify 200,000 years ago in Africa, though it is more likely that some lineages branched out earlier. Among “non-Africans,” some groups may have separated earlier, the “Basal Eurasians” (they may have less Neanderthal than the other non-Africans). But the majority expanded explosively ~50,000 years ago. These are the ancestors of European Pleistocene and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and Oceanians, East Asians, and other easternpeoples.
Mitochondrial DNA is copious, so easy to extract. But often after mtDNA comes autosomal DNA. So hoping, hoping…0
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on The great explosion across the World Island WEST ASIAN ANCESTRY IN KNANAYA GREATER THAN “NASRANI” WHICH IS GREATER THAN MAPPILA Posted on May 11, 2020May 11, 2020by Razib Khan
click
to enlarge
unsupervised
Since I last blogged about the Knanaya Christians of Kerala my collaborator has gotten me more samples from this southern state. I decided to look at all the Knanaya (I’m nearly 20 samples now), the 5 Nasrani I have, and 2 Nairs and 2 Mappila. I’m running some more detailed analyses, but I thought I would pass on what I’ve found out so far. You can see in the PCA and in the unsupervised admixture plot to the right and the supervised plot to the left that KNANAYA ARE ENRICHED FOR WEST ASIAN ANCESTRY. I included Yemeni Jews since they are one end of the “pole.” The Middle Eastern ancestry of the Knanaya are likely to be Semitic, not Iran. These results confirm it.supervised
The Nasrani samples I have also show this pattern. BUT IT IS ATTENUATED. Finally, the two Mappila, Muslims from Kerala, do not show a shift at all. The two Nair are in the same place as South Indian Brahmins. This is likely the consequence of sambandam.
All that being said, I feel that the Kerala populations as a whole are often “west-shifted.” Why? My hunch is that the seaborn trade with the “west” was long-standing and pretty extensive. Finally, I’m always struck by how some North Indian groups have more “steppe” ancestry than Iranians.3+
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Knanaya 19 Comments on West Asian Ancestry in Knanaya greater than “Nasrani” which is greater than Mappila SELECTION FOR PIGMENTATION LOCI…BUT NOT PIGMENTATION? Posted on May 11, 2020May 11, 2020by Razib Khan
About a year and a half ago at ASHG, I had a discussion with Dan Ju and Iain Mathieson about their work on ancient pigmentation. Or, more precisely, ancient pigmentation related genes. Now it’s out in a preprint, The evolution of skin pigmentation associated variation inWest Eurasia
:
> …It is unclear whether selection has operated on all the genetic > variation associated with skin pigmentation as opposed to just a > small number of large-effect variants. Here, we address this > question using ancient DNA from 1158 individuals from West Eurasia > covering a period of 40,000 years combined with genome-wide > association summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We find a robust > signal of directional selection in ancient West Eurasians on skin > pigmentation variants ascertained in the UK Biobank, BUT FIND THIS > SIGNAL IS DRIVEN MOSTLY BY A LIMITED NUMBER OF LARGE-EFFECT > VARIANTS. Consistent with this observation, we find that a polygenic > selection test in present-day populations fails to detect selection > with the full set of variants; rather, only the top five show strong > evidence of selection. Our data allow us to disentangle the effects > of admixture and selection. Most notably, a large-effect variant at > SLC24A5 was introduced to Europe by migrations of Neolithic farming > populations BUT CONTINUED TO BE UNDER SELECTION POST-ADMIXTURE. This > study shows that the response to selection for light skin > pigmentation in West Eurasia was driven by a relatively small > proportion of the variants that are associated with present-day > phenotypic variation. There are a lot of moving parts in this preprint. Look closely, and you will notice that the authors are careful to stipulate that THEY CAN’T REALLY INFER THE PIGMENTATION OF ANCIENT PEOPLES, ONLY THE ALLELES ASCERTAINED IN MODERN POPULATIONS. This matters, because naive deployments of polygenic risk score models trained on modern populations projected on ancient ones seem highly suspect. I’m thinking here mostly of the “Cheddar Man is black” meme. It is true that using modern SNP batteries Mesolithic Europeans are predicted to be rather dark-skinned, but higher latitude humans tend to be paler, on average, than lower latitude humans (albeit, not as pale as the typical Northern European!). But, we can be sure about the alleles we do know about, and, their likely effect (the functional understanding of these pathways is pretty good).The
best modern genetic analyses of pigmentation suggest that variation is dominated by some large-effect loci, but that there is a large residual of smaller-effect loci segregating within the population (I’ve seen 50% accounted for with SNPs, and 50% as “ancestry”, which really masks small-effect QTLs). This is in contrast with the architecture in height, where there are few large-effect loci, and almost all of the variance is small-effect loci. What Ju et al. confirm is that selection “for pigmentation” is due to the large-effect loci; there’s no polygenic selection detectable on the smaller-effect loci for the ancient populations. Importantly, the change in allele frequency isn’t just due to admixture. It’s also due to selection after admixture. I use quotes above because honestly, I think these sorts of results make it unclear what the selection was for. The general prior is conditioned on the fact that even after a few decades we still think of _EDAR_ as a hair-thickness gene, but it’s one of the strongest signals of selection in the human genome. The “light” allele in _SLC24A5 _is at an incredibly high frequency in Europe today, and has increased in the last 4,000 years. Though this SNP is impactful for the complexion, it’s hard to imagine how strong selection must be to drive it from 95% to 99.5% (as per 2005 paper on this SNP, the “light” allele exhibits some phenotypic dominance).As
noted in the preprint, there’s not enough data on other regions of the world. It’s hard to assess what’s going on Europe without assessing other regions. The authors do present an intriguing suggestion: that lighter pigmentation in East Asia is driven by smaller-effect genes shifted through polygenic selection. I’ll present a strange hypothesis: selection for lighter skin at high latitudes through polygenic selection on standing variation naturally takes populations to the coloring of Northeast Asians. But very light complexion, as you see in Northern Europe, could be due to strong selection on the large-effect pigmentation genes, AND PIGMENTATION ITSELF MAY SIMPLY BE A SIDE EFFECT DUE TO A GENETIC CORRELATION WITH THE TRUE TARGET OF SELECTION.2+
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Comments on Selection for pigmentation loci…but not pigmentation? THE DECLINE OF GENOCIDE AND THE RISE OF RENTS Posted on May 7, 2020May 11, 2020by Razib Khan
About
half a decade ago Steven Pinker wrote The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined.
There were many criticisms of the book, but on the whole, I think it pushes forward an argument that is a reasonable description of reality: DESCRIPTIVELY, VIOLENCE HAS DECLINED OVER THE HOLOCENE. Why? Carl von Clausewitz asserted “war is a continuation of politics by other means.” I think this gets at an important aspect of the “MODERN way of war”, and the instrumental use of state and social violence: THEY EXIST TO REINFORCE A PARTICULAR SOCIAL ORDER. And order tends to go along with peace. I do not think Clausewitz would have correctly described the world 10,000 years ago. In War before Civilization,
the author describes a world of great brutality during the early Neolithic. Peter Turchin has criticized Pinker on these grounds, arguing that violence peaked during the early Holocene, during the transition from a world of hunters and gatherers, to a world of farmers. During the Neolithic, war is often best understood not as diplomacy, BUT PURE ELIMINATIONIST COMPETITION. Animal conflict between rival troupes.Neolithic
farmers, who probably had tribal confederacies, engaged in violence against hunter-gatherers. But except for the more dense societies of the coastal fringes, on the whole, the relationship was probably similar to that between European settlers and Australian Aboriginals: they perceived the indigenous European Mesolithic people as vermin or pests, not as other societies which could be bargained with, or absorbed (though the latter did occur). This probably explains the relatively long period of genetic segregation, as there were strong barriers between mixing between the two populations.As
we come closer and closer to the modern age, WAR BECAME LESS ABOUT ELIMINATION, AND MORE ABOUT DIPLOMACY, CO-OPTION, AND ABSORPTION. War was a preamble to the next stage of negotiation. When Genghis Khan conquered northern China he wanted to turn it into pastureland. This would mean a famine to remove the human population of the region. His Khitai advisor, Yelu Chucai , who was stepped in Confucian learning, argued that taxation of the native population would be much more profitable than the Mongols and their allies engaging in primary production through pastoralism. The key to preventing genocide was convincing warlike elites that _rents_ were easier and more profitable than acquiring more land which one had to toil oneself. THAT IS, ACQUIRE PEOPLE, NOT JUST LAND.I
write this in the context of trying to understand the genetic history of India. WHY IS IT THAT INDO-ARYANS CONTRIBUTE _AT LEAST_ ~15% OF THE ANCESTRY ON THE GANGETIC PLAIN, WHILE THE LATER TURCO-MUSLIMS CONTRIBUTE ALMOST NONE? The answer here ventures into ideologically fraught territory because many Hindus take the word of Muslim chroniclers at their word that the predations upon the local population were marked by great brutality and killing. The northwestern fringe of southern Indian was quite populous during the Indus Valley Civilization period. It was far larger in territory than Mesopotamia or Egypt. In contrast, the Eurasian heartland was always thinly populated. Then, and now. The number of Sintashta descended Indo-Aryans was originally small. IT WAS ALWAYS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE THAT THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT WAS VERY SMALL. Perhaps like that of the Magyars in Hungary. Ten years ago when the first evidence emerged that India was reshaped by Holocene admixtures I simply refused to believe it at first due to the demographic heft of theregion.
So
what happened? I think we need to understand that it is likely the early Sintashta warriors did not have Yelu Chucai whispering in their ears. They were horse-warriors par excellence, while the Eurasian _oikoumene_ was relatively underdeveloped compared to what it would be later. There is evidence from Europe that early farming societies underwent massive demographic collapse due to endogenous forces (and perhaps exogenous climate shocks). There is no reason this could not be true elsewhere. Second, aside from the cultural toolkit of farming practices being underdeveloped, IDEOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATIONS FOR SOCIAL COHESION WERE PRIMITIVE. When the original Indo-Aryans arrived as agro-pastoralists into a semi-barbarized post-Indus Valley village society I BELIEVE THEY SAW PASTURELAND FOR THEIR CATTLE AND HORSES! Though some sort of priesthood probably survived, and transmuted into Brahmins (who assimilated many Indo-Aryan priests and shamans), there were no learned advisors handing out ancient traditions of yore. The Indo-Aryans saw an animal battle for resources, and despite their small numbers they “squeezed” the local peasantry (the mtDNA indicates very few Indo-Aryan females, so these were muarading males). This was not an organized ideological genocide, IT WAS SIMPLY NICHEDISPLACEMENT.
In
contrast, 2,000 years later when the White Huns arrived from Central Asia, they established themselves as the warrior elite of an already organically elaborated society, with a clear and distinct ideology of self, and local sub-elites which were in place to extract rents from the populace. The Indo-Aryans were more like the Dark Age Greeks, with Odysseus, a “king” still doing some of his own farming andshepherding.
The Turco-Muslims were different in that they had another alternative ideology. They were not uncooked barbarians, they had already been cooked by Islam. They were not absorbed into India because they maintained connections with Iran and Turan, and were part of the broader Dar-ul-Islam. THEY WERE IN INDIA, BUT NOT OF INDIA. But, the institutional structures of India were useful for the purposes of extracting rents. India was rich, which for most of history meant richin people.
The Turco-Muslims came out of a milieu where they were originally slave soldiers of Iranian rulers who lived richly in sumptuous cities. Eventually, they invariably overthrew their masters and moved into the palaces themselves. Unlike the Mongols or their own ancestors, these were not people who had just come out of the tents. They did not have to be educated in the fact that maintaining the mechanisms of the old order would be more profitable than creating from anew. All this is relevant because some people, Muslim and Hindus,
assert that the Turco-Muslims engaged in massive killings and persecutions. The Turco-Muslims themselves claimed to have engaged in incredible violence against the unbelievers, styling themselves ghazis, warriors for the faith. Modern South Asian Muslims implicitly agree with the decimation when they assert that their ancestors were West and Central Asian. BOTH THESE CONTENTIONS ARE FALSE. The Turco-Muslims, like the Teutonic Knights and Sword Brothers in the Baltic, were proximately motivated by a desire for wealth and leisure. This is clear because the same people spread west out of the fringes of Khorasan, taking over Iranian and Arab polities one after the other through violence. But in the westward movement, there was no religious rationale given, because the Turks were Muslim, and those whom they conquered were mostly Muslim (though the Seljuqs presented themselves as protectors of Sunni Islam, overthrowing the Shia Buywids). Obviously, this was not the case in India. An idealistic rationale presented itself to mask their avaricious behavior, and they promotedthat rationale.
Second, genetically the data is clear that very little ancestry in South Asian Muslims is exogenous. ALMOST ALL THE ANCESTORS OF SOUTH ASIAN MUSLIMS WERE RESIDENTS OF SOUTH ASIA 1,000 YEARS AGO. Many of the upper-class Muslims who claim West Asian ancestry actually descend from upper-caste Hindus. This is clear when you look at the true Y chromosomal lineages of Syeds, those who claim paternal descent from the lineage of Muhammad’s clan.From
the perspective of Hindus, 30% of the people of the Indian subcontinent are now Muslims. This is a traumatic fact for them. Additionally, between 1200 and 1750 AD Muslims were dominant across most of the subcontinent, and engaged in a project of cultural imperialism and hegemony which left psychic scars on the Indian elites, and physical scars on the architectural landscape. To be entirely frank, a project of coercive, brutal, and violent, conversion to Islam by Turks is in some ways more reassuring to many Indian elites than the fact that there was a softness to the support for native Indian religious views in many parts of the subcontinent. As it is, Hinduism remained the overwhelming religion in the heart of Turco-Muslim power in the upper reaches of the Gangetic plain, with Islam made particular headway in the margins and fringes of SouthAsia.
THE BIGGER PICTURE HERE IS THAT HUMAN SOCIETIES AND CULTURAL SYSTEMS EVOLVE, AND BECOME MORE ROBUST. The gap between the Han and Suit-Tang was more than 300 years. The “handoff” between the Ming and Ching (Manchus) was nearly immediate. The Chinese ideological system of rule became more efficient, more effective, over time. The ideological system of domination and control was perfected. The Manchus placed themselves on top of machinery that they inherited roughly intact from the Ming. This is not to say that they could not employ genocidal brutality. The Oirat Mongols were the last great nomadic polity. To “solve” this problem the Manchus in the 18th century engaged in a program of extermination against the Oirat led Dzhungar confederacy. By some estimates, 90% of the Dzhungars died, whether through direct slaughter, or, more often, starvation. Of course, the Manchus were not ideologically oriented toward genocide. It was simply an instrument. Nor do I believe that the peoples of the Neolithic and Bronze Age were ideologically oriented toward genocide. The question would not make any sense. Rather, the extermination of other groups was simply an instrument of existence in their lives. They died. Or their enemies died.The
interests of the German peasant-warrior flooding into the Roman territories were to drive off the local peasants and their landlords. The interests of the tribal elite was to increase the number of people whom they ruled and could extract rents from, as well as maintaining the position of some of the older elites as service nobilities and candidates for positions within the Church. Similarly, the English settlers in the New World consistently behaved in a more brutal manner toward the native peoples and attempted to push into the interior far more vigorously, than anything the British crown wished to countenance. In an economic and political world of stability, the British crown would do better, but the interests of the American colonists was toward more aggressive dynamism. It was the emergence of complex multiethnic imperial systems, along with class stratification and divergence of interests, that the reflex toward genocide declined. A “flat” world is a violent world.6+
Facebook Twitter Email SharePosted in History
Tagged History
31 Comments on The
decline of genocide and the rise of rents LET’S HOPE THE 21ST CENTURY IS NOT ANOTHER RED CENTURY Posted on May 5, 2020May 5, 2020by Razib Khan
A
few years ago The New York Times had a strange series of articles about Communism, “Red Century” . Some of the pieces seemed almost laudatory of Communism and the Soviet Union. I don’t necessarily think that everything I read should have the same moral stances as I do, but much of the contemporary media is HIGHLY MORALISTIC in regard to matters of history. So it struck me as a rather strange that the ideology under whose banners the highest totalitarian body counts of the 20th century occurred should be givena “fair shake.”
I thought of this because there was a recent “Twitter controversy” about the unacceptability of some books that some people had on their bookshelves. These were, of course, Lefty scolds of the usual sort. But it got me thinking: in my books, I believe I have Karl Marx’sDas Kapital
volumes along with Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
The reason I have these books is that I thought perhaps I should go and refamiliarize myself with the 18th and 19th century precursors of modern economic and social thought. As it happens I’ve never been able to devote much time to reading Marx or Smith. My ownership of books by Karl Marx, and, Christian apologetics, is due to the fact that I read lots of stuff I don’t “agree” with. Sometimes you read things you disagree with. That seems what a curious and liberal-minded person should do? This is just very old-fashioned now? But it brings me to a final point. This is Karl Marx’s birthday. I don’t know much about his biography besides the simple sketch. WOULD HE HAVE BEEN SHOCKED AND OUTRAGED AS A PERSON BY THE MILLIONS WHO WERE KILLED IN HIS NAME IN THE 20TH CENTURY? Do readers know?1+
Facebook Twitter Email SharePosted in History
Tagged Karl Marx
19 Comments on Let’s hope the 21st century is not another Red Century OPEN THREAD, 05/04/2020 Posted on May 4, 2020May 4, 2020by
Razib Khan
Imperial
Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age is pretty good. It gives a blow-by-blow of the lead up to the Opium Wars. One gets a more visceral sense of why Chinese nationalists hatethe West so much.
Influenza: The Hundred-Year Hunt to Cure the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic and Salt: A World History are both Amazon Kindle deals. Recommended, especially the second. Understanding the Eneolithic steppe.
If you are curious about ancient DNA and you aren’t reading David what’s wrong with you? The search for sexually antagonistic genes: Practical insights from studies of local adaptation and statistical genomics.
Fast and accurate approximation of the joint site frequency spectrum of multiple populations.
SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans. What does this mean forre-emergence?
Multiethnic catalog of structural variants and their translational impact for disease phenotypes across 19,652 genomes.
In a City Frozen in Fear, Time Freezes, Too.
Great images of Delhi during lockdown. Can Genetic Engineering Bring Back the American Chestnut?Low-coverage
sequencing cost-effectively detects known and novel variation in underrepresented populations.
Low-coverage sequencing is getting competitive with arrays. China’s Factories Are Back. Its Consumers Aren’t.“Demand shock!”
De novo mutation in ancestral generations evolves haplotypes contributing to disease.
Cuomo’s N.Y. Reopening Plan: 10 Regions, 4 Phases, Many Caveats.
Got Muhammad and the Empires of Faith.
On this weblog, I’ve expressed optimism about COVID-19. 45,000 deaths in the USA? Perhaps 85,000? Seems like I was too optimistic. It looks like we’ll go well over 100,000 thousand, and we don’t have a good roadmap for the future. Hopefully, something helps us.1+
Facebook Twitter Email Share Posted in Open ThreadTagged Open
Thread 15 Comments on Open Thread, 05/04/2020 THE MYTH OF ARABIAN PAGANISM, AND THE JEWISH-CHRISTIAN ORIGINS OF THEUMAYYADS
Posted on April 28, 2020May 4, 2020by Razib Khan
Today
on Twitter there was something interesting and edifying posted. The account above reported the finding that 6TH-CENTURY INSCRIPTIONS OF A RELIGIOUS CHARACTER IN ARABIA SEEM TO INVARIABLY BE CHRISTIAN, RATHER THAN PAGAN. This is interesting and surprising because Islamic tradition, and works such as the 8th-century Book of Idols , allude to a 6th-century Arabia which was aggressively pagan. Islamic tradition speaks of the city of Mecca as a center of public elite paganism; a pilgrimage site for Arabian pagans. This was the paganism that the prophet Muhammad rebuked and destroyed. The conventional narrative is that these newly converted Arabs burst out upon the world, conquering much of Byzantium, and swallowing Persia in toto, in their zeal. Muslims believe that their religion is the primordial religion, the monotheism of Adam, the first man. Traditionally groups such as Christians and Jews were seen as reflecting some of that primordial religion, while beyond them were “polytheists,” whose religion was totally debased (modern liberal Muslims have adopted and expanded the idea attributed to Christians and Jews, and argue that religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism also contain fragments of the divine revelation). In contrast, most non-Muslims see in Islam an appropriation and refashioning of the monotheism of the Christians and Jews. Therefore, most non-Muslims accept that Muhammad converted pagan Arabs to a new religion, but it was a religion he and his followers invented from preexisting ideas borrowed and adapted from Christianity and Judaism. Read More11+
Facebook Twitter Email Share Posted in Islam Tagged Islam 24 Comments on The myth of Arabian paganism, and the Jewish-Christian origins of theUmayyads
NOT TOO MANY YOUNG ARE DYING FROM COVID-19 Posted on April 28, 2020April 28, 2020by Razib Khan
When does COVID-19 get more dangerous than the flu? The CDChas some deaths
listed for COVID-19. It also has deaths recorded for influenza. THESE ARE NOT PERFECT RECORDS, but, they give us a general comparativesense.
The total count in their data for the column I’ve plotting is about half of or so of the current death total for the USA. With that said, COVID-19 seems to be a really marginal disease in terms of MORTALITY for those 24 years and under. For those 85 years or old COVID-19 is killing order of magnitude more than the flu. Of course, there is MORBIDITY as well as mortality. COVID-19 seems to have a longer course of progression for the symptomatic, and, there is the worry that it may cause lifetime problems in many people who survive from the severe cases (and even possibly the asymptomatic). But, the number of people who are under the age of 40 who are dying doesn’t seem that high. And yet when I see headlines and profiles in the media, a huge number of feature focuses seem to be about younger people who die of COVID-19. Why? Obviously, because the deaths of the younger are surprising. But, I also think that part of it is the same rationale for the HIV-AIDS campaign: by pretending as if everyone is vulnerable, you obtain mass social mobilization. I happen to know lots of people will not look at the raw data to understand what’s happening. But enough will to get annoyed. 50% of the deaths in Europe are in care homes. My family is self-quarantining no because we feel at risk, we’re not. But because there are older people in our family from whom we don’t want to be exiled. Does the media think if we admit and highlight the enormous danger that older people in particular face, we’ll conclude that they’re disposable?5+
Facebook Twitter Email SharePosted in Health ,
Health & Medicine
Tagged
COVID-19 9 Comments on Not too many young are dying from COVID-19 THE DEATH OF OLD EUROPE Posted on April 27, 2020April 27, 2020by Razib Khan
A
new paper reports
on a transect of ancient DNA from Switzerland confirms a lot of things we knew: THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE NEOLITHIC AND COPPER AGE SAW A SHIFT TOWARD INCREASED “STEPPE” ANCESTRY WHICH WAS STRONGLY MALE MEDIATED. But one section jumped out at me: > The social and family structures, as reconstructed by biological > kinship networks, REMAIN THE SAME BEFORE AND AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF > STEPPE-RELATED ANCESTRY IN THE REGION. The predominant social > structure in populations buried at the sites investigated in this > study must have been a patrilocal society where males stayed where > they were born, and females came from more distant living families, > a societal dynamic which has been confirmed by stable isotopes… The late Marija Gimbutas posited, correctly, that Indo-European languages arrived in Europe through the migration of Kurgan builders from the Pontic steppe. She also suggested that they replaced a more peaceful matrifocal farming population. “Old Europe.” It does not seem she was correct on this. Lawrence Keely’s War Before Human Civilization has an extensive section on the violence that farmers brought to Europe. The data in this paper shows a massive shift from Y chromosome G2 to R1b coincident with the arrival of steppe populations. I’ll leave to those with more familiarity with archaeology to work out the details, but this is another case of male groups replacingother male groups.
7+
Facebook Twitter Email SharePosted in Neolithic
Tagged Europe
, Neolithic
17 Comments on The
death of Old Europe
OPEN THREAD, 04/25/2020 Posted on April 25, 2020April 25, 2020by
Razib Khan
Between
family, work, and other stuff, I’ve been remiss in posting “open threads.” Life changes. I remember back in 2010 I was posting _daily_ roundups of links and what not. No time for that. Finished The Souls of China: The Return of Religion After Mao.
Recommended. One thing that most of you likely know is that the surveys which indicate low levels of religiosity in China are partly an artifact of translation. Chinese who have no affiliation to a confessional religion may still have supernatural beliefs. Reading Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s LastGolden Age
.
This piece in _Wired_ is getting some attention, ‘Expert Twitter’ Only Goes So Far. Bring Back Blogs.
I’ve been trying to nudge people back to blogging for the last 5 years or so, to no avail. The “activation energy” for Twitter is lower, and the exposure and feedback is so immediate. How can you compete with that? My argument is blogs have the “long tail”…but the “long tail” is also very 2000s!With
this talk of blogs, I’ve been bringing up Warriors of the Cloisters: The Central Asian Origins of Science in the Medieval World up a lot. The reason is that it outlines with _STRUCTURED_ TEXT IS SO IMPORTANT FOR DIALOGUE. This is most evident in the form of a scientific paper, which has a precise structure that others adhere to, and engage with. Here is part of the summary: > Warriors of the Cloisters tells how key cultural innovations from > Central Asia revolutionized medieval Europe and gave rise to the > culture of science in the West. Medieval scholars rarely performed > scientific experiments, but instead contested issues in natural > science, philosophy, and theology USING THE RECURSIVE ARGUMENT > METHOD. This highly distinctive and unusual method of disputation > was a core feature of medieval science, the predecessor of modern> science…
You can imagine the recursive argument method working in structured debate podcasts and YouTube live streams, but I think the latency and time for thought allowed for text makes it superior in that form in terms of depth. It’s almost impossible to pull off on Twitter. Zoom’s Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It.
Zoom might be like Netscape. The genetic variation of lactase persistence alleles in northeastAfrica
. I
will probably blog this shortly. Population genomics insights into the recent evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
Genomic regions linked to soft sweeps approximate neutrality when inferring population history from site pattern frequencies.
The
Post-Pandemic Paradigm and Why China Has Won.
I hope this is wrong. Evolutionary history of modern Samoans.
Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins.
Identity-by-descent detection across 487,409 British samples reveals fine-scale population structure, evolutionary history, and traitassociations
.
A Timescale for the Radiation of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.
‘Turn Around, Go Back’: Summer Islands Don’t Want Coronavirus, or You – The New York Times.
As
Africa Groans Under Debt, It Casts Wary Eye at China.
While Western academics were prattling on about post-colonialism, Africa was being recolonized by China through debt. Powered by Fear, Indians Embrace Coronavirus Lockdown.
Fear. Indians have firsthand recent experience with the literal plague. The best predictor of how societies have reacted to SARS-CoV-2 is whether they’ve been hit by infectious epidemics recently.It’s
Time To Build . I
think for the West the question is can we do it. We can. It’s do we have the will? Not sure. The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: sex chromosomes vs. autosomes.
I interviewed the author of The Lost Family: How DNA Testing Is Upending Who We Are for the podcast. I “blurbed” the book, so I obviously liked it. It’s not a monograph, there’s a pretty compelling throughline of a familial narrative, but buttressed by a thorough exploration of a lot of scientific details.1+
Facebook Twitter Email Share Posted in Open ThreadTagged Open
Thread 27 Comments on Open Thread, 04/25/2020POSTS NAVIGATION
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