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altitude exist for
SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. STEAM CRACKING PROCESS Steam Cracking Process. A typical ethane cracker has several identical pyrolysis furnaces in which fresh ethane feed and recycled ethane are cracked with steam as a diluent. Figure 3-12 is a block diagram for ethylene from ethane. The outlet temperature is usually in the 800°Crange.
46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter 13 OPERATIONAL ENVELOPES AND STANDARD ATMOSPHERE Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities). Similar limitations in velocity andaltitude exist for
SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. STEAM CRACKING PROCESS Steam Cracking Process. A typical ethane cracker has several identical pyrolysis furnaces in which fresh ethane feed and recycled ethane are cracked with steam as a diluent. Figure 3-12 is a block diagram for ethylene from ethane. The outlet temperature is usually in the 800°Crange.
46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. EXERCISE - CENTRE FLOTATION - BEYOND DISCOVERY 1 A ship of 8500 tonnes displacement has TPC 10 tonnes, MCT 1 cm = 100 tonnes m and the centre of flotation is amidships. She is completing loading under coal tips. Nos. 2 and 3 holds are full, but space is available in No. 1 hold (centre of gravity 50 m forward of amidships), and in No. 4 hold (centre of gravity 45 m aft of amidships).ROTATING CUTTERS
Rotating Cutters. Last Updated on Tue, 23 Mar 2021 | Wastewater Treatment. The rotating-screen-type comminutor consists of a motor-driven, revolving, vertical drum almost completely submerged in the wastewater flow. Water passes into the drum through slots and out the bottom (see Figure 7.14.9). Material that is too large to passthrough the
535 THE TEXACO PROCESS 535 The Texaco Process. The Texaco gasification process was developed in the late 1940s. Although the main focus at that time was on utilization of natural gas reserves, some work on coal gasification was also performed (Schlinger 1984). The process achieved commercialization initially with gas feed (1950) and later withliquids (1956).
INDEXING OPERATION
The dividing head (also called index head) is a device used to rotate a workpiece through given angles—usually equal divisions of a circle. Indexing is the operation in which the spindle of an index head is rotated through a desired angle by means of turning the index crank, which controls the interposed gearing.THE CARBON FACE
The Carbon Face. Last Updated on Thu, 17 Dec 2020 | Mechanical Seal. Chipping on the O.D. of the carbon. Indicating vibration. • This can be caused by harmonic vibration, or if the rotating equipment hits a critical speed. • Slipstick can occur if you are pumping a fluid with poor lubricating qualities. • Mishandling is a common problem. 63 THE CONTEXT OF A PROCESS Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process. Parts of the virtual address space of a process that periodically do not residein
11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEEL SUSPENSIONS The suspension of modern vehicles need to satisfy a number of requirements whose aims partly conflict because of different operating conditions (loaded/unloaded, acceleration/braking, level/uneven road, straight running/ cornering).31 BUFFER HEADERS
31 Buffer Headers. During system initialization, the kernel allocates space for a number of buffers, configurable according to memory size and system performance constraints. A buffer consists of two parts: a memory array that contains data from the disk and a buffer header that identifies the buffer. Because there is a one to one mapping of HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. 13 OPERATIONAL ENVELOPES AND STANDARD ATMOSPHERE Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities). Similar limitations in velocity andaltitude exist for
1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. 63 THE CONTEXT OF A PROCESS Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process. Parts of the virtual address space of a process that periodically do not residein
AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. 13 OPERATIONAL ENVELOPES AND STANDARD ATMOSPHERE Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities). Similar limitations in velocity andaltitude exist for
1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. 63 THE CONTEXT OF A PROCESS Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process. Parts of the virtual address space of a process that periodically do not residein
AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. EXERCISE - CENTRE FLOTATION - BEYOND DISCOVERY 1 A ship of 8500 tonnes displacement has TPC 10 tonnes, MCT 1 cm = 100 tonnes m and the centre of flotation is amidships. She is completing loading under coal tips. Nos. 2 and 3 holds are full, but space is available in No. 1 hold (centre of gravity 50 m forward of amidships), and in No. 4 hold (centre of gravity 45 m aft of amidships).ROTATING CUTTERS
Rotating Cutters. Last Updated on Tue, 23 Mar 2021 | Wastewater Treatment. The rotating-screen-type comminutor consists of a motor-driven, revolving, vertical drum almost completely submerged in the wastewater flow. Water passes into the drum through slots and out the bottom (see Figure 7.14.9). Material that is too large to passthrough the
535 THE TEXACO PROCESS 535 The Texaco Process. The Texaco gasification process was developed in the late 1940s. Although the main focus at that time was on utilization of natural gas reserves, some work on coal gasification was also performed (Schlinger 1984). The process achieved commercialization initially with gas feed (1950) and later withliquids (1956).
INDEXING OPERATION
The dividing head (also called index head) is a device used to rotate a workpiece through given angles—usually equal divisions of a circle. Indexing is the operation in which the spindle of an index head is rotated through a desired angle by means of turning the index crank, which controls the interposed gearing. INTERPRETING WEB DEFLECTION READINGS The readings listed in the table of Figure 4-7 will be used as Case 1 and were obtained from a machine with a 22-in. stroke. The compressor builder assigned a maximum deflection figure of .004 in. The -.005 at the 180° position for No. 3 throw is above the specified limit, indicating that something is 63 THE CONTEXT OF A PROCESS Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process. Parts of the virtual address space of a process that periodically do not residein
11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEEL SUSPENSIONS The suspension of modern vehicles need to satisfy a number of requirements whose aims partly conflict because of different operating conditions (loaded/unloaded, acceleration/braking, level/uneven road, straight running/ cornering).31 BUFFER HEADERS
31 Buffer Headers. During system initialization, the kernel allocates space for a number of buffers, configurable according to memory size and system performance constraints. A buffer consists of two parts: a memory array that contains data from the disk and a buffer header that identifies the buffer. Because there is a one to one mapping of HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due toDERRICK RIGS
This type of derrick may be installed at the ship's centre line to reach outboard on both sides of the ship and is controlled by a single operator in a manner not unlike the operation of a mechanical crane. As a rule the safe working load of this type of derrick is between 10 and 80 tonnes. Of particular note in the very heavy lift range is theBULBOUS BOWS
Bulbous Bows. Last Updated on Wed, 06 Jan 2021 | Ship Construction. Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with high block coefficients, are often found to have a bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline. The arguments for and against fitting some form of bulbous bow are the province of text-books on naval architecture,but it may
HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due toDERRICK RIGS
This type of derrick may be installed at the ship's centre line to reach outboard on both sides of the ship and is controlled by a single operator in a manner not unlike the operation of a mechanical crane. As a rule the safe working load of this type of derrick is between 10 and 80 tonnes. Of particular note in the very heavy lift range is theBULBOUS BOWS
Bulbous Bows. Last Updated on Wed, 06 Jan 2021 | Ship Construction. Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with high block coefficients, are often found to have a bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline. The arguments for and against fitting some form of bulbous bow are the province of text-books on naval architecture,but it may
HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due to KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel.DERRICK RIGS
Various forms of derrick rig may be used aboard the cargo ship, the commonest use of the single derrick being as a 'single swinging derrick' (see Figure 24.2(a)). Adjacent derrick booms may be used in 'union purchase' (Figure 24.2(b)) the booms being fixed in the overboard and inboard positions. Cargo is lifted from the hatch and swung outboard by the operatorROTATING CUTTERS
Rotating Cutters. Last Updated on Tue, 23 Mar 2021 | Wastewater Treatment. The rotating-screen-type comminutor consists of a motor-driven, revolving, vertical drum almost completely submerged in the wastewater flow. Water passes into the drum through slots and out the bottom (see Figure 7.14.9). Material that is too large to passthrough the
21 BASIC GOVERNING EQUATIONS 21 Basic Governing Equations. Sun, 31 Jan 2021 | Reactor Engineering. It is customary for chemical reactor engineers to start their analysis of flow processes occurring in a reactor with the formulation of species conservation equations along with the energy conservation equations. The reactor fluid dynamics is often simplified to avoid theGAS ATOMIZATION
Gas atomization is the process where the liquid metal is disrupted by a high-velocity gas such as air, nitrogen, argon, or helium. Atomization occurs by kinetic energy transfer from the atomizing medium to the metal. Gas atomization differs from water atomization in many respects. Rather than being dominated by the pressure of the medium like water atomization, it is found that the gas-to CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEEL SUSPENSIONS The suspension of modern vehicles need to satisfy a number of requirements whose aims partly conflict because of different operating conditions (loaded/unloaded, acceleration/braking, level/uneven road, straight running/ cornering). 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter BILGE AND BALLAST PUMPING AND PIPING Bilge and Ballast Pumping and Piping. All cargo ships are provided with pumping and piping arrangements so that any watertight compartment or watertight section of a compartment can be pumped out when the vessel has a list of up to 5°, and is on an even keel. In the case of passenger ships, each compartment or section of acompartment may be
HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due toDERRICK RIGS
This type of derrick may be installed at the ship's centre line to reach outboard on both sides of the ship and is controlled by a single operator in a manner not unlike the operation of a mechanical crane. As a rule the safe working load of this type of derrick is between 10 and 80 tonnes. Of particular note in the very heavy lift range is theBULBOUS BOWS
Bulbous Bows. Last Updated on Wed, 06 Jan 2021 | Ship Construction. Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with high block coefficients, are often found to have a bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline. The arguments for and against fitting some form of bulbous bow are the province of text-books on naval architecture,but it may
HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due toDERRICK RIGS
This type of derrick may be installed at the ship's centre line to reach outboard on both sides of the ship and is controlled by a single operator in a manner not unlike the operation of a mechanical crane. As a rule the safe working load of this type of derrick is between 10 and 80 tonnes. Of particular note in the very heavy lift range is theBULBOUS BOWS
Bulbous Bows. Last Updated on Wed, 06 Jan 2021 | Ship Construction. Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with high block coefficients, are often found to have a bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline. The arguments for and against fitting some form of bulbous bow are the province of text-books on naval architecture,but it may
HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due to KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel.DERRICK RIGS
Various forms of derrick rig may be used aboard the cargo ship, the commonest use of the single derrick being as a 'single swinging derrick' (see Figure 24.2(a)). Adjacent derrick booms may be used in 'union purchase' (Figure 24.2(b)) the booms being fixed in the overboard and inboard positions. Cargo is lifted from the hatch and swung outboard by the operatorROTATING CUTTERS
Rotating Cutters. Last Updated on Tue, 23 Mar 2021 | Wastewater Treatment. The rotating-screen-type comminutor consists of a motor-driven, revolving, vertical drum almost completely submerged in the wastewater flow. Water passes into the drum through slots and out the bottom (see Figure 7.14.9). Material that is too large to passthrough the
21 BASIC GOVERNING EQUATIONS 21 Basic Governing Equations. Sun, 31 Jan 2021 | Reactor Engineering. It is customary for chemical reactor engineers to start their analysis of flow processes occurring in a reactor with the formulation of species conservation equations along with the energy conservation equations. The reactor fluid dynamics is often simplified to avoid theGAS ATOMIZATION
Gas atomization is the process where the liquid metal is disrupted by a high-velocity gas such as air, nitrogen, argon, or helium. Atomization occurs by kinetic energy transfer from the atomizing medium to the metal. Gas atomization differs from water atomization in many respects. Rather than being dominated by the pressure of the medium like water atomization, it is found that the gas-to CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. 11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEEL SUSPENSIONS The suspension of modern vehicles need to satisfy a number of requirements whose aims partly conflict because of different operating conditions (loaded/unloaded, acceleration/braking, level/uneven road, straight running/ cornering). 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter BILGE AND BALLAST PUMPING AND PIPING Bilge and Ballast Pumping and Piping. All cargo ships are provided with pumping and piping arrangements so that any watertight compartment or watertight section of a compartment can be pumped out when the vessel has a list of up to 5°, and is on an even keel. In the case of passenger ships, each compartment or section of acompartment may be
KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. 13 OPERATIONAL ENVELOPES AND STANDARD ATMOSPHERE Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities). Similar limitations in velocity andaltitude exist for
SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
KN CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY It has already been shown that the Stability Cross Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the righting levers for an assumed height of the centre of gravity above the keel. In some cases the curves are constructed for an assumed KG of zero. The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN being the righting lever measured from the keel. 1223BOSCH MONO JETRONIC SYSTEM The single injector of the Mono-Jetronic system, Fig. 12.34, like that of the GM Rochester TBI system, Fig. 12.36, injects intermittently into the air intake, just above the throttle valve. A rotary, virtually pulse-free, electric pump in the fuel tank delivers at a pressure of 1 kN/m2 through a fine filter HRSG THERMAL EFFICIENCY The thermal efficiency of this combined-cycle plant, in which work rate is expressed in kW and energy use in Btu, is: (68MWgt + 33MWst-1.5MWAUX) x3,413 MBtu/MWh. 11,010MBtu/MWhGT x 68MWGT x 100% = 45.4%. In the most basic design, extraction steam from the steam turbine is used to provide feedwater preheating. CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS It is impossible to use gears with 8 and 80 teeth to cut the required thread. Multiply the number of teeth by a common number to obtain gears within the range of the change-gear set. Because a 16-tooth gear is usually the lowest number of teeth furnished in the set, multiply by 2 as follows: 1. Stud gear =8X2=16 teeth. 13 OPERATIONAL ENVELOPES AND STANDARD ATMOSPHERE Each engine type will operate only within a certain range of altitudes and Mach numbers (velocities). Similar limitations in velocity andaltitude exist for
SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm HANDBOOK OF CRYSTAL GROWTH THIN FILMS AU INSB DIAGRAM Handbook Of Crystal Growth Thin Films Au Insb Diagram. From Ref. 32. application of ion bombardment is the enhancement of the density and index of refraction of optical coatings. This subject is treated again in Chapter 11. 3.8.4. CENTRIFUGAL ATTRITION MILLS These mills are manufactured in large numbers for the production of industrial minerals such as limestone and gypsum. A slightly concave circular bull ring rotates at high speed and the feed is thrown outwards by centrifugal action under the crushing rollers, which are shaped like truncated cones, as shown in Figure 2.20. AN AIR COOLED CONDENSER HAS AN EXPECTED VALUE 12-1 An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70 kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The condenser has an air-side area of 210 m2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/m2 • K; it is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air, which has a density of 1.15 kg/m3. 46 INODE ASSIGNMENT TO A NEW FILE 46 Inode Assignment To A New File. The kernel uses algorithm iget to allocate a known inode, one whose (file system and) inode number was previously determined. In algorithm rtamei for instance, the kernel determines the inode number by matching a path name component to a name in a directory. Another algorithm, ialloc, assigns a disk inodeto a
SHRINKAGE AND DENSIFICATION Effect of Powder Size on Shrinkage. Another factor affecting shrinkage is the particle size of the powder. As shown in Fig. 3, an increase in density during sintering of copper powder compacts pressed at 276 MPa (40,000 psi) and sintered at 865 °C (1590 °F) is a function of sintering time. The rate of densification of compacts from -44 ,lfm ERECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Step 3: Design/check the lifting attachments for the tailing force, T, and pick force, P. Step 4: Design/check the base ring assembly for stresses due to tailing force, T. Step 5: Determine the base ring stiffening configuration, if required, and design struts. Step 6: Check shell stresses due toROTATING CUTTERS
Rotating Cutters. Last Updated on Tue, 23 Mar 2021 | Wastewater Treatment. The rotating-screen-type comminutor consists of a motor-driven, revolving, vertical drum almost completely submerged in the wastewater flow. Water passes into the drum through slots and out the bottom (see Figure 7.14.9). Material that is too large to passthrough the
535 THE TEXACO PROCESS 535 The Texaco Process. The Texaco gasification process was developed in the late 1940s. Although the main focus at that time was on utilization of natural gas reserves, some work on coal gasification was also performed (Schlinger 1984). The process achieved commercialization initially with gas feed (1950) and later withliquids (1956).
INDEXING OPERATION
The dividing head (also called index head) is a device used to rotate a workpiece through given angles—usually equal divisions of a circle. Indexing is the operation in which the spindle of an index head is rotated through a desired angle by means of turning the index crank, which controls the interposed gearing. 11 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEEL SUSPENSIONS The suspension of modern vehicles need to satisfy a number of requirements whose aims partly conflict because of different operating conditions (loaded/unloaded, acceleration/braking, level/uneven road, straight running/ cornering). SHEAR FLOW IN CLOSED THIN WALLED SECTIONS The shear flow equation requires the value of Ix, the moment of inertia of the section about the X axis. Ix = X.15 x 10 a+ 2 QOX.OSXS^] = 62.5 in.4. From Chapter A14, the equation for shear flow is, qy --Ä2. This equation gives the change in shear flow between the limits of the summation. In open sections we could start the summationat a free
INTERPRETING WEB DEFLECTION READINGS The readings listed in the table of Figure 4-7 will be used as Case 1 and were obtained from a machine with a 22-in. stroke. The compressor builder assigned a maximum deflection figure of .004 in. The -.005 at the 180° position for No. 3 throw is above the specified limit, indicating that something is LLOYDS REGISTER CLASSIFICATION SYMBOLS Lloyds Register Classification Symbols. Last Updated on Mon, 30 Jul 2012 | Ship Construction. All ships classed by Lloyd's Register of Shipping are assigned one or more character symbols. The majority of ships are assigned the characters 100A1 or ? 100A1. The character figure 100 is assigned to all ships considered suitable for sea-goingservice.
63 THE CONTEXT OF A PROCESS Formally, the context of a process is the union of its user-level context, register context, and system-level context.1 The user-level context consists of the process text, data, user stack, and shared memory that occupy the virtual address space of the process. Parts of the virtual address space of a process that periodically do not residein
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DOUBLE BOTTOM STRUCTURE Mon, 12 Apr 2021 06:40:07 | Ship Construction |30 comments
An inner bottom or tank top may be provided at a minimum height above the bottom shell, and maintained watertight to the bilges. This provides a considerable margin of safety, since in the event of bottom shell damage only the double bottom space may be flooded. The space is not wasted but utilized to carry oil fuel and fresh water required for the ship, as well as providing ballast capacity. SURFACE PREPARATION FOR ELECTROPLATING Fri, 04 Jun 2021 08:53:58 | Corrosion Resistance| 1 comment
Preparation for plating is one of the most critical of all cleaning operations, because maximum adhesion of the plated coating to the substrate is the major requirement for quality work. Maximum adhesion depends on both the elimination of surface contaminants in order to induce a metallurgical bond whenever possible and the generation of a completely active surface to initiate plating on all areas. In addition to pickling or other descaling operations, adequate cleaning requires multistage... FUEL CELL SYSTEMS FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION Thu, 03 Jun 2021 08:27:59 | Fuel Cells Timo Kivisaari Royal Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology Chemical Technology S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden When talking about fuel cell systems for stationary applications, two of the advantages are claimed to be a high inherent efficiency and environmentally favourable characteristics. It should, however, be obvious to everybody that in order to call an energy production Toute environmentally benign, it is not enough that just the energy production step itself... THE LOWTEMPERATURE PARTIALOXIDATION REFORMING OF FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION FUEL CELL SYSTEMS Thu, 03 Jun 2021 08:27:52 | Fuel Cells Krumpelt Electrochemical Technology Program Chemical Technology Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL 60439 Passenger cars powered by fuel cell propulsion systems with high efficiency offer superior fuel economy, very low to zero pollutant emissions, and the option to operate on alternative and or renewable fuels . Although the fuel cell operates on hydrogen, a liquid fuel such as methanol or gasoline is more attractive for automotive use because of the... CHANGE GEAR CALCULATIONS Thu, 03 Jun 2021 08:16:29 | Cutting Tools | 10comments
In the absence of an index chart showing gear combinations for various threads, it is necessary to calculate the proper gears to use for cutting threads. On lathes equipped with tumbler reverse gears, it must first be determined whether the lathe is even-geared or odd-geared. On an even-geared lathe, the stud gearrevolves at the
same speed as the spindle gear (that is, the two gears are equal in size). If the stud gear revolves at any other speed, the lathe is an odd-geared lathe. Change gears... CSO CAR SEAL OPEN CSC CAR SEAL CLOSED DF DRAIN FUNNEL LC LOCK CLOSED LO LOCK OPEN NC NORMALLY CLOSED NO NORMALLY OPEN Thu, 03 Jun 2021 03:03:48 | Piping Systems Flow diagram and abbreviations. Controllers. Devices used to maintain a specified liquid level, temperature, pressure, or flow inside a vessel or piping system. They activate the control valve that regulates the level, temperature, pressure, and flow in and out of the vessel. Alarms. Signals via lights or horns that indicate the liquid level, temperature, or pressure inside a vessel is too high or too low or that there is no flow or reverse flow. Indicators. Devices used toindicate...
87 REDUCTION OF INDUCED DRAG Thu, 03 Jun 2021 00:15:45 | Aerodynamics Aspects of this topic have already been discussed in Chapter 5. There it was shown that, in accordance with the classic wing theory, induced drag falls as the aspect ratio of the wing is increased, ft was also shown that, for a given aspect ratio, elliptic-shaped wings (strictly, wings with elliptic wing loading) have the lowest induced drag. Over the past 25 years the winglet has been developed as a device for reducing induced drag without increasing the aspect ratio. A typicalexample is...
PISTON ROD MATERIALS Wed, 02 Jun 2021 21:00:54 | Reciprocating Compressors| 1 comment
Compressor piston rods are made from various types of steel depending on stress levels and the composition of the gas handled. Low carbon steels, such as AISI 1037, and low alloy steels, such as AISI 4140, are commonly used. For certain corrosive gases, 410 stainless, K-Monel, or Hastalloy steels may be used. The normal frictional forces acting between the piston rod packing rings and the piston rod increase with pressure. Experience has shown that piston rod packing wear becomes excessive with... 15 ACV AND SES DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Wed, 02 Jun 2021 18:32:14 | Vertical Acceleration The Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering Institute (HSEI) started to develop a new kind of water transport concept - the hovercraft with plenum chamber type air cushion -in 1957, and completed the first model craft in China with a length of 1.8 metres. The model was constructed in both wood and aluminium alloy, and used an aviation type electric motor for lift power. Because of the lack of high speed towing tank facilities at that time the towing model experiments were carried out in a natural lake... STALL TEST PROCEDURE Wed, 02 Jun 2021 16:32:14 | Vehicle Technology| 1 comment
1 Drive car or run engine until engine and transmission has attained normal working temperatures. 2 Check the level of fluid in the transmission box and correct if necessary. 3 Apply the hand brake and chock the wheels. 4 Connect a tachometer via leads to the coil ignition terminals. 5 Apply the foot brake, select D range and fully press the accelerator pedal down for a period not exceeding 10 seconds to avoid overheating the transmission fluid (this is very important). 6 Quickly observe the... DEEP CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT Wed, 02 Jun 2021 15:23:28 | Reactor Design An improved FCC unit is the deep catalytic cracking unit (DCC) that is designed to produce gasoline from vacuum gas oil (VGO). The DCC uses heavy VGO as feedstock and has the same features has the FCC but with the following differences special catalyst, high catalyst-to-oil ratio, higher steam injection rate, operating temperature, residence time, and lower operating pressure. In the DCC unit, the hydrocarbon feed is dispersed with steam and cracked using a hot solid catalyst ina riser, and...
DESIGN OF BASE DETAILS FOR VERTICAL VESSELS Tue, 01 Jun 2021 15:46:24 | Pressure Vessels Ab required area of anchor bolts, in.2 Bp allowable bearing pressure, psi (see Table 3-35) bp bearing stress, psi C compressive load on concrete, lb d diameter of bolt circle, in. db diameter of hole in base plate of compression plate or ring, in. Flt longitudinal tension load, lb in. Flc longitudinal compression load, lb in. Fb allowable bending stress, psi Fc allowable compressive stress, concrete, psi (see Table 3-35) Fs allowable tension stress, anchor bolts, psi (see Table 3-33) Fy minimum...SHELL PLATING
Tue, 01 Jun 2021 13:35:44 | Ship Construction |3 comments
The bottom and side shell plating consists of a series of flat and curved steel plates generally of greater length than breadth butt welded together. The vertical welded joints are referred to as 'butts' and the horizontal welded joints as 'seams' see Figure 17.1 . Stiffening members both longitudinal and transverse are generally welded to the shell by intermittent fillet welds with a length of continuous weld at the ends of the stiffening member. Continuous welding of stiffening members to the...BULBOUS BOWS
Tue, 01 Jun 2021 10:44:08 | Ship Construction |1 comment
Vessels operating at higher speeds, and those with high block coefficients, are often found to have a bulbous or protruding bow below the waterline. The arguments for and against fitting some form of bulbous bow are the province of text-books on naval architecture, but it may be indicated that like most peculiarities of the immersed hull form this feature is usually intended to reduce the vessel's resistance to motion under certain conditions. From the construction point of view the bulbous bow... THE MOMENT TO CHANGE TRIM ONE CENTIMETRE MCT 1 CM OR MCTC Mon, 31 May 2021 09:47:08 | Centre Flotation | 4comments
The MCT 1 cm , or MCTC, is the moment required to change trim by 1 cm, and may be calculated by using the formula W the vessel's displacement in tonnes GML the longitudinal metacentric height in metres, and L the vessel's length in metres. The derivation of this formula is as follows Consider a ship floating on an even keel as shown in Figure 15.3 a . The ship is in equilibrium. Now shift the weight 'w' forward through a distance of 'd' metres. The ship's centre of gravity will shift from G to... TAKEOFF AND INITIAL CLIMB TO 1500 FT Mon, 31 May 2021 06:02:03 | Aircraft Design The take-off and initial climb are two of the most critical safety phases of the aircraft flight. The combined analysis of both phases is referred to as the aircraft take-off performance. A detailed definition of the airfield limits for the aircraft will be held as part of the Aircraft Flight Manual. In the project design phase the field requirement is regarded as an essential part of the initial specification and as such will directly influence the aircraft configuration (e.g. it may dictate... 6103 SPERRY MARINE VOYAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM VISION TECHNOLOGY VMSVT Mon, 31 May 2021 04:32:03 | Navigation Systems The Sperry VMS-VT system, provided by Litton Marine Services, is a computer-based navigation, planning and monitoring system which typically consists of two or more computer workstations connected by a local area network (LAN). A typical arrangement for a VMS-VT system is shown in Figure 6.7. Figure 6.7 Typical arrangement for the Voyage Management System - Vision Technology (VMS-VT). (Reproduced courtesy of Litton Marine Systems.) Figure 6.7 Typical arrangement for the Voyage Management System... CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENSION Mon, 31 May 2021 00:10:33 | Chemical Engineering As already indicated, the higher the concentration, the lower is the rate of fall of the sludge line because the greater is the upward velocity of the displaced fluid and the steeper are the velocity gradients in the fluid. Typical curves for the sedimentation of a suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate in water are shown in Figure 5.3, and in Figure 5.4 the mass rate of sedimentation (kg m2s) is plotted against the concentration. This curve has a maximum value, corresponding to a... 331 EMPIRICAL MODIFICATIONS TO DRAG COEFFICIENT CORRELATIONS Sun, 30 May 2021 21:06:20 | Newtonian Fluids One approach to dealing with non-spherical particles is to find empirical relationships for the coefficients in the drag coefficient vs Rep correlation (see Figure 3.7). A Clift-Gauvin type equation can be used and the parameters A, B, C and D are related to the sphericity as shown in Table 3.2. Haider-Levenspiel equations used for the drag coefficient - Experimental data 1.000 o Experimental data 0.906 - a Experimental data 0.846 v Experimental data 0.806 o Experimental data0.670 -...
WEARING RINGS
Sun, 30 May 2021 19:08:09 | Centrifugal Pumps Wearing rings provide an easily and economically renewable leakage joint between the impeller and the casing. A leakage joint without renewable parts is illustrated in Figure 39. To restore the original clearances of such a joint after wear occurs, the user must either (1) build up the worn surfaces by welding or metal spraying, or (2) buy new parts. The new parts are not very costly in small pumps, especially if the stationary casing element is a simple suction cover. This is not true for... A TYPICAL HIP CYCLE FOR A COLDLOADING COLDWALL AUTOCLAVE IS ASFOLLOWS
Sun, 30 May 2021 13:58:05 | Powder Metallurgy The powder-filled compacts are placed on fixturing designed to withstand the load weight and elevated temperature to which it will be subjected. This is usually done at a station that can also accommodate the furnace. To maximize efficiency, the load is built in a duplicate base heater while the vessel is actively running a cycle. 2. The furnace is placed over around the compacts and the base heater. The entire load is lifted and placed into the HIP vessel as a module. The base heater engages...SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Fri, 28 May 2021 21:21:39 | Marine Engineering The condenser is a heat exchanger which removes the latent heat from exhaust steam so that it condenses and can be pumped back into the boiler. This condensing should be achieved with the minimum of under-cooling, i.e. reduction of condensate temperature below the steam temperature. A condenser is also arranged so that gases and vapours from the condensing steam are removed. An auxiliary condenser is shown in Figure 5.5. The circular cross-section shell is provided with end covers which are... ACID DESCALING PICKLING Fri, 28 May 2021 14:31:00 | Corrosion Resistance| 1 comment
Acid descaling, or pickling, is the removal of heavy, tightly adherent oxide films resulting from hot-forming operations, thermal treatments (such as annealing or hardening), or welding (Ref 4). Because most stainless steel products received from the producing mill have been pickled, descaling is required only as a result of subsequent manufacturing operations. In evaluating the different methods for removing scale, it should be kept in mind that scale on stainless steel is far more complex... 116 BODY AND CHASSIS ALIGNMENT CHECKS Fri, 28 May 2021 04:33:33 | Vehicle Technology| 1 comment
Body and chassis alignment checks will be necessary if the vehicle has been involved in a major Table 1.1 Summary of function and application of soundproofing materials Table 1.1 Summary of function and application of soundproofing materials Loaded PVC, bitumen, with or without foam or fibres base, mineral wool Polyurethane foam, mineral wool, or bonded fibres Side panels, underside of roof, engine compartment, bonnet collision, but overall alignment may also be necessary if the vehicle's...CHAIN LOCKER
Thu, 27 May 2021 02:41:55 | Ship Construction |2 comments
A chain locker
is
often arranged in the position forward of the collision bulkhead shown in Figure 20.1, below either the main deck or the second deck. It can also be fitted in the forecastle or aft of the collision bulkhead, in which case it must be watertight and have proper means of drainage. Chain locker dimensions are determined in relation to the length and size of cable, the depth being such that the cable is easily stowed, and a direct lead at all times is provided to the mouth of the... APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY Wed, 26 May 2021 21:51:05 | Bearing Capacity D. 1989. Design Methodology for Foundations on Stone Columns, Foundation Engineering Current Principles and Practices, Northwestern University, edited by F. H. Kulhawy, Vol 1, pp 244-257, Available from American Society of Civil Engineers , 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017. Baldi, G., Bellotti, R., Ghionna, V., Jamiolkowski, M., Marchetti, S., and Pasqualini, E. 1986. Flat Dilatometer Tests in Calibration Chambers, Use of In Situ of In SituTests in...
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM Wed, 26 May 2021 14:26:24 | Air Conditioning Figure 5-8 Psychrometric chartshowing
properties of air in Example 5-2. tions leaving the coil and the required temperature of the supply chilled water, and (c) the cooling capacity of the coil. Solution (a) On the psychrometric chart in Fig. 5-8, four parts of return air at point 1 (24 C and 50 percent relative humidity, h 47.5 kJ kg, W 0.0093 kg kg) mix with one part of outdoor air at point 2 (35 C dry-bulb temperature, 25 C wet-bulb temperature, h 76.0 kJ kg, W 0.016 kg kg). From energy and...THE PYRON PROCESS
Wed, 26 May 2021 13:09:40 | Powder Metallurgy |2 comments
Revised by Stephen Claeys, Pryon Inc. The Pyron processprovides an
alternative for the production of iron powders by the reduction of oxides. Instead of using ground iron ore as the raw material for reduced iron powders, the Pyron process uses mill scale taken from steel mills that produce plain carbon steel products, such as sheet, rod, wire,plate, and pipe. Mill scales containing alloying elements other than manganese are not used. A flowchart of the Pyron process is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5... ROD LOAD CALCULATIONS Wed, 26 May 2021 10:50:42 | Reciprocating Compressors| 2 comments
Two methods of calculation are used, an average method and an exact method, which requires calculation of compression and tension loads. F P x A (Pd - Ps) x net cylinder area Net cylinder area cylinder area - lA rod area Exact or Compression and Tension Method Piston moving toward head end or rod in compression (a) Fc (Pd x Ahe) - (Ps x Ace) Piston moving toward crank end or rod in tension Where Ps suction pressure, psia Pd discharge pressure, psia Ahe cylinder head end area,sq. in. Ace...
COMPRESSION CYCLE
Wed, 26 May 2021 09:55:32 | Centrifugal Compressors Figure 5-17 is a section of a typical multistage compressor, which should aid the reader in following the flow path through the machine. Figure 5-17. Flow path through typical stages on a multistage unit. (Courtesy of Elliott Company Figure 5-17. Flow path through typical stages on a multistage unit. (Courtesy of Elliott Company Gas enters the impeller from one of several sources. In the case of the first impeller of a multistage, the flow has moved through an inlet nozzle and is collected in a... 1012 VARIABLE RATE LEAF SUSPENSION SPRINGS Wed, 26 May 2021 03:44:55 | Vehicle Technology The purpose of the suspension is to protect the body from the shocks caused by the vehicle moving over an uneven road surface. If the axle were bolted directly to the chassis instead of through the media of the springs, the vehicle chassis and body would try to follow a similar road roughness contour and would therefore lift and fall accordingly. With increased speed the wheel passing over a bump would bounce up and leave the road so that the grip between the tyre and ground would be lost.... THE ELECTRODIALYTIC PRODUCTION OF SODIUM METHYLATE BY METHANOLDISSOCIATION
Tue, 25 May 2021 17:57:00 | Liquid Chromatography Bipolar membranes may be used not only for the electrodialytic dissociation of water. They can also be applied for the dissociation of alcohol and thus for the production of alcoholates, as illustrated in the following example. Methanol, like water, is both a weak base and a weak acid. Its dissociation constant, however, is somewhat less than that of water. Thus, sodium methanolate can be efficiently produced from methanol and sodium acetate in nonaqueous media by the use of bipolar membranes... MAN LOW SPEED ENGINES Tue, 25 May 2021 07:57:41 | Fuel Injection Low speed marine diesel engines built by Maschinenfabriek Augsburg-Nurnberg MAN were of single-acting two-stroke crosshead design exploiting loop scavenging. The programme was phased out after the German company's acquisition of Danish-based rival Burmeister amp Wain in 1980 and replaced by the MAN B amp W MC series Chapter 10 . MAN's KSZ design Figure 15.1 was introduced in the mid-1960s and followed progressively by the KSZ-A, KSZ-B and KSZ-C types, each embodying refinements to promote... 131 FIXED BED REACTORS Tue, 25 May 2021 01:58:24 | Reactor Engineering In a fixed bed reactor, gas phase reactions are generally carried out using a stationary bed of solid catalyst. In a typical reactor, suitable screens support the bed of catalyst particles, through which the gas phase flows. Gaseous reactants adsorb on the catalyst surface, reactions occur on this surface and reaction products desorb back to the gas phase. Two major types of fixed bed reactor are the conventional axial flow fixed bed reactor and the radial flow fixed bed reactor. These types... P AP PGH0 P PGAH FT0 Mon, 24 May 2021 21:38:31 | Aerodynamics Hence, the difference of the liquid levels in the two sides of the manometer is a direct measure of the pressure difference applied across the manometer. In this case we could then determine the difference between the total pressure Figure 2.2 Pitot-static tube connected to a U-tube liquid manometer. Figure 2.2 Pitot-static tube connected to a U-tube liquid manometer. and static pressure in the gas flow from which, as we will see later, the velocity of the gas can be calculated. Now consider... GENERAL PUMPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Mon, 24 May 2021 14:00:28 | Steering Gear A pump divides its pipe system into two distinct parts, each with different characteristics. These are the suction and discharge sides. On the suction side the drop in pressure that can be produced by a pump is limited to that of an almost perfect vacuum. On the discharge side there is theoretically, no limit to the height through which a liquid can be raised. If a liquid to be pumped is in a tank which is open to atmosphere and it is also at a height above the pump (Figure 5.1) then the liquid... SOLVENT BASED SEPARATION Mon, 24 May 2021 12:02:32 | Liquid Chromatography Figure 1 (A) VLE phase diagrams for ethanol-water (pressure 1 atm) with and without solvents (plotted on a solvent-free basis). (B) Ternary LLE diagram for acetone-water-ethyl acetate. (C) Process flowsheet for separation of phenol from wastewater. Figure 1 (A) VLE phase diagrams for ethanol-water (pressure 1 atm) with and without solvents (plotted on a solvent-free basis). (B) Ternary LLE diagram for acetone-water-ethyl acetate. (C) Process flowsheet for separation of phenol from wastewater. o... FIG 13 EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON HARDNESS OF 10 P ELECTROLESSNICKEL COATING
Mon, 24 May 2021 06:38:59 | Corrosion Resistance For some applications, high-temperature treatments cannot be tolerated because parts may warp, or the strength of the substrate may be reduced. For these applications, longer times and lower temperatures are sometimes used to obtain the desired hardness. This is illustrated in Fig. 14, which shows the effect of different treatment periods on the hardness of a coating containing 10-2 p (Ref 12). ASTM specification B 578 requires that the Knoop hardness method be used for plated deposits.... PLUNGER BERAL TYPE FUEL PUMP Sun, 23 May 2021 19:47:16 | Diesel Engines | 2comments
Plunger stroke from opening of the inlet port to TDC. Use is made of symmetrical cams, eccentric cams, and cams (back-kick cam) which prevent the engine being started in the false direction of rotation (Figure 11.27) 11.3.3 Pump-and-barrel assemblies (pumping elements) Plunger-cmd-barrel assembly basic version. The pump plunger together with the pump barrel form the plunger-and-barrel assembly. This utilizes the overflow principle in conjunction with port and helix control. The pump plunger has... RECIPROCATING ENGINE DRIVEN ELECTRIC GENERATION SYSTEMS Fri, 21 May 2021 21:42:21 | Heat Recovery Internal combustion reciprocating engines are commonly used to provide standby (or emergency) power, as well as primary power. They offer many attractive features, including leadership in small unit, simple-cycle thermal fuel efficiency. There are many types of reciprocating engine-driven electric generation systems with capacities ranging from 1 to 70,000 kW. Defining engine characteristics can include Otto, Diesel or other cycles. Atmospheric pressures or supercharged turbocharged elevated... 88 TOPHEAVY CONTROL MASTER COMPASS Fri, 21 May 2021 17:20:52 | Navigation Systems Produced before the move towards fully sealed gyro elements, the Sperry SR120 gyrocompass(Figure 8.23) is
a good example of an early top-heavy controlled system. The master compass consists of two main assemblies, the stationary element and the movable element. Figure 8.23 A south elevation sectional view of a Sperry master compass . Key 1. Stepper transmitter 2. Support ball bearings 3. Ballistic pots 4.Rotor (encased) 5.Rotor case 6. Damping weight 7. Suspension wire 8. Cover 9.Compass card... ANTICLOCKWISE ROTATION OF THE STEERING WHEEL TURNING LEFT LOW SPEED FIGS 938B AND 939B ROTATING Fri, 21 May 2021 10:16:51 | Vehicle Technology Valve sleeve Inner check valve Outer check valve Inner reaction chamber Reaction piston (RP) Fig. 9.38(a-d) Speed sensitive rack and pinion power assisted steering with rotary reaction control valve the steering wheel in an anticlockwise direction twists the control valve rotor against the resistance of the torsion bar until the corresponding leading edges of the elongated groove in the valve rotor and sleeve align. At this point the return path to the exit port '4' is blocked by controledges...
29 PRESSURE PRISM
Thu, 20 May 2021 21:16:31 | Atmospheric Pressure Where bh is the area of the rectangular surface, A. Pressure prismfor vertical
rectangular area. Graphical representation of hydrostatic forces on a vertical rectangular surface. The magnitude of the resultant fluid force is equal to the volume of the pressure prism and passes through its centroid. The resultant force must pass through the centroid of the pressure prism. For the volume under consideration the centroid is located along the vertical axis of symmetry of the surface, and ata...
TLC SEPARATION OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES Thu, 20 May 2021 18:18:42 | Liquid Chromatography The separation of oligosaccharides is important in a wide variety of applications, such as analysis of carbohydrates in foods, analysis of oligosaccharides from glycoproteins and glycolipids, the analysis of enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides and the analysis of the hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Many of these analyses involve the separation of a homologous series of oligosaccharides containing one or possibly two kinds of glycosidic linkages and as many as 20-30 monosaccharide residues of... 2425 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FLUID FLYWHEEL Thu, 20 May 2021 10:20:45 | Electronic Control The characteristic which is of chief importance is the way in which the percentage slip varies with the speed of rotation. The percentage slip is defined as the quantity (N - n) x 100 N and is a measure of the difference in the speed of the two rotors. If n were equal to N then the percentage slip would be zero and if n were zero then the percentage slip would be 100. When the percentage slip is plotted against engine speed (N) the resulting graph is the form shown in Fig. 24.21. At any speed... BATCH AND CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION MODES Thu, 20 May 2021 08:52:44 | Liquid Chromatography One means of classifying extractions is based on the mode of operation, batch or continuous and static or dynamic. The terms batch and continuous refer to how the sample feed is placed into the system. In batch extraction processes the entire material to be extracted is loaded into the extraction device. In the case of continuousextractions the
feed is continuously introduced into the extraction device. Static and dynamic describe the exposure of the two phases. In the static modethe...
MECHANICALLY DRIVEN DIAPHRAGM PUMPS Thu, 20 May 2021 05:54:22 | Centrifugal Pumps Many industries are served by mechanically driven diaphragms pumps. They are used in construction, chemical, and water treatment applications. Construction Industry Mechanically driven diaphragm pumps are widely used in the construction industry for dewatering applications where pumps may ingest rocks or other debris. A popular make of this type of pump contains a spring on the plunger rod (see Figures 1 and 2). If the operating pressure exceeds the maximum recommended pumping pressure, the... DESIGN OF BAFFLES [12 [/pressure-vessels/design-of-baffles- Thu, 20 May 2021 02:57:14 | Pressure Vessels [/pressure-vessels/design-of-baffles- Baffles are frequently used in pressure vessels, either vertical or horizontal, to divide the interior volume into different compartments. These compartments may be used to segregate liquids or provide overflow weirs for the separation of liquids. Baffles may be stiffened or unstiffened. When welded across the entire cross section of the vessel, they must be checked that they are not unduly restricting the diametral expansion of the vessel. If the unrestrained radial expansion of the vessel... HULL FORM DESIGN OF CARGO SHIP IN SHALLOW AND STRONG CURRENTWATERWAYS
Wed, 19 May 2021 20:49:44 | Floating Structures Li-Zheng Wang and Long-Fei Xi Transportation Collage, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430063. China In China there are some rivers located in mountain area and its valley appears to be V or U type alternatively, where there are many beaches, quick and disorder waters, narrow course, curved channel, greater changes of depth in different seasons and so on. As far as the waterways with shallow and rapid current having characteristics described above is concerned , it is a key problem how to... THE GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS Wed, 19 May 2021 13:47:24 | Marine Engineering A bask part of the cycle of an internal combustion engine is the supply of fresh air and removal of exhaust gases. This is the gas exchange process. Scavenging is the removal of exhaust gases by blowing in fresh air. Charging is the filling of the engine cylinder with a supply or charge of fresh air ready for compression. With supercharging a large mass of air is supplied to the cylinder by blowing it in under pressure. Older engines were 'naturally aspirated' taking fresh air only at... CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINUOUS ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESSES Mon, 17 May 2021 19:48:33 | Corrosion Resistance Strip plating processes are generally classified by three process characteristics (Table 8) anode type, electrolyte chemistry, and plating cell geometry. Table 8 Classification of continuous processes for the main electrodeposited coatings for steel strip, and key features of each category Table 8 Classification of continuous processes for the main electrodeposited coatings for steel strip, and key features of each category Insoluble (Pb alloys, Ir IrOx coated Ti) Zinc sulfate (plus nickel or...DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Mon, 17 May 2021 15:56:45 | Centrifugal Compressors In dynamic compressors, energy is transferred from a moving set of blades to the gas. The energy takes the form of velocity and pressure in the rotating element, with further pressure conversion taking place in the stationary elements. Because of the dynamic nature of these compressors, the density and molecular weight have an influence on the amount of pressure the compressor can generate. The dynamic compressors are further subdivided into three categories, based primarily on the direction of... 272 COMPONENTS OF A NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER Mon, 17 May 2021 15:25:01 | Structural Engineering The most prominent component of a natural draft cooling tower is the huge, towering shell. This shell is supported by diagonal, meridional, or vertical columns bridging the air inlet. The columns, made of high-strength reinforced concrete, are either prefabricated or cast in situ into moveable steel forms (Figure 27.5). After the erection of the ring of columns and the lower edge member, the climbing formwork is assembled and the stepwise climbing construction of the cooling tower shell wall or... CIRCULATING LIQUOR CRYSTALLIZERS FIGURE Mon, 17 May 2021 03:53:30 | Solids Concentration| 1 comment
18-63 Calculated product-size distribution for a crystallizer operation at different fine-crystal-separation sizes. FIG. 18-64 Forced-circulation (evaporative) crystallizer. (Swenson Process Equipment, Inc.) FIG. 18-64 Forced-circulation (evaporative) crystallizer. (Swenson Process Equipment, Inc.) vaporization to achieve equilibrium between liquid and vapor, the supersaturation which is created causes deposits on the swirling body of suspended crystals until they again leave via the... 5105 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Mon, 17 May 2021 02:40:50 | Vehicle Technology Hydraulic control unit (Fig. 5.38) The hydraulic control unit is housed in the oil-pan position underneath the transmission gears. A fluid pump operates the hydraulic circuitry it is driven directly from the engine via the torque converter casing, fluid is directed by way of a pressure regulation valve to the interior of the torque converter and to the various clutches and brakes via passages and valves. The hydraulic control circuit which operates the gear shifts are activatedby three...
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 60000 90000 100000 Mon, 17 May 2021 01:29:06 | Centrifugal Pumps Series and parallel operation centrifugal pumps. slightly more than one single pump. The maximum flow rate with two pumps in series will be 2,594 gpm or 89,439 b d. The maximum flow rate for one pump will be 1,917gpm or 66,092 b d. For system rates between 66,092b d and 89,439b d, pressure throttling will be necessary to match the pump performance to the system curves, unless the pumps are equipped with variable speed drives. If throttling is necessary, it may be minimized by... 718 THE LUCAS EPIC ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED PUMP Sun, 16 May 2021 16:30:59 | Electronic Control The Lucas EPIC injection system, Fig. 7.36, was conceived in the late 1970s and design and development work on it began in the 1980s. This system was first installed on a production engine in 1991. It was designed for application to a distributor type pump to deliver at pressures of up to 1100 bar for high speed direct injection light duty engines with three, four and six cylinders up to 0.75 litres per cylinder. Maximum speeds of up to 4500 rev min were contemplated and, subsequently, medium...ROTARY DRUM FILTERS
Sun, 16 May 2021 01:49:15 | Chemical Engineering Because of its versatility and simplicity, one of the most widely used vacuum filters is the rotary drum filter and a filter of this type was patented in England in 1872 by William and James Hart. The basic design varies with different manufacturers, although essentially all drum type vacuum filters may be divided into two categories (a) Those where vacuum is created within compartments formed on the periphery of the drum, and (b) Those where vacuum is applied to the whole of theinterior of...
CHARACTERISTICS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS Sat, 15 May 2021 14:43:34 | Reciprocating Compressors Reciprocating compressors are the most widely used of all compression equipment and also provide the widest range of sizes and types. Rat- 100 150 200 250 DISCHARGE PRESSURE-PSIG Figure 1-15. Power vs. capacity and pressure for various air compressors (general approximations). 100 150 200 250 DISCHARGE PRESSURE-PSIG Figure 1-15. Power vs. capacity and pressure for various air compressors (general approximations). Figure 1-16. Altitude correction factors for air compressors applied to Bhp 100... CALORICALLY PERFECT GAS OF TS DIAGRAM Fri, 14 May 2021 17:40:58 | Gas Turbine Propulsion The Gibbs equation relates the entropy per unit mass s to the other thermodynamic properties of a substance. It can be written as For a perfect gas. the Gibbs equation can be written simply as These equations can be integrated between states 1 and 2 to yield the following expressions for the change in entropy s2 - s . T- dT p, i2-s, cv +R In h T P2 f the specific heats are known functions of temperature for a perfect gas, then qs. (2-34). (2-35), (2-42), and (2-43) can be integrated from a... OLIGOMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE Fri, 14 May 2021 17:19:55 | Petrochemical Processes The addition of one olefin molecule to a second and to a third, etc. to form a dimer, a trimer, etc. is termed oligomerization. The reaction is normally acid-catalyzed. When propene or butenes are used, the formed compounds are branched because an intermediate carbocation is formed. These compounds were used as alkylating agents for producing benzene alkylates, but the products were nonbiodegradable. Oligomerization of ethylene using a Ziegler catalyst produces unbranched alpha olefins in the... DENSIFICATION OF POWDERS UNDER PRESSURE Fri, 14 May 2021 02:01:18 | Powder Metallurgy Densification of powders under pressure was treated in the past by a number of authors as related to the compaction process, which is an important step in conventional powder metallurgy. Expressions used to describe density-pressure relationship were empirical in nature. For example, Heckel (Ref 21) used the following expression for compaction of powders in a rigid die where Jis relative density, P is applied pressure, and k and A are constants. The expression is in good agreement with the... MILLING PARAMETERS AND POWDER CHARACTERISTICS Fri, 14 May 2021 02:00:44 | Powder Metallurgy Grinding elements in ball mills travel at different velocities. Consequently, collision force, direction, and kinetic energy between two or more elements vary greatly within the ball charge. Frictional wear or rubbing forces act on the particles, as well as collision energy. These forces are derived from the rotational motion of the balls and movement of particles within the mill and contact zones of colliding balls. Surface roughness of the balls is a significant factor in milling--the rougher... TURBO COMPOUND SYSTEMS Thu, 13 May 2021 11:06:58 | Fuel Injection The high efficiency of some modern large turbochargers is comfortably in excess of that required to pressure charge engines, allowing some of the exhaust gas to be diverted to drive a power turbine. A number of these turbo compound installations are in service, mainly in conjunction with MAN B amp W and Sulzer low speed engines, the investment
particularly worthwhile in an era of high fuel prices. The power gas turbine is arranged either to supplement directly the propulsiveeffort of the...
RTA84C ENGINE DATA
Thu, 13 May 2021 11:06:58 | Fuel Injection | 1comment
Stroke bore ratio Power, mcr Cylinders Speed range Mean effective pressure Mean piston speed Maximum cylinder pressure Specific fuel consumption Increasing sizes of post-Panamax containerships dictated more powerful engines and stimulated the introduction of the RTA96C series in December 1994. The 960 mm bore design was fully based on the RTA84C Figures 12.24 and 12.25 , which it supplemented in the programme. The selection of a stroke 2500 mm some 100 mm longer than that of the RTA84C engine... ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ESP Wed, 12 May 2021 19:38:29 | Collection Efficiency| 4 comments
An electrostatic precipitator ESP is being used to clean fly ash from a gas. The precipitator contains 30 ducts, with plates 12 ft high and 12 ft long. The spacing between the plates is 8 in. The gas is evenly distributed through all of the ducts. The following information can be used Gas volumetric flowrate 40,000 acfm Particle drift velocity 0.40 ft s Use the Deutsch-Anderson equation to calculate the efficiency of the precipitator. Also, use the modified Deutsch equation with arange of...
TYPE 1 BUTT WELD UW
Wed, 12 May 2021 16:44:39 | Pressure Vessels For shackles with safe loads greater than the maximum shown, use Crosby-Laughlln The Crosby Group, Div. of American Hoist amp Derrick Co, Tulsa, OK 74101 . Skookum Skookum Co., Inc., Portland, OR 97203 , or equal with an ultimate strength at least 5 times the safe working load. For shackles with safe loads greater than the maximum shown, use Crosby-Laughlln The Crosby Group, Div. of American Hoist amp Derrick Co, Tulsa, OK 74101 . Skookum Skookum Co., Inc., Portland, OR 97203 ,or equal with an...
15 VISCOELASTIC FLUID BEHAVIOUR Wed, 12 May 2021 07:57:15 | Bingham Plastic | 2comments
In the classical theory of elasticity, the stress in a sheared body is directly proportional to the strain. For tension, Hooke's law applies and the coefficient of proportionality is known as Young's modulus, G, where dx is the shear displacement of two elements separated by a distance dy. When a perfect solid is deformed elastically, it regains its original form on removal of the stress. However, if the applied stress exceeds the characteristic yield stress of the material, complete recovery...836 GURNEY FLAPS
Wed, 12 May 2021 05:19:25 | Aerodynamics | 2comments
As well as being a great racing-car driver, Dan Gurney is also well-known for his technical innovations. His most widely emulated innovation is probably the now-obligatory practice of winning drivers spraying their supporters with champagne from vigorously shaken bottles. But it is for the Gurney flap that he is known in aerodynamics. This is a deceptively simple device consisting merely of a small plate fixed to and perpendicular to the trailing edge of a wing. It can be seen attached to the... DERIVATION OF POD GEOMETRY Tue, 11 May 2021 15:26:10 | Aircraft Design The geometry described here for the nacelle installation has been based on the analysis of existing aircraft installations covering the major aircraft manufacturers. It covers two different types of installation (separated and mixed jets) engines with separate jets installed in a pod with separate nozzles for the fan flow and core flow as shown in Fig. 9.13 engine with mixed flows installed in a fully cowled pod as shown in Fig. 9.14. The statistical data used for the analysis shown in Tables... 253 FLYWHEEL FRICTION FACE AND RIM FACE RUNOUT Tue, 11 May 2021 10:57:10 | Vehicle Technology| 1 comment
When the flywheel is centred by the crankshaft axis, it is essential that the flywheel friction face and rim rotate perpendicularly to the crankshaft axis. Mount the dial gauge magnetic base to the engine flywheel housing. First set the indicator pointer against the friction face of the flywheel near the outer edge (Fig. 2.10(a and b)) and set gauge to zero. Turn the flywheel one revolution and observe the amount of variation. Secondly reset indicator pointer against the flywheelrim and repeat...
MATERIAL LIFE EXTENSION Tue, 11 May 2021 10:01:29 | Wastewater Treatment Recycling is the reformation or reprocessing of a recovered material. The EPA defines recycling as the series of activities, including collection, separation, and processing, by which products or other materials are recovered from or otherwise diverted from the solid waste stream for use in the form of raw materials in the manufacture of new products other than fuel (U.S. EPA 1991a). Recycled material can follow two major pathways closed loop and open loop. In closed-loop systems, recovered... TRAILING ARM REAR WHEEL DRIVE INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION Tue, 11 May 2021 05:25:29 | Vehicle Technology (Fig. 10.53) The independent trailing arm suspension has both left and right hand arms hinged on an axis at right angles to the vehicle centre line (Fig. 10.53). Each arm, which is generally semi-triangular shaped, is attached to two widely spaced pivot points mounted on the car's rear subframe. Thus the trailing arms are able to transfer the drive thrust from the wheel and axle to the body structure, absorb both drive and braking torque reactions and to restrain transverse body movement when... 1013 TANDEM AND TRIAXLE BOGIES Mon, 10 May 2021 22:13:22 | Vehicle Technology A heavy goods vehicle is normally laden so that about two thirds or more of the total load is carried by the rear axle. Therefore the concentration of weight over a narrow portion of the chassis and on one axle, even between twin wheels, can be excessive. In addition to the mechanical stresses imposed on the vehicle's suspension system, the subsoil stress distribution on the road for a single axle Fig. 10.85 a is considerably greater than that for a tandem axle bogie Fig. 10.85 b for similar... HYDRODEALKYLATION PROCESS Mon, 10 May 2021 13:37:47 | Petrochemical Processes This process is designed to hydrodealkylate methylbenzenes, ethyl-benzene and C9 aromatics to benzene. The petrochemical demand for benzene is greater than for toluene and xylenes. After separating benzene Figure 3-8. Flow diagram of a Cheveron hydocracking unit 29 1,4 reactors, 2,5 HP separators, 3 recycle scrubber optional , 6 LP separator, 7 fractionator. Figure 3-8. Flow diagram of a Cheveron hydocracking unit 29 1,4 reactors, 2,5 HP separators, 3 recycle scrubber optional , 6 LP separator,... ISOMETRIC DIMENSIONS Mon, 10 May 2021 12:17:44 | Piping Systems Length dimensions and informational notes or callouts are used on isometrics to define the pipe's exact routing through a facility. Placement of dimensions on the drawing establishes precise lengths between fittings, valves, equipment connections, etc. Information such as coordinates, elevations, nozzle projection, pipe size, and pound rating are used to calculate lengths of a run of pipe. As with orthographic views, dimensions are placed on isometrics that indicate center-to-center,... SOME CENTRAL DATA OF THIS CATASTROPHIC EVENT ARE GIVEN IN TABLE 213 TABLE 213 THE FLIXBOROUGH EXPLOSION Mon, 10 May 2021 07:14:36 | Dust Clouds Congested process area of cyclohexane oxidation section of caprolactam production plant (basic raw material for Nylon 6) Entire plant demolished. 1821 houses and 167 shops in nearby residential areas suffered various degrees of damage The Flixborough disaster is probably the most well documented major accidental industrial vapor cloud explosion world wide. The comprehensive public report by Parker et al. (1975) contains references to about sixty detailed reports on various aspects that were... INFLUENCE OF POROSITY ON CASE DEPTH Mon, 10 May 2021 06:35:07 | Powder Metallurgy In P M steel parts with interconnected porosity, case-hardening processes such as carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing become much more sensitive to process control due to the rapid penetration of the atmosphere gases. These high-carbon-potential atmospheres diffuse into the internal pore surfaces at the same rate as the external surfaces of the part, causing very rapid carburizing to a significant depth below the surface and a consequent loss of a sharp case core transition zone.... SEISMIC DESIGNVESSEL ON BRACED LEGS [7 [/pressure-vessels/seismic-designvessel-on-braced-legs- Mon, 10 May 2021 06:00:17 | Pressure Vessels [/pressure-vessels/seismic-designvessel-on-braced-legs- A cross-sectional area of brace, in.2 A cross-sectional area of leg, in.2 V base shear, lb E modulus of elasticity, psi W operating weight of vessel, lb Al change in length of brace, lb Fh horizontal seismic force, lb Fv vertical seismic force, lb Ft lateral force at top of vessel, lb Fa allowable axial stress, psi Fy minimum specified yield stress, psi Vn horizontal load on one leg, lb f axial load in brace, lb dj distance between extreme legs, in. n number of active rods perpanel 1 for...
13 TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN USE TODAY Mon, 10 May 2021 04:45:32 | Electric Vehicles Developments of ideas from the 19th and 20th centuries are now utilised to produce a new range of electric vehicles that are starting to make an impact. There are effectively six basic types of electric vehicle, which may be classed as follows. Firstly there is the traditional battery electric vehicle, which is the type that usually springs to mind when people think of electric vehicles. However, the second type, the hybrid electric vehicle, which combines a battery and an IC engine, isvery...
POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS Sun, 09 May 2021 13:52:25 | Stirling Engines Variation in the mean pressure level of the working fluid is the most widely used and best-known control system for power regulation in Stirling engines . It was used to some extent on the more sophisticated air engines of (he nineteenth century and was early adopted as the principal power control system for Philips engines (van Wecnan 1947). Constant speed system (Philips) Meijer (1959a) gave an excellent description of the system used for power regulation on the first rhombic-driveengines...
HALL PLOT WATER INJECTION Sun, 09 May 2021 04:31:27 | Water Saturation After interference, the equation in Table 5-44 for the 5-spot pattern can be used to estimate injectivity Additional details of estimating injectivity can be found in several good texts on this subject 197,254,278 . Monitoring injectivity. Injection well performance can be analyzed and monitored by several means. During and after a period of injection, the pressure transient methods discussed earlier can be used. Additionally, several bookkeeping methods of monitoring injection rates and... CLOSED IMPELLER DRAWING Sat, 08 May 2021 17:22:53 | Mechanical Seal * Multiplier to corned Priclion loss labies (in previous editions 4th Edition and earlier) cafifKit be used wiih labies m this book which are based on he Darcy-Weisbach-CoietirooK formula. ' Note the Hazon Williams Iriclion lactor C must nol be conlused with the Darcy-Weisbach-Colebrook fiiclion fador f these two friclion factors are not in any way related to each other. * Multiplier to corned Priclion loss labies (in previous editions 4th Edition and earlier) cafifKit be used wiih labies m... MILLING MACHINE DIVIDING HEADS Sat, 08 May 2021 13:31:57 | Cutting Tools The dividing head (also called an index head) is a device that can be used to rotate a piece of work through given angles usually equal divisions of a circle. A dividing head, in combination with the longitudinal feeding movement of the table, is used to impart a rotary motion to a workpiece for helical milling action, such as in milling the helical flutes of cutters. Dividing heads are used in milling operations whenever it is necessary to divide a circle into two or more parts (Figure 13-1).... FIG 4 ROTOSTYLUS COURTESY OF SIFCO SELECTIVE PLATING Sat, 08 May 2021 12:45:26 | Corrosion Resistance For the plating process to be efficient, the plating solution must flow between the anode and the area being plated. Solution can be supplied by periodically dipping the plating tool into the electrolyte. However, the most efficient method is to pump the solution through the block anode and into the interface between the anode and the workpiece (Fig. 5). Plating of large areas at high currents requires the use of a pump to recirculate the solution. Thiskeeps the...
113 IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALS Sat, 08 May 2021 06:11:22 | Crystal Growth Indeed, in many cases they are not required to be, since lattice imperfections and other defects can confer some important chemical and mechanical properties on crystalline materials. Surface defects can also greatly influence the process of crystal growth. There are three main types of lattice imperfection point zero-dimensional, line one-dimensional and surface two-dimensional . The common point defects are indicated in Figure 1.25. Vacancies are lattice sites... DRYDOCKING AND GROUNDING Sat, 08 May 2021 02:18:20 | Centre Flotation |12 comments
When a ship enters a drydock she must have a positive initial GM, be upright, and trimmed slightly, usually by the stern. On entering the drydock the ship is lined up with her centre line vertically over the centre line of the keel blocks and the shores are placed loosely in position. The dock gates are then closed and pumping out commences. The rate of pumping is reduced as the ship's stern post nears the blocks. When the stern lands on the blocks the shores are hardened up commencing from aft... 202 EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES TO BRIDGES Fri, 07 May 2021 15:40:55 | Structural Engineering Past earthquakes have shown that the damage induced in bridges can take many forms depending on the ground motion, site conditions, structural configuration, and specific details of the bridge 1 . Damage within the superstructure has rarely been the primary cause of collapse. Most of the severe damage to bridges has taken one of the following forms 1 Unseating of the superstructure at in-span hinges or simple supports due to inadequate seat lengths or restraint. A skewed, curved, or complex... WAUKESHA ENGINE OIL COOLER Thu, 06 May 2021 17:09:56 | Heat Recovery When it is based on the brake power delivered, it is termed brake sfc (bsfc). Engine thermal fuel efficiency is the ratio of the work produced per cycle to the amount of fuel energy supplied per cycle that can be released by combustion. The fuel energy supplied that can be released by combustion is the product of the mass flow of fuel supplied to the engine and the heating value or energy intensity of the fuel. This may be expressed on a higher heating value (HHV) or lower heating value (LHV)... 31 LASERS IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wed, 05 May 2021 12:21:07 | Quantum Electron The term laser is an acronym for a radiation source based on light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The foundation for lasers was established with the first formulation of a quantum theory of light by Planck and Einstein.1 Later, the technological development of lasers was stimulated by the invention of various microwave devices, which led in the 1950s to microwave amplifiers based on stimulated emission of radiation (masers). The quest for the development of devices based on... CONTINUOUS LINEAR DEVELOPMENT Tue, 04 May 2021 23:42:25 | Liquid Chromatography In conventional continuous development the end of the chromatographic plate is immersed in the eluent and the opposite end is extended out of the chromato-graphic chamber, allowing the solvent to evaporate Figure 5 Densitogram of standard mixture of glycosides separated on silica gel high performance TLC plate wtih stepwise gradient elution (gradient programme given in the text). 1, Acetyl-digitoxine 2, strophantine 3, digitaline 4, desacetylolanatoside 5, lanatoside 6, convalatoxine 7, digoxin...* About
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