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COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3.COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A 2 A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. 2.1 Historical Motivations for the General Public License. 2.2 Proto-GPLs And Their Impact. 2.3 The GNU General Public License, Version 1. 2.4 The GNU General Public License, Version 2. 2.5 The GNU General Public License, Version 3. 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2. 7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Chapter 7 Defending Freedom on Many Fronts Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyright agreements or 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
25 HAXIL, POLGARA, AND THESULAC: MERGERS, UPSTREAM Chapter 25. Haxil, Polgara, and Thesulac: Mergers, Upstream Providers and Radio Devices. This case study considers an ongoing (at the time of writing) violation that has occurred. By the end of the investigation period, three companies were involved and many complexissues arose.
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 12 INTEGRATING THE GPL INTO BUSINESS PRACTICESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 12 INTEGRATING THE GPL INTO BUSINESS PRACTICESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A 2 A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. 2.1 Historical Motivations for the General Public License. 2.2 Proto-GPLs And Their Impact. 2.3 The GNU General Public License, Version 1. 2.4 The GNU General Public License, Version 2. 2.5 The GNU General Public License, Version 3. 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSES A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. While determining the proper methodology and criteria to yield an accurate count remains difficult, the GPL is generally considered one of the most widely used Free Software licenses. For most of its history — for 16 years from June 1991 to June 2007 — there was really only one version of the GPL,version 2.
II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2. I DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE GNU GPL AND RELATED LICENSES next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part I Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses. This part of the tutorial gives a comprehensive explanation of the most popular Free Software copyright license, the GNU General Public License (“GNU GPL”, or sometimes just “GPL”) – both version 2 (“GPLv2”) and version 3 (“GPLv3”) – and teaches lawyers, software developers 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3.DISCUSS INFO PAGE
This is the primary and general copyleft.org discussion mailing list. This is currently the only discussion list for copyleft.org. Therefore, all topics related to the copyleft.org project are considered on-topic: from the the Guide, to the the wiki, to the infrastructure that hosts them, andCOPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A 2 A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. 2.1 Historical Motivations for the General Public License. 2.2 Proto-GPLs And Their Impact. 2.3 The GNU General Public License, Version 1. 2.4 The GNU General Public License, Version 2. 2.5 The GNU General Public License, Version 3. 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives.13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 18 SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMPLIANCE 18.1 LGPL Compliance. GPL compliance and LGPL compliance mostly involve the same issues. As we discussed in § 14.1, questions of modified versions of software are highly fact-dependent and cannot be easily addressed in any overview document. The LGPL adds some additional complexity to the analysis. Namely, the various LGPLversions permit
5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2.9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A 2 A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. 2.1 Historical Motivations for the General Public License. 2.2 Proto-GPLs And Their Impact. 2.3 The GNU General Public License, Version 1. 2.4 The GNU General Public License, Version 2. 2.5 The GNU General Public License, Version 3. 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives.13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 18 SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMPLIANCE 18.1 LGPL Compliance. GPL compliance and LGPL compliance mostly involve the same issues. As we discussed in § 14.1, questions of modified versions of software are highly fact-dependent and cannot be easily addressed in any overview document. The LGPL adds some additional complexity to the analysis. Namely, the various LGPLversions permit
5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2.9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
COPYLEFT
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. 5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2. III CASE STUDIES IN GPL ENFORCEMENT 20 Overview of Community Enforcement. 20.1 Termination Begins Enforcement. 20.2 Ongoing Violations. 20.3 How are Violations Discovered? 20.4 First Contact. 21 ThinkPenguin Wireless Router: Excellent CCS. 21.1 Consumer Purchase and Unboxing. 21.2 Root Filesystem and Kernel Compilation. 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. I DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE GNU GPL AND RELATED LICENSES next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part I Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses. This part of the tutorial gives a comprehensive explanation of the most popular Free Software copyright license, the GNU General Public License (“GNU GPL”, or sometimes just “GPL”) – both version 2 (“GPLv2”) and version 3 (“GPLv3”) – and teaches lawyers, software developers 7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Chapter 7 Defending Freedom on Many Fronts Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyright agreements or 21 THINKPENGUIN WIRELESS ROUTER: EXCELLENT CCS Chapter 21. ThinkPenguin Wireless Router: Excellent CCS. Too often, case studies examine failure and mistakes. Indeed, most of the chapters that follow herein will consider the myriad difficulties discovered in community-oriented GPL enforcement for the last two decades. However, to begin, this is a case study in how copyleftcompliance can
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
11 LGPLV3 - COPYLEFT Chapter 11LGPLv3. LGPLv3 was designed to rectify architectural flaws in the GNU family of licenses. Historically , LGPLv2.1 was a textual modification of GPLv2. Reconciliation of licensing terms upon combination of LGPLv2.1’d and GPLv2’d works is cumbersome, from a licensing bookkeeping perspective. LGPLv3 redresses this historicalproblem
COPYLEFT
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives. 5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2. III CASE STUDIES IN GPL ENFORCEMENT 20 Overview of Community Enforcement. 20.1 Termination Begins Enforcement. 20.2 Ongoing Violations. 20.3 How are Violations Discovered? 20.4 First Contact. 21 ThinkPenguin Wireless Router: Excellent CCS. 21.1 Consumer Purchase and Unboxing. 21.2 Root Filesystem and Kernel Compilation. 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. I DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE GNU GPL AND RELATED LICENSES next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part I Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses. This part of the tutorial gives a comprehensive explanation of the most popular Free Software copyright license, the GNU General Public License (“GNU GPL”, or sometimes just “GPL”) – both version 2 (“GPLv2”) and version 3 (“GPLv3”) – and teaches lawyers, software developers 7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Chapter 7 Defending Freedom on Many Fronts Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyright agreements or 21 THINKPENGUIN WIRELESS ROUTER: EXCELLENT CCS Chapter 21. ThinkPenguin Wireless Router: Excellent CCS. Too often, case studies examine failure and mistakes. Indeed, most of the chapters that follow herein will consider the myriad difficulties discovered in community-oriented GPL enforcement for the last two decades. However, to begin, this is a case study in how copyleftcompliance can
COPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the one found on Wikipedia: What is copyleft? Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: ACOPYLEFT AND COPYRIGHTCOPYLEFT SYMBOLCOPYLEFT VS COPYRIGHTMIT LICENSE COPYLEFT Preface. This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is a course unto itself, educating the reader on a myriad of topics from the deep details of the GPLv2 and GPLv3, common business models in the copyleft licensing area (both the friendly and unfriendly kind), best practices for compliance10 THE LESSER GPL
The GNU Lesser General Public License (“GNU LGPL”) was designed as a solution for such situations. The Lesser General Public License is sometimes described as a “weak copyleft” license, because code licensed under LGPL’s terms can be combined with code under non-freelicenses, and is
COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A PREFACE This tutorial is the culmination of nearly a decade of studying and writing about software freedom licensing and the GPL. Each part of this tutorial is II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 4 DERIVATIVE WORKS: STATUTE AND CASE LAW 2 A TALE OF TWO COPYLEFT LICENSESSEE MORE ON COPYLEFT.ORG 15 DETAILS OF COMPLIANT DISTRIBUTION 6 GPL’S IMPLIED PATENT GRANT Chapter 6. GPL’s Implied Patent Grant. We digress again briefly from our section-by-section consideration of GPLv2 to consider the interaction between the terms of GPL and patent law. The GPLv2, despite being silent with respect to patents, actually confers on its licensees more rights to a licensor’s patents than those licensesthat
7 DEFENDING FREEDOM ON MANY FRONTS Chapter 7. Defending Freedom on Many Fronts. Chapters 3 and 5 presented the core freedom-defending provisions of GPLv2, which are in GPLv2 §§ 0–3. GPLv2 §§ 4–7 of the GPLv2 are designed to ensure that GPLv2 §§ 0–3 are not infringed, are enforceable, are kept to the confines of copyright law but also not trumped by other copyrightCOPYLEFT
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the COPYLEFT AND THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE: A 2 A Tale of Two Copyleft Licenses. 2.1 Historical Motivations for the General Public License. 2.2 Proto-GPLs And Their Impact. 2.3 The GNU General Public License, Version 1. 2.4 The GNU General Public License, Version 2. 2.5 The GNU General Public License, Version 3. 3 RUNNING SOFTWARE AND VERBATIM COPYING Chapter 3. Running Software and Verbatim Copying. This chapter begins the deep discussion of the details of the terms of GPLv2. In this chapter, we consider the first two sections: GPLv2 §§ 0–2. These are the straightforward sections of the GPL that define the simplest rights that the user receives.13 BACKGROUND
1 One example is the public outcry over NeXT’s attempt to make the Objective-C front-end to GCC proprietary. RMS, in fact, handled this enforcement action personally and the Objective-C front-end is still part of upstream GCC today.. 2 “Compliance industry” refers to third-party for-profit companies that market proprietary software tools and/or consulting services that purport to aid II A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GPL COMPLIANCE Toggle navigation. HTML; HTML (1 pg) PDF; Postscript; Wiki; Tutorial and Guide; next; prev-top; prev-end; this-end; up; Part II A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance 18 SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMPLIANCE 18.1 LGPL Compliance. GPL compliance and LGPL compliance mostly involve the same issues. As we discussed in § 14.1, questions of modified versions of software are highly fact-dependent and cannot be easily addressed in any overview document. The LGPL adds some additional complexity to the analysis. Namely, the various LGPLversions permit
5 MODIFIED SOURCE AND BINARY DISTRIBUTION Chapter 5. Modified Source and Binary Distribution. In this chapter, we discuss the two core sections that define the rights and obligations for those who modify, improve, and/or redistribute GPL’d software. These sections, GPLv2 §§ 2–3, define the central core rights and requirements of GPLv2.9 GPL VERSION 3
As noted in § 9.2, “object code” in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work, and thus includes not only binaries or executables, but also obfuscated, minimized, compressed or otherwise non-preferred forms for modification. Thus, GPLv3 § 6 clarifies and revises GPLv2 § 3. 20 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT Chapter 20. Overview of Community Enforcement. The GPL is a Free Software license with legal teeth. Unlike licenses like the X11-style or various BSD licenses, the GPL (and by extension, the LGPL) is designed to defend as well as grant freedom. We saw in the last course that the GPL uses copyright law as a mechanism to grant all the key 8 ODDS, ENDS, AND ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY 8.4 GPLv2 § 12: Limitation of Liability. There are many types of warranties, and in some jurisdictions some of them cannot be disclaimed. Therefore, usually agreements will have both a warranty disclaimer and a limitation of liability, as we have in GPLv2 § 12. GPLv2 § 11 thus gets rid of all implied warranties that can legallybe disavowed.
Toggle navigation
* Wiki
* Tutorial and Guide Let's start with a simplified copyleft definition, based on the onefound on Wikipedia:
What is copyleft?
Copyleft is a strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify and improve creative works of authorship. Copyleft (as a general term) describes any method that utilizes the copyright system to achieve the aforementioned goal. Copyleft as a concept is usually implemented in the details of a specific copyright license, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License . Copyright holders of creative works can unilaterally choose these licenses for their own works to build communities that collaboratively share and improve those copylefted creative works. What is copyleft.org? copyleft.org is a collaborative project to create and disseminate useful information, tutorial material, and new policy ideas regarding all forms of copyleft licensing. This site itself is licensed under a copyleft license and has received contributions from experts around the world. Thus, copyleft.org is the premier "meta-project" of copyleft: it's useful copylefted information all about copyleftitself!
The Copyleft Guide and Tutorial The primary project currently on this site is a tutorial book entitled . This guide describes the policy motivations for copyleft, presents a detailed analysis of the text of various copyleft licenses, and gives examples and case studies of copyleft compliancesituations.
Getting Involved
There are various ways to get involved with this project. The primary copyleft.org website is a wiki, and we welcome helpful edits and additions. For the aforementioned guide and tutorial about GPL and other copyleft concepts, we seek help in the following ways: Proposing Improvements to the Guide Pull requests on copyleft.org's Kallithea site are most welcome. If you're looking for something to fix, just grep the *.tex files for "FIXME" and you'll find plenty. Many of them are simple and easy to do. Some of them are writing, and some of them areformatting-related.
Joining Mailing Lists * Subscribe to our low-traffic announcements-only mailing list. * Join
discussion on our primary mailing list, called "discuss".
IRC Discussion
The copyleft.org IRC channel is #copyleft on irc.freenode.net(irc://irc.freenode.net/#copyleft). The IRC logs are public here on this site(/irclogs/). Who Contributes to copyleft.org? This site is a joint project of Software Freedom Conservancyand the
Free Software Foundation.
The editor-in-chief of the guide is Bradley M. Kuhn (http://ebb.org/bkuhn). The recent changes page (/recentchanges) shows who has contributed to the wiki, and you can see the Git commit log on the tutorial (https://k.copyleft.org/guide/changelog)to see who has contributed to it, and see the list of users who contribute to this Wiki. copyleft.org may be sponsored by various organizations, and organizations may also republish some, or all, of the output of this project under the terms of the CC BY-SA license. However, contributors' work is their own, and thus the opinions expressed in their contributions, IRC utterances, commit messages mailing list posts, and/or other fora provided by copyleft.org may not necessarily reflect the views of the contributors' employers and/or organizations sponsoring the project and/or organizations republishing copyleft.org's materials. Generally speaking, unless stated otherwise, please assume that individuals contribute to copyleft.org in theirpersonal capacity.
URLs You Can Memorize! copyleft.org has many easy-to-remember URLs. These are convenience URLs that you can memorize and give to people verbally to point them to the right part of The Guide (https://copyleft.org/guide/). (Since the guide is very large, we thought a few easy-to-remember ways to tell people where to look would be helpful.) Here are the primaryones:
* copyleft.org points to this page. * copyleft.guide points to the guide itself. * compliance.guide points to the _GPL Compliance Guide_ section of the full Guide. * gpl.guide points to the _Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses_ section of the full Guide. As time goes on, we'll add convenience URLs to refer to specific parts of the guide, which makes it easy to refer people to portions of the Guide. Here are the ones that exist so far: * compliance.guide/pristine points to the "pristine example", the chapter entitled _ThinkPenguin Wireless Router: Excellent CCS_. * compliance.guide/offer-for-source points to the section regarding using the offer for source provisions in GPLv3§6(c) and/orGPLv2§3(b).
Offsite Resources
More on "What Is copyleft?" Here are a few external resources to read regarding the general concept of copyleft: * Richard M. Stallman's essay on copyleft at gnu.org * The Wikipedia entry on copyleft (The definition of copyleft at the top of this page is a modified version of the first paragraph of that Wikipedia entry).Copyleft!
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