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HEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 POST-COVID CITIES: REINVENTING WORLD CITIES *This event is occurring as a live webinar. Registrants will be emailed a link to access the program.* “Reinventing Global Cities” is the second in a series of three high-profile events titled Post-COVID Cities, which focuses on the future of New York City following the pandemic.During this program, participants will learn how other global cities currently emerging from the pandemic are ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK About our Network. The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changing climate. It was created to help rapidly scale up effortsto
PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME HEAT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Dr.PH WHO/WMO Joint Office for Climate and Health, Geneva jshumake-guillemot@wmo.int WHO Regional Office for Europe Webinar: Preparing for Hot Weather during COVID-19 CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment isHEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 POST-COVID CITIES: REINVENTING WORLD CITIES *This event is occurring as a live webinar. Registrants will be emailed a link to access the program.* “Reinventing Global Cities” is the second in a series of three high-profile events titled Post-COVID Cities, which focuses on the future of New York City following the pandemic.During this program, participants will learn how other global cities currently emerging from the pandemic are ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK About our Network. The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changing climate. It was created to help rapidly scale up effortsto
PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME HEAT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Dr.PH WHO/WMO Joint Office for Climate and Health, Geneva jshumake-guillemot@wmo.int WHO Regional Office for Europe Webinar: Preparing for Hot Weather during COVID-19 CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment is NEWS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Extreme heat poses a serious and growing risk in all world regions, but heat-related deaths are largely preventable. The First Global Forum on Heat and Health, held in Hong Kong, China, from 17 - 20 December 2018, addressed this challenge and formally launched the Global Heat Health Information Network. Learn More. EVENTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Dec 8, 2020 - Dec 10, 2020. Towards the end of this extraordinary and - in so many ways - challenging year of 2020, it is our great pleasure to invite you to the 8th Global Dialogue Platform on Anticipatory Humanitarian Action, which will take place virtually from 8th – 10th December 2020 . Facing a world in crisis, our anticipatory action EXPERTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Experts. Connect with heat health experts from around the world. Our global network includes experts from a variety of disciplines that support our vision and mission by sharing their work and knowledge on managing heat risks. Explore our directory to connect with experts available for collaboration. E-LEARNING & COURSES Recognizing, Preventing, and Treating Heat-Related Illness. US-CDC. This course is designed to help coaches, athletic trainers, students, school nurses, parents, teachers, and others understand heat-related illness in student athletes and know how to prevent, as well as treat,it when it occurs.
TAKE ACTION
Heat Health Warning Systems are an integral part of Heat Health Action Plans, and are provided by National Meteorological Services. They provide heat advisories, warnings, and watches to alert decision-makers and the public so that timely action can be taken. Explore Global Map of Heat Action Plans. Heat Action Plan Elements.UNDERSTANDING HEAT
Understanding Heat. Extreme heat and human exposure to it is on the rise. There is robust evidence that climate change is affecting the frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves. These trends are projected to continue for the foreseeable future without rapid mitigation of climate change. Tool tip Increasing frequency, intensityand
NEW EXTREME HEAT UNITED KINGDOM NATIONAL SEVERE WEATHER NEW Extreme Heat National Severe Weather Warning Service for 2021 . We provide the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS) to warn the public, businesses, and government of the impacts of severe weather, which have the potential to cause danger to life or widespread disruption. CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS Objectives of this guideline are: To recognize the spectrum of heat related illness. To recommend the minimum standards of care in management of heat stroke.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
SUBSCRIBE | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Increasing awareness and capacity to better manage and adapt to the health risks of dangerously hot weather in a changing climate.HEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changingclimate.
EXPERTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Connect with heat health experts from around the world. Our global network includes experts from a variety of disciplines that support our vision and mission by sharing their work and knowledge on managingheat risks.
HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity. PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad.JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME HEAT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Dr.PH WHO/WMO Joint Office for Climate and Health, Geneva jshumake-guillemot@wmo.int WHO Regional Office for Europe Webinar: Preparing for Hot Weather during COVID-19 CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment isHEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changingclimate.
EXPERTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Connect with heat health experts from around the world. Our global network includes experts from a variety of disciplines that support our vision and mission by sharing their work and knowledge on managingheat risks.
HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity. PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad.JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME HEAT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Dr.PH WHO/WMO Joint Office for Climate and Health, Geneva jshumake-guillemot@wmo.int WHO Regional Office for Europe Webinar: Preparing for Hot Weather during COVID-19 CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment is ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changingclimate.
NEWS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK A key priority of the Met Office is to continuously evolve and improve the quality and delivery of the NSWWS, to meet the needs of the UK. From the 1 June, in consultation with Public Health England (PHE), the Devolved Administrations (and their health agencies) and other key stakeholders, we are introducing an Extreme Heat Warning into theNSWWS.
EVENTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Towards the end of this extraordinary and - in so many ways - challenging year of 2020, it is our great pleasure to invite you to the 8th Global Dialogue Platform on Anticipatory Humanitarian Action, which will take place virtually from 8th – 10th December 2020.Facing a world in crisis, our anticipatory action community recognizes the importance to continue to learn and to grow. EXPERTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Connect with heat health experts from around the world. Our global network includes experts from a variety of disciplines that support our vision and mission by sharing their work and knowledge on managingheat risks.
E-LEARNING & COURSES The rapid growth of urban populations, the urban heat island (UHI) effect, and a potential increase in the frequency and duration of heat waves due to climate change, raise a series of issues about the increased health risks of sensitive urban populations to extreme heatTAKE ACTION
National Integrated Heat Health Information System (USA) The NIHHIS is a multi-agency integrated system that defines demand for climate services that enhance resilience, develops science-based products and services, and improves capacity, communication, and understanding in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from extreme heat. NEW EXTREME HEAT UNITED KINGDOM NATIONAL SEVERE WEATHER NEW Extreme Heat National Severe Weather Warning Service for 2021 . We provide the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS) to warn the public, businesses, and government of the impacts of severe weather, which have the potential to cause danger to life or widespread disruption. SUBSCRIBE | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Increasing awareness and capacity to better manage and adapt to the health risks of dangerously hot weather in a changing climate. CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS Objectives of this guideline are: To recognize the spectrum of heat related illness. To recommend the minimum standards of care in management of heat stroke.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad.HEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity. PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
HOW IS HOT WEATHER AND AMBIENT OZONE POTENTIALLY LINKED TO Exploring the link between air pollution, heat exposure and COVID-19 is multifaceted. It requires a consideration of the possible associations between: long-term exposure to air pollution and the vulnerability to heat and COVID-19; ozone and heat exposure, and the vulnerability to more severe COVID-19 symptoms; and changes in air pollution and possible changes on surface temperature/heat CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS Objectives of this guideline are: To recognize the spectrum of heat related illness. To recommend the minimum standards of care in management of heat stroke.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
DO AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS INCREASE THE A. The role of air conditioning and ventilation in transmission via indoor re-circulation of virus: Direct droplet transmission (i.e., contact within 2 meters of an infected person) is an important route of transmission, but airborne transmission (at a distance >2 meters) cannot be ruled out (Santarpia 2020, van Doremalen 2020, Fears 2020).JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment isHEAT HEALTH RISKS
The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in a changing climate. Learn more about us.HEAT AND COVID-19
COVID-19 amplifies the risks of hot weather, and 2020 is on track to be one of the hottest years on record. To reduce heat-related illness and loss of life authorities and communities should prepare for hot weather and heatwaves – in addition to managing COVID-19 HOW CAN HEALTH WORKERS AND OTHER RESPONDERS MANAGE HEAT To protect against the COVID-19 virus, protective garments are worn by medical and other exposed personnel. These garments generally consist of a fluid resistant surgical face mask, plastic apron and gloves, and sometimes a visor/goggles, or hazmat suit, depending on the activity. PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID … 2 Key Terms A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that places an extraordinary amount of strain on humansand human support
HOW IS HOT WEATHER AND AMBIENT OZONE POTENTIALLY LINKED TO Exploring the link between air pollution, heat exposure and COVID-19 is multifaceted. It requires a consideration of the possible associations between: long-term exposure to air pollution and the vulnerability to heat and COVID-19; ozone and heat exposure, and the vulnerability to more severe COVID-19 symptoms; and changes in air pollution and possible changes on surface temperature/heat CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS Objectives of this guideline are: To recognize the spectrum of heat related illness. To recommend the minimum standards of care in management of heat stroke.AALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
DO AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS INCREASE THE A. The role of air conditioning and ventilation in transmission via indoor re-circulation of virus: Direct droplet transmission (i.e., contact within 2 meters of an infected person) is an important route of transmission, but airborne transmission (at a distance >2 meters) cannot be ruled out (Santarpia 2020, van Doremalen 2020, Fears 2020).JULI TRTANJ
Juli Trtanj is the One Health and Integrated Climate and Weather Extremes Research Lead for NOAA. She is responsible for developing and implementing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Health Strategy across NOAA and with other federal, state, local and international Agencies, academic and private sectorpartners.
CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON MANAGEMENT OF HEAT RELATED ILLNESS 4 | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Heat related illness is a medical emergency and may lead to mortality as high as 70% in cases of heat stroke. However, if appropriate treatment is EVENTS | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Dec 8, 2020 - Dec 10, 2020. Towards the end of this extraordinary and - in so many ways - challenging year of 2020, it is our great pleasure to invite you to the 8th Global Dialogue Platform on Anticipatory Humanitarian Action, which will take place virtually from 8th – 10th December 2020 . Facing a world in crisis, our anticipatory action CALENDAR | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK location-icon. Copenhagen, Denmark / Online. Postponed to 2021. The 2nd Global Heat Health Forum, originally scheduled for July 28-31 in Copenhagen, will be postponed until 2021. Virtual events were held in summer 2020 in lieu of the in-person Forum. learn more. ABOUT US | GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK About our Network. The Global Heat Health Information Network is an independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum of scientists, practitioners, and policy makers focused on improving capacity to protect populations from the avoidable health risks of extreme heat in our changing climate. It was created to help rapidly scale up effortsto
HOW IS HOT WEATHER AND AMBIENT OZONE POTENTIALLY LINKED TO Exploring the link between air pollution, heat exposure and COVID-19 is multifaceted. It requires a consideration of the possible associations between: long-term exposure to air pollution and the vulnerability to heat and COVID-19; ozone and heat exposure, and the vulnerability to more severe COVID-19 symptoms; and changes in air pollution and possible changes on surface temperature/heatAALOK KHANDEKAR
Aalok Khandekar is Assistant Professor of Anthropology/Sociology at the Department of Liberal Arts and the Department of Climate Change at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad. Khandekar’s research focuses on understanding and developing collaborative infrastructures—the (often collaboratively built) socio-technicalsystems
EXTREME HEAT PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT v Introduction to the Module Topic Page No. Introduction to the Module 1 U1 Understanding Extreme Heat & Heatwave 9 U1: L1 Defining Heatwave 11 U1: L2 Heatwave VS Extreme Heat 13 U1: L3 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Extreme Heat 15 U1: L4 Extreme Heat events that made an impact 21 U2 Disaster Risk of Extreme Heat 25 STEPHAN BÖSE-O'REILLY Stephan Böse-O'Reilly (M.D., MPH) leads the "Global Environmental Health" unit at the Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich. RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME HEAT DURING THE COVID19 PANDEMIC Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Dr.PH WHO/WMO Joint Office for Climate and Health, Geneva jshumake-guillemot@wmo.int WHO Regional Office for Europe Webinar: Preparing for Hot Weather during COVID-19 WHO HOUSING AND HEALTH GUIDELINES iv WHO Housing and health guidelines Household crowding.. 21 3.1 Guideline recommendation.. 23 3.2 Summary of evidence.. 25 3.2.1 Infectious diseases.. 25 3.2.2 Non-infectious health disorders.. 27 3.3 Considerations for implementation of the guideline KNOWLEDGE SERIES 031/20 PRIMER FOR COOL CITIES: REDUCING EXCESSIVE URBAN HEAT Knowledge Series 031/20 WITH A FOCUS ON PASSIVE MEASURES 10173_ESMAP_Primer for Cool Cities_CVR.indd 1 9/23/20 2:29 PMSearch
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EXTREME HEAT IS A SILENT EMERGENCY. BILLIONS OF PEOPLE ARE AT RISK OF PREVENTABLE DEATH AND ILLNESS FROM EXTREME HEAT. THE GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK IS HELPING TO INCREASE AWARENESS AND CAPACITY TO BETTER MANAGE AND ADAPT TO THE HEALTH RISKS OF DANGEROUSLY HOT WEATHER IN A CHANGING CLIMATE.Learn More
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Embed from Getty Images KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES & PRACTICE AROUND HEATWAVE IN KARACHI FOLLOWING A FORECAST-BASED HEATWAVE MESSAGING PROJECT The humanitarian impact of extreme heat is an increasing concern, especially in low-income countries with limited access to quality healthcare and informal dwellings which can trap heat. This report analyses the knowledge, attitude and practice of Karachi residents in relation to managing extreme heat. It was conducted in 2020 following a messaging campaign led by HANDS related to extreme heat. The project was triggered through a disaster risk financing approach, using a heatwave model to trigger funding automatically when extreme heat wasforecast.
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Embed from Getty ImagesWORKLIMATE
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL THERMAL STRESS ON WORKERS’ HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED WEATHER-CLIMATIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL HEAT HEALTH WARNING SYSTEM FOR VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL SECTORS (WORKLIMATE) The aim of the project is to deepen, especially through the INAIL injury database, the knowledge on the effect of environmental thermal stress conditions on workers (in particular heat), with specific attention to the estimation of the social costs of injuries at work. Organizational solutions and useful operational procedures in different occupational fields (or tasks), currently not yet available, will also be proposed through the organization of ad hoc case studies in selected companies in the areas of central Italy, a survey on the perception of risk linked to exposure to extreme temperatures will carried out too. An integrated weather-climatic and epidemiological heat health warning system, specific for the occupational sector, will be developed. The heat health warning system will consist of a web forecasting platform and a web app that will provide personalized forecasts based on the individual characteristics of workers and those of the work environment (work in the sun or in shade areas). The project products will be enhanced and made available by the Italian Physical Agents Platform (PAF) in order to provide concrete and operational support helpful not only for workers but also for all actors involved in the occupational prevention and protectionprocess.
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Embed from Getty Images COMBATING THE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AND POOR AIR QUALITY WITH GREEN VENTILATION CORRIDORS Stuttgart’s location in a valley basin, its mild climate, low wind speeds, industrial activity and high volume of traffic has made it susceptible to poor air quality. Development on the valley slopes has prevented air from moving through the city, which worsens the air quality and contributes to the urban heat island effect. A Climate Atlas was developed for the Stuttgart region, presenting the distribution of temperature and cold air flows according to the city’s topography and land use. Based on this information, a number of planning and zoning regulations are recommended that also aim to preserve and increase open space in densely built-up areas.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images BERLIN BIOTOPE AREA FACTOR – IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES HELPING TO CONTROL TEMPERATURE AND RUNOFF In inner city Berlin, plans for the development of new buildings are subjected to the Berlin Landscape Programme, which includes a regulation requiring a proportion of the area to be left as green space: the Biotope Area Factor (BAF) or BFF (Biotop Flächenfaktor). All potential green areas, such as courtyards, roofs and walls are included in the BAF. The regulation is a part of a larger set of documents relating to landscape planning and design as well as species protection. It responds to the need to encourage more green space in densely built-up urban areas. Climate change is expected to increase and intensify heatwaves and water-related extremes; two impacts that are particularly relevant for the urban context. By encouraging the introduction of more green space, the BAF is an important mechanism to reduce local climate change vulnerability as its measures help to lower the temperatures and improve the runoff management. The implementation of the BAF started in 1994 and is still on-going. A considerable number of new built areas in the inner city centre have implemented this regulation, translating it into green areas.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images OPERATION OF THE PORTUGUESE CONTINGENCY HEATWAVES PLAN Evidence that elevated temperatures can lead to increased mortality and morbidity is well documented, with population vulnerability being location specific. The elderly are particular vulnerable to extreme heat stress. Being part of the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal has a mild Mediterranean climate. Climate change projections indicate that the number of days with extreme heat in Portugal will increase with urban areas being more sensitive. If future populations become more urbanized and the number of elderly continues to increase, the issue of heat-related mortality will likely become more severe. During the 2003 heatwave in Europe, Portugal was one of the few countries that already had an early warning system in place: but only for Lisbon, the capital city. Following the 2003 heatwave, the Portuguese Heatwave Contingency Plan was established and has been in operation every year from May to September. This is a national plan covering the whole continental Portugal. The aim of the current Portuguese Heatwave Contingency Plan is to prevent the adverse health effects of heat stress on the population during periods of elevated temperatures. Daily alerts are key factors to the successful implementation of this plan; they indicate what protection measures must be carried out to protect the population during periods of elevated temperatures.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images OPERATION OF THE AUSTRIAN HEAT PROTECTION PLAN Evidence that increasing temperatures leads to increased mortality and morbidity is well documented, with population vulnerability being location specific. Especially the 2003 heat wave in Europe raised the awareness of negative impacts of heat stress on human health in Austria. Increased incidence of heat waves leads to an increase in heat stress, especially in urban areas; the intensification of the heat-island effect is to be expected. Following the 2003 heat wave, different Austrian provinces like Styria (2011) and Carinthia (2013) developed heat protection plans, based on recommendations from the World Health Organisation, which recommended to develop strategies, plans and packages of measures in order to protect citizens from heatstress.
These plans provide an information basis for public health services. Based on the experience from the two provinces, an Austrian heat protection plan, led by the Ministry of Health and Woman´s Affairs with involvement of several relevant actors on the national and provincial level was prepared and put in action in 2017. The plan sets out the connection between climate change and health as well as the meteorological baseline information for heat warnings, which is provided by the National Met Service (ZAMG). The information and warnings are directed to the citizen via a sound network of institutions and actors in the health field.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HEAT HOTLINE PARASOL – KASSEL REGION Demographic change and climate change together place great challenges on the society. The life expectancy of the population in Germany rises and so does the share of older people. Besides chronic patients and children, the elderly are especially affected by the effects of the climate change. At the same time more and more people live in single person households (increase from 14.56 million in 2004 to 16.83 million in 2016 in Germany), which can influence their social isolation. How can we reach these people in order to prevent negative impacts during heatwaves? This is where the heat hotline parasol from the city of Kassel (around 200.000 inhabitants) in Germany comes into play. The heat hotline parasol is a free of charge hotline that calls registered citizens and provides information on heat-warnings from the German Weather Service and suggest measures how to best deal with and adapt to higher temperatures and heat. With this hotline special support is provided to citizens, especially elderly and their families, to deal with heat in the urban area of the city of Kassel. The Elderly Committee of the City of Kassel and the Health Department of the Kassel region cooperates in the heat hotline parasol.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images SOCIAL VULNERABILITY TO HEATWAVES – FROM ASSESSMENT TO IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURES IN KOŠICE AND TRNAVA, SLOVAKIA High temperatures and heatwaves in the summer pose increasing risks to people living in Slovakian cities. In particular older people and children, those living on top floors in poorly insulated buildings, and those relying on facilities such as nurseries, schools or care homes are prone to heat stress. The Carpathian Development Institute, in collaboration with local authorities in Trnava and Košice, carried out an assessment of vulnerability to high temperatures and heatwaves in residential environment, taking into account the social aspects. Factors such as presence of older people, children and location of facilities serving these vulnerable groups were considered. Based on the results of the assessment, adaptation strategies are being implemented in both Trnava and Košice, including measures such as thickening of tree stands in parks, building and restoration of water elements (blue infrastructure) and fountains in most vulnerable places, actions aiming at changing citizen behavior during heatwaves, etc., Moreover, a neglected public open space in a vulnerable area in Trnava was redesigned to provide shading through planting of trees andother vegetation.
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Embed from Getty Images ADAPTING TO THE IMPACTS OF HEATWAVES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE INBOTKYRKA, SWEDEN
In the last century, heatwaves in Sweden occurred once every 20 years (the last being in 1975). Since the start of the new millennium, four heatwaves (2003, 2007, 2010 and 2018) have been already experienced. The frequency of these events is expected to further increase due to climate change; they will occur once every three to five years towards the end of the century. Heatwaves are already leading to increased mortality. Botkyrka is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden, not far from the capital with a population of 91.925 inhabitants. In 2010, the municipality experienced prolonged high temperatures, which led among other things to problems in elderly, retirement and nursing homes. The residents were severely hit by the heat and the staff had problems to look after them well enough. Extensive efforts, partly in the frame of a project held within the Climatools program, have been made in the municipality of Botkyrka to reduce the health risk of heatwaves. Staff of elderly, retirement and nursing homes has acquired knowledge on heatwaves risk and on checklists that must be followed in case of heatwave warnings. If necessary, additional staff can be called and activated to ensure further support to safe care. Therefore, during the 2018 heatwave, the municipality was far better prepared and equipped than in previous situations. Botkyrka is also supporting actions aiming to improve indoor thermal comfort and to create “cool-spots” in various areasof the city.
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Embed from Getty Images TRANSLATING CLIMATE SERVICE INTO PERSONALIZED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO COPE WITH THERMAL CLIMATE STRESS (CLIMAPP) ClimApp is an ongoing European project to develop a mobile tool to translate climate service into personalized adaptation strategies to cope with thermal stress including heat and cold stress.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION AND VULNERABILITIES OF PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SAHEL: THE CASE OF SENEGAL This study analysed the heat-related impact on mortality and morbidity for a rural population in Senegal. To evaluate the effect of the duration of heat exposure, we measured heat by the average apparent temperature (with effect of humidity) in a period preceding the event (medical visit, death) ranging from one, five, and ten to thirty days. We investigated the temperature-mortality or -morbidity relationship by vulnerable groups (children and elderly people) and by temperature type (daily minimum, maximum and average). Finally, we used three types of models: GLM, GAM and ARIMAX. We found that, between 1984 and 2014, high heat resulted in an excess of mortality and medical diagnosed morbidity, especially among children and elderly people.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images COOL INFRASTRUCTURES RESEARCH COLLECTIVE This research project was developed to fill specific gaps in evidence and data on access to cooling across cities in India, Pakistan, Cameroon and Indonesia. The research design is organised around three main research questions, each anchored in theoretical debates and bodies of academic scholarship: i. Heat, Inequality and Gender ii. Cool Infrastructures iii. Thermal Practices, Needs and Capacities _COOL INFRASTRUCTURES_ is a collaboration between research institutions in Scotland, Cameroon, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, France, Germany and Singapore.View Project
Embed from Getty Images ASSESSMENT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE RISKS (SIETO) The (SIETO) project has produced a national weather and climate risk assessment, focusing in particular on the vulnerabilities of different sectors to hydro-meteorological and climatological hazards. The risk assessment of the project was also used to develop the governance model for future risk assessments. The results of the project support the implementation of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2022 and provide material for the national, EU and global level governance frameworks of weather and climate risk management.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEAT AND HEALTH IN THE CHANGING CLIMATE (HEATCLIM) The overall objective of the project is to produce new knowledge on the effects of high temperatures on human health in northern areas, and to provide cost-effective and socially acceptable solutions to adapt to climate change. The consortium project is genuinely multidisciplinary, covering natural, health, and social sciences and engineering, which enables versatile approaches to research questions. The project is coordinated by the University of Eastern Finland; other participants are Aalto University, Finnish Meteorological Institute, and Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. During the project, epidemiological analyses of health register data will be performed to evaluate the effects of heat and heatwaves on morbidity and mortality, and to identify susceptible population groups. Social and economic determinants of heat vulnerability will be evaluated using a questionnaire study, complemented with interviews and scenario work. A field study, including environmental and physiological measurements, will be conducted to create thermal comfort models for vulnerable population groups, and to evaluate the efficiency of local cooling methods. Climate modelling will be conducted to improve heat wave predictions for early warning systems and climate scenarios, and to calculate of cooling capacity needs infuture climate.
In the last, integrative step of the project, health impact of heat in different climate, societal and adaptation scenarios will be assessed. Results will be used to guide policy makers on the scaling and targeting of adaptation measures. Central questions to be answeredinclude:
* How will the burden of disease caused by heat change in Finland because of climate change? * Which adaptation options are most efficient considering health effects, costs of the measures, and greenhouse gas emissions? * How do the costs of adaptation and health effects affect theFinnish economy?
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Embed from Getty Images EXTREME HEAT KILLS EVEN IN VERY HOT CITIES: EVIDENCE FROM NAGPUR,INDIA
Although many studies have provided evidence for all-cause mortality attributed to extreme temperature across India, few studies have provided a systematic analysis of the association between all-cause mortality and temperature. Objective: To estimate the risk associated with heat waves during two major heat waves of Nagpur occurred in 2010 and 2014. Methods: The association between temperature and mortality was measured using a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) and the attributable deaths associated with the heat waves with forward perspective in the DLNM framework. Results: From the ecological analysis, we found 580 and 306 additional deaths in 2010 and 2014, respectively. Moving average results also gave similar findings. DLNM results showed that the relative risk was 1.5 for the temperature above 45 °C; forward perspective analysis revealed that the attributable deaths during 2010 and 2014 were 505 and 376, respectively. Results from different methods showed that heat waves in different years had variable impacts for various reasons. However, all the results were consistent during 2010 and 2014; there were 30% and 14% extra-mortalities due to heat comparing to non-heat wave years. Conclusion: We strongly recommend the city Government to implement the action plans based on this research outcome to reduce the risk from the heat wave in future.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images CLIMATE ADAPTED PEOPLE SHELTERS (CAPS) IN AUSTRALIA The CAPS project aimed to reimagine Sydney’s bus shelters as Climate Adapted People Shelters through an open innovation designcompetition.
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Embed from Getty Images KARACHI HEATWAVE MANAGEMENT PLAN: A GUIDE TO PLANNING AND RESPONSE This document, Karachi Heatwave Management Plan, outlines what should happen before, during and after periods of extreme heat in Karachi. It sets out strategies that government and non-government agencies will adopt to prevent heat-related illnesses and deaths in Karachi and capacitate the public, particularly the most vulnerable residents, to take protective action. The Plan describes actions of implementation partners to ensure (1) information on weather conditions and heat health is timely and specific, (2) organizations have the capacity to respond according to their roles, and (3) strategies and actions enabling increase in effectiveness over time. In June 2015 Karachi City experienced a severe heatwave that caused over 1,200 deaths and over 50,000 cases of heat illness. The heatwave caught all levels of government and first responders off-guard, highlighting the need for inter-agency coordination, clarity in roles, and a well-publicized trigger to activate a planned response. To address this need and to prevent health impacts from future heatwaves as climate change intensifies, the Commissioner Office Karachi requested support from the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) to develop a heatwave management plan. Karachi’s first Heatwave Management Plan is the result of a technical assistance project delivered by national and international experts between October 2016 and May 2017, working closely with the Commissioner Office and other stakeholders. The Plan will be subject to an annual performance review and updated versions will be available to implementation partners accordingly.View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images SUPPORTING ASIAN MEGACITIES IN MANAGING EXTREME HEAT IMPACTS Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity and duration of hot weather in South Asia. When it comes to health, the most detrimental impacts from extreme heat often occur in cities in developing nations, where large populations can become exposed and capacity to prepare and respond is low. In 2015 Karachi, Pakistan, experienced a severe heatwave that caused over 1,200 deaths and over 40,000 cases of heat illness. This heatwave caught government and first responders off-guard, highlighting the need for inter-agency coordination, clarity in roles, and a management plan. HOW WE HELPED & OUR PROJECT’S IMPACTS Between November 2016 and April 2017, and with funding from the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), ESSA and The Urban Unit delivered Karachi’s first Heatwave Management Plan. The Plan builds on the analysis of data from the June 2015 event, as well as input gathered over several stakeholder outreach and engagement sessions. The Management Plan outlines what should happen before, during and after periods of extreme heat in Karachi. It sets out strategies that government and non-government agencies will take together to prevent heat-related illness and death in Karachi and equip the public, particularly the most vulnerable residents, to take protective action. The Management Plan was approved by the City, which has committed to resourcing it and making it operational. It includes an evaluation framework and proposed indicators, which will facilitate annual performance reviews. As part of the work, ESSA also delivered a Regional Toolkit for Heatwave Management in Asian Cities. The Toolkit
is intended for use by local authorities and stakeholders in other large Asian cities so the health risks of extreme heat could be integrated into disaster management, public health and land use planning. It includes guidance to develop and implement a heatwave management plan, examples highlighting cities’ experiences in preparing for and responding to heatwaves, templates, checklists and sample communications material. The chair of Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority is “hopeful that this Toolkit will serve as an important contribution in the efforts to make our cities resilient and sustainable.”View Project
Embed from Getty ImagesTURN DOWN THE HEAT
Western Sydney is hot and is set to get hotter as green fields make way for new housing developments; exacerbating what scientists call the urban heat island effect. Extreme heat causes major liveability and resilience problems with critical impacts for human health, infrastructure, emergency services and the natural environment. Turn Down the Heat is a WSROC-led initiative that takes a collaborative, multi-sector approach to tackling urban heat in Western Sydney. The initiative is guided by the Turn Down the Heat Strategy(launched
in December 2018). Developed with the input of 55 different organisations, the Strategy lays out a five-year plan for a cooler, more liveable and resilient future.View Project
Embed from Getty Images URBAN CLIMATE VULNERABILITY IN CAMBODIA: A CASE STUDY IN KOH KONGPROVINCE
This study investigates an urban climate vulnerability in Cambodia by constructing an index to compare three different communes, Smach Meanchey, Daun Tong, and Steong Veng, located in the Khemarak Phoumin district, Koh Kong province. It is found that Daun Tong commune is the most vulnerable location among the three communes, followed by Steong Veng. Besides, vulnerability as Expected Poverty (VEP) is used to measure the vulnerability to poverty, that is, the probability of a household income to fall below the poverty line, as it captures the impact of shocks can be conducted in the cross-sectional study. It applies two poverty thresholds: the national poverty line after taking into account the inflation rate and the international poverty line defined by the World Bank, to look into its sensitivity. By using the national poverty line, the study reveals that more than one-fourth of households are vulnerable to poverty, while the international poverty threshold shows that approximately one-third of households are in peril. With low levels of income inequality, households are not highly sensitive to poverty; however, both poverty thresholds point out that the current urban poor households are more vulnerable than non-poorfamilies.
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Embed from Getty Images CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAT WAVES: A CASE STUDY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA The present work aims to investigate the characteristics of heat waves in Peninsular Malaysia based on the Excess Heat Factor (EHF) Index. This index was calculated based on the daily maximum and minimum temperatures over nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia during the period 2001 to 2010. The selected station is representing all of the states in Peninsular Malaysia. Statistical analysis found that the highest of the EHF happened at the Kuala Lumpur station in 2002 with an index of 9.1°C² and the lowest was in Alor Setar in 2006 with an index of 0.1°C². The EHF moderate was found at Kuantan with an index of 4.2°C². Moreover, the longest heat wave with 24 days has happened in Ipoh, Perak with amplitude of 29.4°C – 33.0°C. Most of the heat wave characterized in Malaysia occurred during the El Nino events especially moderate El Nino in 2002 until 2005, and 2010. The Southeast, northeast and west part of Malaysia experience the highest average heat wave activity. These results indicated that the heat wave conditions in Peninsular Malaysia are anxious and this requires immediate investigation because it has a direct impact on agriculture, particularly health, economic, and humanbeing.
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Embed from Getty Images TOO HOT TO HANDLE? HEAT RESILIENCE IN URBAN SOUTH SUDAN South Sudan is at risk from the impact of climate change. This paper reviews the climate change issues faced by South Sudan, and the strategy as outlined to the United Nations. The author argues that the policy overlooks a key potential cause of future morbidity and mortality: increased ambient temperatures, particularly in urban centres due to the urban heat island effect. The capital is especially susceptible to heat-related mortality as it faces a ‘triple threat’: rapidly rising temperatures, an at-risk population profile, and inadequate planning for the pressures of urbanisation. Four low-cost, evidence-based recommendations are given to mitigate the impact of heatwaves on human health, and it is concluded that South Sudan has great potential to become a regional leader in heat resilience.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images PLAN VAUDOIS DE PRÉVENTION ET D'INTERVENTION SANITAIRE EN CAS DECANICULE
Depuis 2009, l’Etat de Vaud dispose d’un plan canicule cantonal. Il vise à protéger la santé de la population des effets des vagues de chaleur, à limiter la surcharge du système sanitaire et coordonner les différents acteurs appelés à intervenir dans ce type de situation. Ainsi, l’Etat définit des mesures de prévention collectives et individuelles et les transmet à la population ainsi qu’aux collectivités publiques et privées. Il prend en compte les situations sanitaire et météorologique ainsi que les prévisions, coordonne les acteurs (partenaires du secteur socio-sanitaire) et prend les décisions nécessaires pour prévenir ou atténuer les atteintes à la santé dues à la canicule.View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images GENÈVE: PLAN CANICULE POUR LES AÎNÉ-E-S (GENEVA HEATWAVE PLAN FORSENIORS)
Suite à une mise en garde de la médecin cantonale, la Ville de Genève active dès samedi 8 août 2020 son Plan canicule en faveur des aîné-e-s et des personnes sans-abri. Un suivi régulier de celles et ceux qui se sont inscrit-e-s auprès du Service social est assuré. Cette année, ce dispositif est particulièrement important compte tenu du contexte sanitaire encore marqué par le COVID-19.—–
Following a warning from the cantonal doctor, the City of Geneva is activating its heatwave plan for the elderly and homeless from Saturday August 8, 2020. Regular follow-up of those who have registered with the Social Service is ensured. This year, the plan is particularly important given the health context still marked byCOVID-19.
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Embed from Getty Images EARLY ACTION PROTOCOLS FOR HEAT AND COLD WAVES IN KYRGYZSTAN ANDTAJIKISTAN
The pilot project envisages the introduction of Forecast-based Action (FbA) in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to reduce the humanitarian impact of the increasing number extreme weather events on the population. The focus is on the development of Early Action Protocols (EAPs) in order to mitigate the impact from cold waves and heat waves in rural parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Through these EAPs, the Red Crescent Societies of both countries will be able to draw on the FbA by the DREF fund of the IFRC in Geneva whenever weather forecasts reach critical thresholds for approaching natural disasters. These funds can be used to carry out predefined short-term measures in affected communities. People are thus better protected: Families can bring their belongings to safety, protect their livestock and better cushion the harmful consequences of extreme weather conditions. In this way, extreme weather does not throw them back again and again in their economic and health development.View Project
Embed from Getty Images WORLD WEATHER ATTRIBUTION World Weather Attribution (WWA) is an international effort to analyse and communicate the possible influence of climate change on extreme weather events, such as storms, extreme rainfall, heatwaves, cold spells, and droughts. Recognising society’s interest in reducing the human, economic, and environmental costs of weather-related disasters, WWA delivers timely and scientifically reliable information on how extreme weather may be affected by climate change. Recent studies have quantified the impact of climate change on the likelihood and intensity of bushfires, heatwaves
and storms
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Through extensive media engagement – including the Guardian, the Daily Mail, the Times, Scientific American, CBS, BBC and many more – WWA has helped to change the global conversation around climate change, influencing adaptation strategies and paving the way for new sustainability litigation. In 2020, climate change attribution was named one of MIT Tech Review’s top ten breakthrough technologies.
WWA is a partnership of: * Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford (ECI) * Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) * Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environment (LSCE) * University of Princeton * National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) * Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (The Climate Centre).View Project
Embed from Getty Images DEFINING HEATWAVES: HEATWAVE DEFINED AS A HEAT IMPACT EVENT SERVICING ALL COMMUNITY AND BUSINESS SECTORS IN AUSTRALIA This report proposes a new objective definition for heatwaves and heatwave severity that may be applied to any location in Australia, or for that matter the world. Using this definition, it is now possible to compare severe and extreme heat events across time and space. A heatwave intensity index has been created by combining measures of excess heat, the long-term temperature anomaly characterised by each location’s unique climatology of heat, and heat stress, the short-term temperature anomaly measuring recent thermal acclimatisation. These two measures have been factored together to create the excess heat factor (EHF). The Australian community understands that heatwaves are a common summertime experience and rarely anticipates significant human health risk. This is borne out by the cumulative distribution function of EHF which indicates that most heatwaves are of low intensity. It is only rarely that heatwaves become severe enough to impact vulnerable people and rarer still that they exhibit extreme intensities capable of causing widespread health problems. Generalised extreme value theory has been used to motivate a severity threshold for the EHF, a level at which the heatwave may be considered to be severe. Case studies of Australian and international severe and extreme heatwaves are examined with the aid of EHF intensity, demonstrating the utility of the index. The methodology applied in the development of this heatwave index appeals to our common understanding of heatwave impact. Additionally, the objective statistical techniques employed here are easily extended to permit the development of a robust coldwave index, the logical extension to coldwaves being also proposed in this report. EHF can be used to appropriately alert communities according to the intensity of impending heatwaves, whilst climates trends and projections of intensity, frequency, spatial extent and length can also be considered for Australian and international locations.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images COOL STREETS - SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Cool Streets is an initiative out of Sydney, Australia, to empower communities to cool the planet, one street at a time. Cool Streets combines scientific research and public engagement, working with local communities to implement effective street tree plantings that provide shade in heat-affected urban areas and reduce CO2 emissions.View Project
Embed from Getty Images TURN DOWN THE HEAT: STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN This strategy has been prepared to increase awareness and facilitate a broader and more coordinated response to the challenges of urban heatin Western Sydney.
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Embed from Getty Images EVALUATION OF THE MONTRÉAL HEAT PLAN COMMUNICATION PROGRAMView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HOW A RURAL COMMUNITY IN MANITOBA REDUCES IMPACTS ON HEALTH FROMEXTREME HEAT
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Embed from Getty Images COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO EXTREME HEAT EVENTS IN THE CITY OF OTTAWAView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HOW WINNIPEG CHOSE ITS HEAT ALERT AND RESPONSE SYSTEM ALERT TRIGGERSView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HOW FREDERICTON DEVELOPED A HEAT ALERT AND RESPONSE SYSTEM FROM THEGROUND UP
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Embed from Getty Images HOW WINDSOR-ESSEX COMMUNICATES HEAT-HEALTH RISKS TO THE PUBLICView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images CALIFORNIA HEAT & HEALTH PROJECT As part of California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, Four Twenty Seven is working with project partners to develop a tool that will inform long-term planning efforts to communicate the urgency of and mitigate the public health impacts of increasing extreme heat events across the state.View Project
Embed from Getty Images ISLAS DE CALOR, IMPACTOS Y RESPUESTAS: EL CASO DEL CANTÓN DECURRIDABAT
Las islas de calor o islas térmicas se refieren al patrón térmico que se encuentra en sitios altamente urbanizados en el centro o en la periferia de las ciudades. Son generadas por la pérdida de cobertura vegetal la cual es substituida por superficies impermeables como las carreteras de asfalto, edificios de concreto, ladrillo y otros materiales de construcción, dando como resultado el cambio en el balance hídrico y radiativo superficial, generando, por lo tanto, aumentos en la temperatura de las áreas urbanizadas. La identificación de estas islas térmicas permite desarrollar medidas de adaptación en sitios puntuales de la ciudad. Con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento de las islas de calor en el Cantón de Curridabat se realizó un análisis de las temperaturas de los últimos cuatro años obtenidas de imágenes satelitales LandSat 8. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan un patrón de calentamiento diferenciado dependiendo del nivel de urbanización y la presencia de vegetación. Así mismo, se señala la relación de estas islas de calor con diferentes grupos vulnerables de la población y la necesidad de tomar medidas considerando la situación actual y futura con los cambios probables del clima. Análisis relacionados con la vegetación remanente en el cantón muestran la importancia de tomar acciones sobre parches de bosques en propiedades privadas y la atención al espacio verde público por habitante que muestra una situación de desigualdad dependiendo del distrito en que se ubique. Finalmente se propone la necesidad de desarrollar una definición para bosque urbano, y de acciones para atender principalmente todo lo relacionado a la adaptación al cambio climático basada en ecosistemas en la ciudad.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HEATCOST HEALTH EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC COSTS OF INCREASING TEMPERATURES AND WILDFIRES - A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT HEATCOST WILL QUANTIFY HEALTH RISKS ATTRIBUTABLE TO HEAT AND AIR POLLUTION (WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON AIR POLLUTION FROM WILDFIRES) IN MAIN WORLD REGIONS UNDER SELECTED CLIMATE SCENARIOS AND SOCIOECONOMICPATHWAYS.
The project capitalizes on the H2020 project Exhaustion.eu. The researtch is co-designed with stakeholder partners engaged in development and implementation of adaptation measures. HEATCOST will increase synergies between teams across partner countries and stakeholder organizations, fostering a new climate and environmental health knowledge platform based on a transdisciplinary and end-userfocused approach.
HEATCOST quantifies global current and future changes in cardiopulmonary (CPD) mortality and morbidity due to extreme heat and air pollution (including from wildfires) under selected climate scenarios, while assessing a diverse set of adaptation mechanisms and strategies, and estimates the associated costs. Extreme heat increases the rates of death (mortality) and can exacerbate a range of diseases (morbidity). In particular, heat increases mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (CVD and RD), which together constitute cardiopulmonary diseases (CPD). The risk of wildland fires increases during periods of extreme heat and decreasing precipitation, and can cause intense air pollution. Synergistic effects of extreme heat and air pollution (O3 and PM2.5) on CPD outcomes have been identified. Complex interactions act to exacerbate the effects of extreme events on CPD outcomes. The health risk varies by region, population vulnerability, the built environment and other factors. Populations at highest risk include older adults, children, socially isolated individuals, and individuals with chronic diseases. Health effects due to heat and air pollution is largely preventable to the extent that adaptation measures can be tailored to alleviate contextual and individual vulnerability factors for vulnerablepopulations.
To assess future health risks, HEATCOST will review the rich literature on the exposure-response relationships between health effects and non-optimum temperature, including for EU, USA, and China, and establish exposure projections for extreme heat and air pollution based on updated and advanced modelling and downscaling efforts. HEATCOST includes a diverse set of adaptation mechanisms, calculates the associated economic and social costs and identifies effective strategies for minimizing adverse impacts. The results will be disseminated to the general public and to decision- and policy-makers. HEATCOST will address key knowledge gaps listed by the IPCC and USGCRP: published health risk projections do not adequately reflect the adaptation to a changing climate; there is a lack of knowledge and appropriate models regarding possible interactive effects of extreme heat and air pollution; and the fundamental gap between the approach of global models and observational data for quantitative projections of the costs associated with heat, air pollution and health risks.View Project
Embed from Getty Images THE HIGH-IMPACT WEATHER PROJECT (HIWEATHER) The High Impact Weather project (HIWeather) is a ten-year activity within the WMO’s World Weather Research Programme. It serves to promote cooperative international research to achieve a dramatic increase in resilience to high impact weather, worldwide, through improving forecasts for timescales of minutes to two weeks and enhancing their communication and utility in social, economic and environmental applications.”View Project
A CASE STUDY OF THE HEAT-HEALTH VULNERABILITY OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENT RESIDENTS IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Heat has the potential to become one of the most significant public health impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Increases in temperature have been linked to both increasing mortality and morbidity. Cities have been recognized as areas of particular vulnerability to heat’s impacts on health, and marginalized groups, such as the poor, appear to have higher heat-related morbidity and mortality. Little research has examined the heat vulnerability of urban informal settlements residents in Africa, even though surface temperatures across Africa are projected to increase at a rate faster than the global average. This paper addresses this knowledge gap through a mixed-methods analysis of the heat-health vulnerability of informal settlement residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The heat exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of informal settlement residents were assessed through a combination of climate analyses, semi-structured interviews with local government actors and informal settlement residents, unstructured interviews with health sector respondents, a health impacts literature review, and a stakeholder engagement workshop. The results suggest that increasing temperatures due to climate change will likely be a significant risk to human health in Dar es Salaam, even though the city does not reach extreme temperature conditions, because informal settlement residents have high exposure, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to heat, and because the heat-health relationship is currently an under-prioritized policy issue. While numerous urban planning approaches can play a key role in increasing the resilience of citizens to heat, Dar es Salaam’s past and current growth and development patterns greatly complicate the implementation and enforcement of such approaches. For African cities, the findings highlight an urgent need for more research on the vulnerability and resilience of residents to heat-health impacts, because many African cities are likely to present similar characteristics to those in Dar es Salaam that increase resident’svulnerability.
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Embed from Getty Images PORTUGAL PLANO DE CONTINGÊNCIA PARA TEMPERATURAS EXTREMAS ADVERSAS – MÓDULO CALOR (CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR EXTREME ADVERSE TEMPERATURES -HEAT MODULE
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Embed from Getty Images BRASILIA DF PLANO DE CONTINGÊNCIA PARA EMERGÊNCIA EM SAÚDE PÚBLICAPOR SECA E ESTIAGEM
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Embed from Getty Images VALLE DE GUADALUPE PLAN DE CONTINGENCIA FENÓMENO PERTURBADOR HIDROMETEOROLÓGICO (HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL CONTINGENCY PLAN)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images QUINTANA ROO PLAN DE CONTINGENCIA FENÓMENO HIDROMETEOROLOGICO 2013 (HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON CONTINGENCY PLAN)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images LA PLATA PLAN DE CONTINGENCIA HIDROMETEOROLÓGICA (HYDROMETEOROLOGICALCONTINGENCY PLAN)
La ciudad de La Plata y el Gran La Plata presentan una notoria vulnerabilidad ante eventos hidrometeorológicos severos, que se ve reflejada en el impacto que producen los mismos en la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, daños a bienes espacios públicos y privados. Para una adecuada Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Desastres en el Partido de La Plata, es necesario y prioritario establecer lineamientos para la Gestión de Emergencias, ya sean estas de origen Natural o Tecnológico. Este Plan General de Gestión de Emergencias -establecido a principios de 2014- tiene los siguientes objetivos:Objetivo General:
* Reconocer las amenazas de origen natural como las provocadas por la actividad de los seres humanos (tecnológicas). Objetivos Específicos: * Identificar los actores y sectores involucrados en la gestión deemergencias.
* Establecer roles y funciones para la gestión de emergencias. * Profundizar las estrategias de coordinación entre los organismos municipales, provinciales y nacionales involucrados en acciones de manejo de crisis (advertencia/alarma y respuesta) y rehabilitación ante un evento adverso. * Promover actividades de prevención y preparación comunitaria. * Indicar a la población las acciones a tomar Un Plan de Contingencia es un conjunto de procedimientos específicos que presentan una estructura estratégica y operativa contribuyentes a controlar una situación de emergencia y minimizar sus consecuenciasnegativas.
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Embed from Getty Images HEATWAVE PLAN FOR VICTORIA: PROTECTING HEALTH AND REDUCING HARM FROMHEATWAVES
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Embed from Getty Images SURVIVING AND THRIVING IN THE HEAT: EVIDENCING HEAT IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT FOR EXPOSED OCCUPATIONS IN AND BEYOND THE WORKPLACE Working people are particularly vulnerable to environmental heat. We will study the complex threat heat exposures pose to human health, wellbeing and productivity in working populations in Singapore and other tropical countries (Vietnam and Cambodia), and to identify sustainable preventive policies and actions that can reduce theseimpacts.
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Embed from Getty Images EUROPEAN HEAT HEALTH SYSTEM The Climate and Health Program (CLIMA) of the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) is working to build a prototype of heat health early warning system for Europe. This unified pan-European service will be adapted to all European societies by using daily meteorological and mortality data to account for the regional differences in human vulnerability and societal adaptation to climate variability and change. The development of this epidemiological surveillance tool is aimed at contributing to a better monitoring and forecasting system of temperature-related health risks. The system will provide more realistic warnings, raising awareness and support public health management and decision making.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEATWAVE EARLY ACTIONS TEST IN HANOI In advance of a heatwave affecting Hanoi from 18-21 July 2019, Red Cross cooling centres and other early actions were tested in an attempt reduce the occurrence of heat-related symptoms in vulnerablepopulations.
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Embed from Getty Images TWO-WAY EFFECT MODIFICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION AND AIR TEMPERATURE ON TOTAL NATURAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN EIGHT EUROPEAN URBANAREAS
Although epidemiological studies have reported associations between mortality and both ambient air pollution and air temperature, it remains uncertain whether the mortality effects of air pollution are modified by temperature and vice versa. Moreover, little is known on the interactions between ultrafine particles (diameter75th percentile), an increase of 10,000 particles/cm(3) in PNC corresponded to a 2.51% (95% CI: 0.39%, 4.67%) increase in cardiovascular mortality, which was significantly higher than that on days with low air temperatures (<25th percentile) . On days with high air pollution (>50th percentile), both heat- and cold-related mortality risks increased. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that high temperature could modify the effects of air pollution on daily mortality and high air pollution might enhance the air temperature effects.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images WORKPLACE HEAT: AN INCREASING THREAT TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDPRODUCTIVITY
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Embed from Getty Images THE ROLE OF FLUID TEMPERATURE AND FORM ON ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN THEHEAT
Exercising in the heat often results in an excessive increase in body core temperature, which can be detrimental to health and endurance performance. Research in recent years has shifted toward the optimum temperature at which drinks should be ingested. The ingestion of cold drinks can reduce body core temperature before exercise but less so during exercise. Temperature of drinks does not seem to have an effect on the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. Manipulating the specific heat capacity of a solution can further induce a greater heat sink. Ingestion of ice slurry exploits the additional energy required to convert the solution from ice to water (enthalpy of fusion). Body core temperature is occasionally observed to be higher at the point of exhaustion with the ingestion of ice slurry. There is growing evidence to suggest that ingesting ice slurry is an effective and practical strategy to prevent excessive rise of body core temperature and improve endurance performance. This information is especially important when only a fixed amount of fluid is allowed to be carried, often seen in some ultra-endurance events and military operations. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy of ice slurry in various exercise and environmental conditions.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN THERMOREGULATION DURING HEAT STRESS Humans maintain a relatively constant core temperature through the dynamic balance between endogenous heat production and heat dissipation to the surrounding environment. In response to metabolic or environmental disturbances to heat balance, the autonomic nervous system initiates cutaneous vasodilation and eccrine sweating to facilitate higher rates of dry (primarily convection and radiation) and evaporative transfer from the body surface; however, absolute heat losses are ultimately governed by the properties of the skin and the environment. Over the duration of a heat exposure, the cumulative imbalance between heat production and heat dissipation leads to body heat storage, but the consequent change in core temperature, which has implications for health and safety in occupational and athletic settings particularly among certain clinical populations, involves a complex interaction between changes in body heat content and the body’s morphological characteristics (mass, surface area, and tissue composition) that collectively determine the body’s thermal inertia. The aim of this review is to highlight the biophysical aspects of human core temperature regulation by outlining the principles of human energy exchange and examining the influence of body morphology during exercise and environmental heat stress. An understanding of the biophysical factors influencing core temperature will enable researchers and practitioners to better identify and treat individuals/populations most vulnerable to heat illness and injury during exercise and extreme heat events. Further, appropriate guidelines may be developed to optimize health, safety, and work performance during heat stress.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images RESPONSES TO HYPERTHERMIA. OPTIMIZING HEAT DISSIPATION BY CONVECTION AND EVAPORATION: NEURAL CONTROL OF SKIN BLOOD FLOW AND SWEATING INHUMANS
Under normothermic, resting conditions, humans dissipate heat from the body at a rate approximately equal to heat production. Small discrepancies between heat production and heat elimination would, over time, lead to significant changes in heat storage and body temperature. When heat production or environmental temperature is high the challenge of maintaining heat balance is much greater. This matching of heat elimination with heat production is a function of the skin circulation facilitating heat transport to the body surface and sweating, enabling evaporative heat loss. These processes are manifestations of the autonomic control of cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor functions and form the basis of this review. We focus on these systems in the responses to hyperthermia. In particular, the cutaneous vascular responses to heat stress and the current understanding of the neurovascular mechanisms involved. The available research regarding cutaneous active vasodilation and vasoconstriction is highlighted, with emphasis on active vasodilation as a major responder to heat stress. Involvement of the vasoconstrictor and active vasodilator controls of the skin circulation in the context of heat stress and nonthermoregulatory reflexes (blood pressure, exercise) are also considered. Autonomic involvement in the cutaneous vascular responses to direct heating and cooling of the skin are also discussed. We examine the autonomic control of sweating, including cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms, the local control of sweating, thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory reflex control and the possible relationship between sudomotor and cutaneous vasodilator function. Finally, we comment on the clinical relevance of these control schemes in conditions of autonomic dysfunction.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images NATIONAL ATHLETIC TRAINERS' ASSOCIATION POSITION STATEMENT: EXERTIONALHEAT ILLNESSES
Objective: To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation. Background: Certified athletic trainers recognize and treat athletes with EHIs, often in high-risk environments. Although the proper recognition and successful treatment strategies are well documented, EHIs continue to plague athletes, and exertional heat stroke remains one of the leading causes of sudden death during sport. The recommendations presented in this document provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and clinically applicable approach to the prevention, recognition, treatment of, and return-to-activity guidelines for EHIs. These recommendations are given so that proper recognition and treatment can be accomplished in order to maximize the safety and performance ofathletes.
Recommendations: Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals should use these recommendations to establish onsite emergency action plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the appropriate prevention strategies, proper recognition tactics, and effective treatment plans for EHIs. Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals must be properly educated and prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS: EMERGING CONCEPTS AND ADVANCES IN PREHOSPITALCARE
Exertional heat illness is a classification of disease with clinical presentations that are not always diagnosed easily. Exertional heat stroke is a significant cause of death in competitive sports, and the increasing popularity of marathons races and ultra-endurance competitions will make treating many heat illnesses more common for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. Although evidence is available primarily from case series and healthy volunteer studies, the consensus for treating exertional heat illness, coupled with altered mental status, is whole body rapid cooling. Cold or ice water immersion remains the most effective treatment to achieve this goal. External thermometry is unreliable in the context of heat stress and direct internal temperature measurement by rectal or esophageal probes must be used when diagnosing heat illness and during cooling. With rapid recognition and implementation of effective cooling, most patients suffering from exertional heat stroke will recover quickly and can be discharged home with instructions to rest and to avoid heat stress and exercise for a minimum of 48 hours; although, further research pertaining to return to activity is warranted.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images TO COOL, BUT NOT TOO COOL: THAT IS THE QUESTION-IMMERSION COOLING FORHYPERTHERMIA
Patient coolingtime can impact upon the prognosis of heat illness. Although ice-cold-water immersion will rapidly extract heat, access to ice or cold water may be limited in hot climates. Indeed, some have concerns regarding the sudden cold-water immersion of hyperthermic individuals, whereas others believe that cutaneous vasoconstriction may reduce convective heat transfer from the core. It was hypothesized that warmer immersion temperatures, which induce less powerful vasoconstriction, may still facilitate rapid cooling in hyperthermicindividuals.
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Embed from Getty Images HEAT ACCLIMATION DECAY AND RE-INDUCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ANDMETA-ANALYSIS
Although the acquisition of heat acclimation (HA) is well-documented, less is known about HA decay (HAD) and heat re-acclimation (HRA). The available literature suggests 1 day of HA is lost following 2 days of HAD. Understanding this relationship has the potential to impact upon the manner in which athletes prepare for major competitions, as a HA regimen may be disruptive during final preparations (i.e., taper).View Resource
Embed from Getty Images PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HEAT ACCLIMATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of heat acclimatization (HA) on time trial (TT) performance, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), exercise heart rate (HRE), time trials heart rate (HRTT), maximal heart rate (HRM), core temperature (TC), mean skin temperature (TS), thermal comfort (TComf), plasma volume (PV), blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL and PubMed databases and reference lists of included studies were searched for randomized controlled trials that investigated the efficacy of HA in athletes. Data were then extracted from the entered studies for analyses. A total of 11 randomised controlled trials (215 participants; mean age, 26.09 years; 91% men) were included after screening of 508 titles and abstracts and 19 full-text articles. The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) between the HA and non-HA groups were 0.50 (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.97, p = 0.04) for TT performance and 1 (95% CI: 1 to 2, p = 0.007) for HRTT. The pooled mean difference (MD) between the HA and non-HA groups were -7 (95% CI: -13 to -1, p = 0.03) for HRM. The changes in TComf and RPE were too small to be meaningful. There were no significant differences between the HA and non-HA groups for VO2max, HRE, TC, TS, PV and blood lactate concentration (all p > 0.05). This meta-analysis implies that HA may improve tolerance to discomfort during heat exposure, but may not necessarily improve the associated physiological markers of improved performance.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images AMBIENT CONDITIONS PRIOR TO TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ACCLIMATION OR ACCLIMATIZATION STRATEGIES The Tokyo Olympics and Paralympic games in 2020 will be held in hot and humid conditions. Heat acclimation (in a climatic chamber) or heat acclimatization (natural environment) is essential to prepare the (endurance) athletes and reduce the performance loss associated with work in the heat. Based on the 1990–2018 hourly meteorological data of Tokyo and the derived wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (Liljegren method), Heat Index and Humidex, it is shown that the circumstances prior to the games are likely not sufficiently hot to fully adapt to the heat. For instance, the WBGT 2 weeks prior to the games at the hottest moment of the day (13:00 h) is 26.4 ± 2.9∘C and 28.6 ± 2.8∘C during the games. These values include correction for global warming. The daily variation in thermal strain indices during the Tokyo Olympics (WBGT varying by 4∘C between the early morning and the early afternoon) implies that the time of day of the event has a considerable impact on heat strain. The Paralympics heat strain is about 1.5∘C WBGT lower than the Olympics, but may still impose considerable heat strain since the Paralympic athletes often have a reduced ability to thermoregulate. It is therefore recommended to acclimate about 1 month prior to the Olympics under controlled conditions set to the worst-case Tokyo climate and re-acclimatize in Japan or surroundings just prior to the Olympics.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images ERGOGENIC EFFECTS OF PRECOOLING WITH COLD WATER IMMERSION AND ICE INGESTION: A META-ANALYSIS This review evaluated the effects of precooling via cold water immersion (CWI) and ingestion of ice slurry/slushy or crushed ice (ICE) on endurance performance measures (e.g. time-to-exhaustion and time trials) and psychophysiological parameters (core and skin temperatures, whole body sweat response, heart rate , thermal sensation , and perceived exertion ). Twenty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis based on the following criteria: (i) cooling was performed before exercise with ICE or CWI; (ii) exercise longer than 6 min was performed in ambient temperature ≥26°C; and (iii) crossover study design with a non-cooling passive control condition. CWI improved performance measures (weighted average effect size in Hedges’ g + 0.53 ) and resulted in greater increase (ΔEX) in Tskin (+4.15 ) during exercise, while lower peak Tcore (-0.93 ), WBS (-0.74 ), and TS (-0.5 ) were observed without concomitant changes in ΔEX-Tcore (+0.19 ), peak Tskin (-0.67 ), peak HR (-0.14 ), and RPE (-0.14 ). ICE had no clear effect on performance measures (+0.2 ) but resulted in greater ΔEX-Tcore (+1.02 ) and ΔEX-Tskin (+0.34 ) without concomitant changes in peak Tcore (-0.1 ), peak Tskin (+0.1 ), peak HR (+0.08 ), WBS (-0.12 ), TS (-0.2 ), and RPE (-0.01 ). From both ergogenic and thermoregulatory perspectives, CWI may be more effective than ICE as a precooling treatment prior to exercise in theheat.
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Embed from Getty Images PRECOOLING AND PERCOOLING (COOLING DURING EXERCISE) BOTH IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN THE HEAT: A META-ANALYTICAL REVIEW Exercise increases core body temperature (Tc), which is necessary to optimise physiological processes. However, excessive increase in Tc may impair performance and places participants at risk for the development of heat-related illnesses. Cooling is an effective strategy to attenuate the increase in Tc. This meta-analysis compares the effects of cooling before (precooling) and during exercise (percooling) on performance and physiological outcomes.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images FLUID BALANCE AND HYDRATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR WOMEN: REVIEW ANDFUTURE DIRECTIONS
Although it is well understood that dehydration can have a major impact on exercise performance and thermoregulatory physiology, the potential for interactions between female sex hormone influences and the impact of dehydration on these variables is poorly understood. Female reproductive hormonal profiles over the course of the menstrual cycle have significant influences on thermoregulatory and volume regulatory physiology. Increased insight into the interactions among dehydration and menstrual cycle hormonal influences may have important implications for safety, nutritional recommendations, as well as optimal mental and physical performance. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known in this area and highlight the areas that will be important for future work.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images CONSENSUS RECOMMENDATIONS ON TRAINING AND COMPETING IN THE HEAT Exercising in the heat induces thermoregulatory and other physiological strain that can lead to impairments in endurance exercise capacity. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide up-to-date recommendations to optimise performance during sporting activities undertaken in hot ambient conditions. The most important intervention one can adopt to reduce physiological strain and optimise performance is to heat acclimatise. Heat acclimatisation should comprise repeated exercise-heat exposures over 1–2 weeks. In addition, athletes should initiate competition and training in a euhydrated state and minimise dehydration during exercise. Following the development of commercial cooling systems (eg, cooling-vest), athletes can implement cooling strategies to facilitate heat loss or increase heat storage capacity before training or competing in the heat. Moreover, event organisers should plan for large shaded areas, along with cooling and rehydration facilities, and schedule events in accordance with minimising the health risks of athletes, especially in mass participation events and during the first hot days of the year. Following the recent examples of the 2008 Olympics and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, sport governing bodies should consider allowing additional (or longer) recovery periods between and during events, for hydration and body cooling opportunities, when competitions are held in theheat.
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Embed from Getty Images EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS DURING TRAINING AND COMPETITION Exertional heat illness can affect athletes during high-intensity or long-duration exercise and result in withdrawal from activity or collapse during or soon after activity. These maladies include exercise associated muscle cramping, heat exhaustion, or exertional heatstroke. While certain individuals are more prone to collapse from exhaustion in the heat (i.e., not acclimatized, using certain medications, dehydrated, or recently ill), exertional heatstroke (EHS) can affect seemingly healthy athletes even when the environment is relatively cool. EHS is defined as a rectal temperature greater than 40°C accompanied by symptoms or signs of organ system failure, most frequently central nervous system dysfunction. Early recognition and rapid cooling can reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with EHS. The clinical changes associated with EHS can be subtle and easy to miss if coaches, medical personnel, and athletes do not maintain a high level of awareness and monitor at-risk athletes closely. Fatigue and exhaustion during exercise occur more rapidly as heat stress increases and are the most common causes of withdrawal from activity in hot conditions. When athletes collapse from exhaustion in hot conditions, the term heat exhaustion is often applied. In some cases, rectal temperature is the only discernable difference between severe heat exhaustion and EHS in on-site evaluations. Heat exhaustion will generally resolve with symptomatic care and oral fluid support. Exercise associated muscle cramping can occur with exhaustive work in any temperature range, but appears to be more prevalent in hot and humid conditions. Muscle cramping usually responds to rest and replacement of fluid and salt (sodium). Prevention strategies are essential to reducing the incidence of EHS, heat exhaustion, and exercise associated muscle cramping.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images THE INTER-ASSOCIATION TASK FORCE DOCUMENT ON EMERGENCY HEALTH AND SAFETY: BEST-PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YOUTH SPORTS LEAGUES In an effort to improve the emergency health and safety best practices and policies in youth sport, this document was developed to serve as a road map for policy and procedure recommendations. It addresses the most common conditions resulting in sudden death and outlines recommended policies and procedures designed to improve youth sportsafety.
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Embed from Getty Images ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HEAT WAVE CRITERIA AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH IMPACTS TO IMPROVE HEAT WAVE ALERTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRYSETTINGS
Health effects of heat waves with high baseline temperatures in areas such as India remain a critical research gap. In these regions, extreme temperatures may affect the underlying population’s adaptive capacity; heat wave alerts should be optimized to avoid continuous high alert status and enhance constrained resources, especially under a changing climate. Data from registrars and meteorological departments were collected for four communities in Northwestern India. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to obtain the relative risk of mortality and number of attributable deaths (i.e., absolute risk which incorporates the number of heat wave days) under a variety of heat wave definitions (n = 13) incorporating duration and intensity. Heat waves’ timing in season was also assessed for potential effect modification. Relative risk of heat waves (risk of mortality comparing heat wave days to matched non-heat wave days) varied by heat wave definition and ranged from 1.28 in Churu (utilizing the 95th percentile of temperature for at least two consecutive days) to 1.03 in Idar and Himmatnagar (utilizing the 95th percentile of temperature for at least four consecutive days). The data trended towards a higher risk for heat waves later in the season. Some heat wave definitions displayed similar attributable mortalities despite differences in the number of identified heat wave days. These findings provide opportunities to assess the “efficiency” (or number of days versus potential attributable health impacts) associated with alternative heat wave definitions. Findings on both effect modification and trade-offs between number of days identified as “heat wave” versus health effects provide tools for policy makers to determine the most important criteria for defining thresholds to trigger heat wavealerts.
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Embed from Getty Images SHOULD ELECTRIC FANS BE USED DURING A HEAT WAVE? Heat waves continue to claim lives, with the elderly and poor at greatest risk. A simple and cost-effective intervention is an electric fan, but public health agencies warn against their use despite no evidence refuting their efficacy in heat waves. A conceptual human heat balance model can be used to estimate the evaporative requirement for heat balance, the potential for evaporative heat loss from the skin, and the predicted sweat rate, with and without an electrical fan during heat wave conditions. Using criteria defined by the literature, it is clear that fans increase the predicted critical environmental limits for both the physiological compensation of endogenous/exogenous heat, and the onset of cardiovascular strain by an air temperature of ∼3-4 °C, irrespective of relative humidity (RH) for the young and elderly. Even above these critical limits, fans would apparently still provide marginal benefits at air temperatures as high as 51.1 °C at 10%RH for young adults and 48.1 °C at 10%RH for the elderly. Previous concerns that dehydration would be exacerbated with fan use do not seem likely, except under very hot (>40 °C) and dry (<10%RH) conditions, when predicted sweat losses are only greater with fans by a minor amount (∼20-30 mL/h). Relative to the peak outdoor environmental conditions reported during ten of the most severe heat waves in recent history, fan use would be advisable in all of these situations, even when reducing the predicted maximum sweat output for the elderly. The protective benefit of fans appears to be underestimated by current guidelines.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images A REVIEW OF OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT INDICES AND NEUTRAL RANGES FORHOT-HUMID REGIONS
This paper reviews frequently used outdoor thermal comfort indices in hot-humid regions and neutral thermal ranges to offer guidelines for selecting an appropriate index for hot-humid regions. An overview of the development of outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) indices based on type of approach, from linear equation approach – to adaptive thermal comfort model – is provided and the advantages and limitations of each index are presented. Subjective neutral ranges from 31 studies conducted in hot-humid regions were assessed on the basis of geographical location, Köppen-Geiger’s climate classification, parameters, a survey method, instrumentation set-up, respondent profile, method of analysis, neutral range, and coefficient of determinations in order to gain an understanding of their deviations. The review of 31 calibration studies of (m)PET’s, (OUT_)SET*’s and UTCI’s neutral ranges indicated that the lower threshold of (m)PET’s neutral range needs to be lowered, while the lower threshold of (OUT_)SET*’s and UTCI’s ranges should be raised. The appropriateness of (OUT_)SET*’s thermal range for hot climates was proven by its full-coverage neutral range in the evaluation. However, the accurate response to ambient thermal conditions was determined by the advancement of a human thermoregulatory model.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images AIR TEMPERATURES AND OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES: A REPORT FROM NORTHERN ITALY (2000-2013) The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between environmental temperatures and occupational injuries (OIs) in construction workers (CWs) from a subalpine region of North-Eastern Italy. Data about OIs from 2000 to 2013, and daily weather for the specific site of the events were retrieved. Risk for daily OIs was calculate through a Poisson regression model. Estimated daily incidence for OIs was 5.7 (95%CI 5.5-5.8), or 2.8 OIs/10,000 workers/d (95%CI 2.7-2.9), with higher rates for time periods characterized by high temperatures (daily maximum ≥35°C), both in first 2 d (3.57, 95%CI 3.05-4.11) and from the third day onwards (i.e. during Heat Waves: 3.43, 95%CI 3.08-3.77). Higher risk for OIs was reported in days characterized temperatures ≥95th percentile (OR 1.145, 95%CI 1.062-1.235), summer days (daily maximum ≥25°C , OR 1.093, 95%CI 1.042-1.146). On the contrary, no significant increased risk was found for OIs having a more severe prognosis (≥40 d or more; death). In conclusion, presented findings recommend policymakers to develop appropriate procedures and guidelines, in particular aimed to improve the compliance of younger CWs towards severe-hot daily temperatures.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images ANALYZING THE HEAT ISLAND MAGNITUDE AND CHARACTERISTICS IN ONE HUNDRED ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN CITIES AND REGIONS Urban heat island is the more documented phenomenon of climate change. Information on the magnitude and the characteristics of the canopy layer urban heat island measured in 101 cities and regions of Asia and Australia and collected through 88 scientific articles, are compiled, evaluated and presented. Data are classified in several clusters according to the experimental protocol used and the type of statistical information reported regarding the magnitude of the urban heat island. Results and detailed analysis are given for each defined cluster. Very significant differences on the UHI intensity are found between the clusters and analyzed in detail. The detailed impact of the main weather parameters and conditions on the magnitude of the UHI is also investigated. The specific influence of anthropogenic thermal fluxes as well as of the urban morphological and construction characteristics to UHI is thoroughly examined. The relation between the UHI intensity and the city size is assessed and global relationships of UHI as a function of the urban population are proposed. The seasonal and diurnal variability of the UHI is analyzed and discussed while specific features and conditions like the urban heat island characteristics in coastal cities and the existence of daytime cool islands are explored. Finally, the impact of the selected reference station and its characteristics is considered.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images ASIAN MEGACITY HEAT STRESS UNDER FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS: IMPACT OF AIR-CONDITIONING FEEDBACK Future heat stress under six future global warming (ΔT GW ) scenarios (IPCC RCP8.5) in an Asian megacity (Osaka) is estimated using a regional climate model with an urban canopy and air-conditioning (AC). An urban heat ‘stress’ island is projected in all six scenarios (ΔT GW = +0.5 to +3.0 °C in 0.5 °C steps). Under ΔT GW = +3.0 °C conditions, people outdoors experience ‘extreme’ heat stress, which could result in dangerously high increases in human body core temperature. AC-induced feedback increases heat stress roughly linearly as ΔT GW increases, reaching 0.6 °C (or 12% of the heat stress increase). As this increase is similar to current possible heat island mitigation techniques, this feedback needs to be considered in urban climate projections, especially where AC use is large.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images ATTRIBUTION OF MORTALITY TO THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND DURING HEATWAVES IN THE WEST MIDLANDS, UK The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect describes the phenomenon whereby cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. Traditionally, temperature monitoring sites are placed outside of city centres, which means that point measurements do not always reflect the true air temperature of urban centres, and estimates of health impacts based on such data may under-estimate the impact of heat on public health. Climate change is likely to exacerbate heatwaves in future, but because climate projections do not usually include the UHI, health impacts may be further underestimated. These factors motivate a two-dimensional analysis of population weighted temperature across an urban area, for heat related health impact assessments, since populations are typically densest in urban centres, where ambient temperatures are highest and the UHI is most pronounced. We investigate the sensitivity of health impact estimates to the use of population weighting and the inclusion of urban temperatures inexposure data.
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Embed from Getty Images EFFICACY OF HEAT MITIGATION STRATEGIES ON CORE TEMPERATURE AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE: A META-ANALYSIS A majority of high profile international sporting events, including the coming 2020 Tokyo Olympics, are held in warm and humid conditions. When exercising in the heat, the rapid rise of body core temperature (T c ) often results in an impairment of exercise capacity and performance. As such, heat mitigation strategies such as aerobic fitness (AF), heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA), pre-exercise cooling (PC) and fluid ingestion (FI) can be introduced to counteract the debilitating effects of heat strain. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation strategies using magnitude-based inferences.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images HEAT WAVE AND THE RISK OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE A high number of women report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). It is of utmost importance to identify possible factors that precipitate IPV and incorporate them into police protocols for evaluating IPV risk. Scientific evidence shows that environmental temperature is associated with a risk of violent behavior. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effect and impact of heat waves on the risk of IPV. METHODS: Ecological, longitudinal time series study. The dependent variables are: intimate partner femicides (IPF), reports of IPV and 016 IPV telephone help line calls in the Community of Madrid from 05/01 to 09/30 in the years 2008-2016. The principal independent variable is the daily maximum temperature in Celsius (Tmax) above the heat wave threshold of 34 degrees C. A binomial negative regression was used for calls and reports and a Poisson regression was used for IPF. The attributable risk among those exposed (AR%) and the number of attributable cases was calculated for each variable. RESULTS: The risk of IPF increased three days after the heat wave, , police reports of IPV increased one day after [RR (IC95%):1.02(1.00-1.03) and help line calls increased five days after . The AR% was 28.8% (IC95%: 0.3%-49.2%) for IPF, 1.7% (IC95%:0.3%-3.1%) for police reports and 1.43% (IC95:0.1%;2.8%) for help line calls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that heat waves are associated with an increase in IPV. The effect of an increase in IPV is delayed in time, with differences according to the violence indicators analyzed.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images HEAT-RELATED TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL NEEDS AMONG OIL SPILLCLEANUP RESPONDERS
Heat-related illness (HRI), injury, and death among oil spill cleanup responders can be prevented through training and educational materials. This study assessed heat-related training and educational materials currently used and desired by oil spill cleanup responders. A needs assessment was completed by 65 oil spill cleanup responders regarding their occupational heat-related experiences and training needs. Oil spill cleanup responders reported participating on average in 37 oil spill cleanup activities per year. Most reported experiencing additional HRI risk factors, such as high temperatures and humidity and wearing personal protective equipment and clothing ensembles, respirators, and personal flotation devices. Many reported experiencing symptoms of HRI (profuse sweating, headache, weakness, decreased urine output, high body temperatures) and experiencing heat exhaustion. Although multiple prevention controls were reported, only 1 in 4 reported using an acclimatization plan. The most common training delivery method and education received included just-in-time training and printed materials. The most desirable future training delivery methods and education products were smartphone or tablet applications, printed materials, and online training. Findings from this study may be beneficial to safety and health professionals and health educators, particularly those interested in developing heat stress training and educational materials for oil spill cleanupresponders.
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Embed from Getty Images HEATSTROKE (REVIEW ARTICLE) This review summarizes current knowledge about heatstroke, which is often misinterpreted or overlooked, focusing on its relevance for medical practitioners.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images HUMID HEAT WAVES AT DIFFERENT WARMING LEVELS The co-occurrence of consecutive hot and humid days during a heat wave can strongly affect human health. Here, we quantify humid heat wave hazard in the recent past and at different levels of global warming. We find that the magnitude and apparent temperature peak of heat waves, such as the ones observed in Chicago in 1995 and China in 2003, have been strongly amplified by humidity. Climate model projections suggest that the percentage of area where heat wave magnitude and peak are amplified by humidity increases with increasing warming levels. Considering the effect of humidity at 1.5° and 2° global warming, highly populated regions, such as the Eastern US and China, could experience heat waves with magnitude greater than the one in Russia in 2010 (the most severe of the present era). The apparent temperature peak during such humid-heat waves can be greater than 55 °C. According to the US Weather Service, at this temperature humans are very likely to suffer from heat strokes. Humid-heat waves with these conditions were never exceeded in the present climate, but are expected to occur every other year at 4° global warming. This calls for respective adaptation measures in some key regions of the world along with international climate change mitigation efforts.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images IMPLICATIONS FOR WORKABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY IN POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO EXTREME HEAT UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: A MODELLING STUDY Changes in temperature and humidity due to climate change affect living and working conditions. An understanding of the effects of different global temperature changes on population health is needed to inform the continued implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement and to increase global ambitions for greater cuts in emissions. By use of historical and projected climate conditions, we aimed to investigate the effects of climate change on workability (ie, the ability to work) and survivability (the ability to survive).View Resource
Embed from Getty Images PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY TO HEAT-RELATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIN CYPRUS
This study investigates the heat-related impacts of climate change on public health in Cyprus. Most of the health problems in Cyprus and in the Mediterranean generally, are related mainly to the warming already occurred as well as to extreme weather events such as heatwaves. In addition projections indicate that warming and extreme events will increase in future posing serious threats on human health. For the investigation of the relationship bretween hot weather condition and mortality in Cyprus, a statistical model was constructed showing linear increase of mortality with increasing temperature. Humidex is also calculated, using outputs from several regional climate models. The analysis revealed a significant increase in the Humidex in future period mainly during summer months.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images QUANTIFYING EXCESS DEATHS RELATED TO HEATWAVES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS: A MULTICOUNTRY TIME SERIES MODELLING STUDY This study provides a comprehensive characterisation of future heatwave-related excess mortality across various regions and under alternative scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, different assumptions of adaptation, and different scenarios of population change. The projections can help decision makers in planning adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT-RELATED DEATHS AND THE APPLICATION OF A HEAT-HEALTH WARNING SYSTEM IN KOREA We studied regional characteristics of mortality and meteorological conditions in Seoul and Busan during the extreme heat wave of 1994. We estimated the relationship between EHWS’s fixed criteria and observed deaths during 1991–2005. During the same period, HHWS’s warning criteria and observed excess deaths were calculated and compared to the EHWS’s to test the reliability of the system. Because of increasing urban vulnerability, the application and development of a heat warning system is imperative. Application of HHWS will reduce the urban health risks and provide efficient decision-making for public health officials.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images SPATIOTEMPORAL INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, AIR QUALITY, AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT ON CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY DURING HAZY DAYS Haze is an extreme weather event that can severely increase air pollution exposure, resulting in higher burdens on human health. Few studies have explored the health effects of haze, and none have investigated the spatiotemporal interaction between temperature, air quality and urban environment that may exacerbate the adverse health effects of haze. We investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of haze effects and explored the additional effects of temperature, air pollution and urban environment on the short-term mortality risk during hazy days. We applied a Poisson regression model to daily mortality data from 2007 through 2014, to analyze the short-term mortality risk during haze events in Hong Kong. We evaluated the adverse effect on five types of cause-specific mortality after four types of haze event. We also analyzed the additional effect contributed by the spatial variability of urban environment on each type of cause-specific mortality during a specific haze event. A regular hazy day (lag 0) has higher all-cause mortality risk than a day without haze (odds ratio: 1.029 ). We have also observed high mortality risks associated with mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system during hazy days. In addition, extreme weather and air quality contributed to haze-related mortality, while cold weather and higher ground-level ozone had stronger influences on mortality risk. Areas with a high-density environment, lower vegetation, higher anthropogenic heat, and higher PM2.5 featured stronger effects of haze on mortality than the others. A combined influence of haze, extreme weather/air quality, and urban environment can result in extremely high mortality due to mental/behavioral disorders or diseases of the nervous system. In conclusion, we developed a data-driven technique to analyze the effects of haze on mortality. Our results target the specific dates and areas with higher mortality during haze events, which can be used for development of health warning protocols/systems.View Resource
Embed from Getty Images TEMPORAL CHANGES IN MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO HEAT EXTREMES FOR 57 CITIES IN NORTHEAST ASIA Exercising in the heat induces thermoregulatory and other physiological strain that can lead to impairments in endurance exercise capacity. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide up-to-date recommendations to optimise performance during sporting activities undertaken in hot ambient conditions. The most important intervention one can adopt to reduce physiological strain and optimise performance is to heat acclimatise. Heat acclimatisation should comprise repeated exercise-heat exposures over 1–2 weeks. In addition, athletes should initiate competition and training in a euhydrated state and minimise dehydration during exercise. Following the development of commercial cooling systems (eg, cooling-vest), athletes can implement cooling strategies to facilitate heat loss or increase heat storage capacity before training or competing in the heat. Moreover, event organisers should plan for large shaded areas, along with cooling and rehydration facilities, and schedule events in accordance with minimising the health risks of athletes, especially in mass participation events and during the first hot days of the year. Following the recent examples of the 2008 Olympics and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, sport governing bodies should consider allowing additional (or longer) recovery periods between and during events, for hydration and body cooling opportunities, when competitions are held in theheat.
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Embed from Getty Images PREP: PROTECTION RESILIENCE EFFICIENCY AND PREVENTION FOR WORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE For over three decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD), not related to well-known risk factors like diabetes and hypertension, and thus named CKD of unknown origin (CKDu) has been detected in agricultural and other heavy labourers in Central America, especially sugarcane workers. CKDu is also increasingly observed in manual rural workers in other hot regions, such as Sri Lanka, India, and Egypt. There are probably multiple risk factors for CKDu, as for most non-communicable diseases, but there is a growing body of evidence that labour practices, specifically strenuous work in heat without sufficient rest or hydration, is an important driver of the disease. Thus, this disease can be seen as having a direct link to climate change and is likely to become even more prevalent in the near future unless workplace heat stress is mitigated. As a response to this disease, members of the current project consortia have collectively implemented the Adelante Initiative at a large sugarcane mill in Nicaragua. Adelante is a scientific evaluation of workplace interventions that focus on adequate water and rest in shade together with improved ergonomics, aiming to prevent CKDu in workers while preserving productivity. The PREP program will build on the Adelante Initiative and will have three different themes: I. To evaluate the immediate and long-term impact of a Water, Rest, and Shade intervention on workforce health (kidney health and heat related symptoms) and productivity in the sugar industry; II. To examine the economic and social impacts on individuals, families, communities, the company and health systems affected by CKDu and whether workplace interventions to reduce heat stress and the risk for CKDu aids resilience, including mitigating migration pressures; III. To examine the policies, or absence of policies (at multiple administrative scales) that have contributed to the CKDu disease and what policies are required to effectively address it in a futurechanging climate.
This program is an interdisciplinary effort that brings together researchers with expertise in occupational hygiene, medicine, health economics, plus social and political sciences. The research methods range from advanced physiological measurements, focus groups and interviews, document analysis, to semi-structured interviews and participatory workshops. Using this coordinated, interdisciplinary approach we will evaluate how occupational health and safety interventions affects worker’s health at an individual level as well as the social and economic effects in the local community, and company return-of-investment. Together with workers, management, certifying institutions, national authorities, and consumers we will build toolkits and educational materials for those affected and those wishing to improve protection for workers in industrial agricultural and other manual outdoor work. Our findings will be broadly shared via scientific communications, workshops with worker/management, production of web-based material, films for the general public, and collaboration with media. PREP will enhance our knowledge on risk factors for CKDu in industrial agricultural workers in a hot climate, and produce evidence-based toolkits and other educational material for prevention of heat stress and its consequences, directed to the industry, governments and other stakeholders. By furthering our understanding of where and who are affected, while providing viable solutions, we can help governments and industry take a proactive and cost-effective approach to address CKDu and its associated challenges. There is a need to demonstrate that such an investment will be more economical than suffering the social and economic impact of doing nothing or inadequately attempting to treat an issue that is likely to get worse in a warming world.View Project
Embed from Getty Images PROTECTING URBAN LIVELIHOODS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE - BUILDING HEAT STRESS RESILIENCE AMONGST DA NANG CITY'S MOST VULNERABLE WORKERS The overarching goal of this project was to protect the livelihoods of low-income workers as climate change leads to increased temperatures in Da Nang city. Specifically, the project aspired to increase the resilience of vulnerable urban workers to heat stress and thereby contribute to the resilience of the city as a whole.View Project
Embed from Getty Images THE EFFECT OF COOL ROOFS ON HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES IN RURAL AFRICA The long-term research goal is to identify viable passive housing adaptation technologies with proven health and environmental benefits to reduce the burden of heat stress in communities affected by heat in Africa. As a next step towards this goal, the project proposes to conduct a household-randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Nouna, Burkina Faso to: (i) establish the effect of the cool roof on the primary endpoint heart rate (as an indicator of physiological stress) and (ii) quantify the effects of the cool roof on a range of secondary endpoints, including indoor temperature, indoor humidity, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, household energy consumption, and socioeconomic outcomes.View Project
Embed from Getty Images URBAN HEALTH AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN INDIA This project aims to design an air pollution and heatwave management toolkit, school environmental monitoring program and engage with targeted national and city level governmental and non-governmental actors to support its uptake in development planning. The project is coordinated by Taru Leading Edge and ICLEI South Asia, in partnership with CDKN, and was launched in India in July 2019.View Project
Embed from Getty Images URBAN HEAT ISLAND COMMUNITY SCIENCE CAMPAIGNS NOAA, in a public-private partnership with CAPA Strartegies, LLC, runs annual community science Urban Heat Island mapping campaigns in cities across the United States. Each year, lea organizations in cities apply for core support funding for this activity. Residents of participating cities use low-cost in-situ sensors attached to their cars to drive transects and sample urban temperatures at a height of 2m. The in-situ data are combined with satellite data in a machine learning model to develop an estimate of the urban heat island intensity across the city. The outputs of the project are open source, and the outcomes of the project include community science engagement, education, and usable datasets showing the distribution of urban heat island intensity across the city.View Project
Embed from Getty ImagesVUCRA- FRANCE
Le projet VURCA étudie la vulnérabilité des villes à des épisodes futurs de canicules, afin de proposer des stratégies d’adaptation.View Project
Embed from Getty Images WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES FOR AFRICA The UK Met Office’s Weather and Climate Information Services for Africa (WISER) programme’s mission is to make a step change in the quality, accessibility and use of weather and climate information services at all levels of decision making for sustainable developmentin Africa.
The Met Office has been commissioned by the UK government’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) to act as fund manager for the East Africa component of the programme, focussing on the Lake Victoria Basin and surrounding region (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda). This component aims to improve the quality and relevance of weather and climate information and supportits uptake and use.
Under the East Africa component five quick-start projects using WISER funding were commissioned in late 2015 and commenced work early in 2016. A further series of projects began in 2017. In the commissioning of new projects, applications will be invited to access WISER funding in line with the WISER strategy. Details of any open application rounds can be found on our WISER programme opportunitiespage.
For information on projects under the Policy & Enabling Environment Component (PEEC) please visit the ClimDev-Africawebsite.
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Embed from Getty Images WORLD WEATHER RESEARCH PROGRAMME The World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) is the WMO’s international programme for advancing and promoting research activities on weather, its prediction and its impact on society. The improvements in science and operational predictions are driven by international cooperation, and in turn international cooperation in weather science is a unique opportunity to drive sustainabledevelopment.
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Embed from Getty Images YALE PROGRAMME ON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION The Yale Programme on Climate Change Communication conducts scientific research on public climate change knowledge, attitudes, policy preferences, and behavior, and the underlying psychological, cultural, and political factors that influence them. They also engage the public in climate change science and solutions, in partnership with governments, media organizations, companies, and civil society, and with a daily, national radio program, Yale Climate Connections.View Project
Embed from Getty Images WORLD URBAN DATABASE: CENSUS OF GLOBAL CITIES The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools project is a community-based project to gather a census of cities around the world. The overall aims of WUDAPT are to: * use the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification framework as the starting point for characterizing cities in a consistent manner * use Geo-Wiki to sample land cover and land use types across LCZs (e.g. impervious surfaces (buildings, roads, other), pervious surfaces, grassland, etc.) * develop tools (online and mobile-based) to obtain other parameters such as building materials, building dimensions, canopy widths, etc. * provide open access to this dataset so that researchers around the world can use the data for many different types of applications, from climate and weather modeling to energy balance studies * provide basic tools in the portal to allows researchers to aggregate the data to a user-specified reference grid (resolution and starting location) and compare cities around the world. For WUDAPT to work, we need to build a community of interested urban experts and interested researchers who will take active part by: * using the training materials to classify your city into LCZs * contributing your LCZ map to WUDAPT * helping us to collect other parameters using the online and mobile-based tools that will be developed.View Project
Embed from Getty Images ELECTRIC VEHICLES’ HEALTH AND CLIMATE BENEFITS IN CHINA AND INDIA Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution for sustainable transport. However, making EVs a sustainable solution depends on a variety of factors such as the carbon footprint of the electricitymix.
We will focus on two major emerging markets – China and India – to investigate the conditions under which EVs can provide co-benefits for air quality, health and climate change. The growth of EVs relies on curbing the use of coal power plants, building new infrastructure and shifting consumer preferences. We will help develop solutions for these challenges by evaluating the relative importance of country-specific factors such as subsidies, regulations around EVs and the price of electricity. We will design a series of scenarios to represent these key factors and use an integrated assessment modelling method combining emissions analysis, air quality modelling and healthimpact assessment.
Our findings could inform policy to unlock the air quality, health and climate co-benefits of EVs in China and India.View Project
Embed from Getty Images ACASIS : ALERTE AUX CANICULES AU SAHEL ET À LEURS IMPACTS SUR LASANTÉ
The main objective of ACASIS is to set-up a pre-operational heat wave warning system over West Africa tailored to health risks of the population living in this region. This is a demonstration project focused on Senegal and Burkina Faso where national weather services have already started developing products dedicated to weather/climate and health relationships, and where several health and demographic observatories have been operating for up to several decades.View Project
Embed from Getty Images AIR POLLUTION, HEAT AND HEALTH IN BRAZIL UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE This project will estimate air pollution (fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone), heat waves, and days of high or low temperatures under present day conditions and in the future under climate change for two major Brazilian cities. The project will also develop estimates of how weather and air pollution impact mortality in Brazil.View Project
Embed from Getty Images ASSAR PROJECT (ADAPTATION AT SCALE IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS) The five-year ASSAR project (Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions, 2014-2018) uses insights from multi-scale, interdisciplinary work to inform and transform climate adaptation policy and practice in ways that promote the long-term wellbeing of the most vulnerable and those with the least agency. Working in 7 countries in the semi-arid regions of India, and East, Southern and West Africa, we focused our case studies on regionally-relevant, socio-ecological risks and dynamics relating to livelihoods, and resource access, use, and management.View Project
Embed from Getty Images CHAMNHA CLIMATE, HEAT AND MATERNAL AND NEONATAL HEALTH IN AFRICA CHAMNHA is led by a transdisciplinary team from 3 continents, spanning the natural, health and social sciences, and will address key knowledge gaps around heat and Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH) insub-Saharan Africa.
ABSTRACT
The frequency and intensity of heat waves have increased in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and are set to escalate in the coming decades. Heatwaves present major health threats, especially for vulnerable population groups, such as those with limited socio-economic resources or compromised physiological ability to respond to heat stress. Pregnant women and neonates (<28 days after birth) have a unique set of health vulnerabilities, particularly in low- and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs), where pregnancy and childbirth are often highly precarious. Heat exposure complicates Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH), increasing risks for maternal haemorrhage and sepsis, prematurity, low birth weight and neonatal dehydration. Few studies have assessed these impacts in sub-Saharan Africa, where maternal and neonatal deaths are frequent, facilities experience high indoor temperatures, health systems have low adaptive capacity and access to services is increasingly disrupted by climateevents.
The proposed study (CHAMNHA) is led by a transdisciplinary team from 3 continents, spanning the natural, health and social sciences, and will address key knowledge gaps around heat and MNH in SSA in collaboration with stakeholders, employing qualitative and quantitative methods, implementation and evaluation science, and climate impact methods. The project is divided into three work packages (WP). WP1 will quantify impacts of heat exposure on MNH outcomes, using trial data, birth cohorts and other data sources from SSA, Norway and Sweden. We will characterize these impacts and identify sub-groups at high-risk. In WP2, qualitative research will document perceptions and local practices relating to heat exposure in pregnant women and neonates in Burkina Faso and Kenya. Then, in conjunction with pregnant women, male partners and health workers, we will co-design community- and facility-based interventions, such as improving preparedness for heat, e.g. through warning systems; changing behaviours and health worker practices to reduce heat impacts on MNH; training birth companions and traditional birth attendants on heat reduction during childbirth; and promoting breastfeeding and optimised hydration for women and neonates. WP3 will test the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of selected interventions using a randomized design (Kenya) and pre-post study design (Burkina Faso). In WP4, building on established collaborations with stakeholders, ministries of health and WHO, we will translate research findings into recommendations for improved MNH practice in the health sector, and national adaptation planning to reduce the current and future impacts of climate change onMNH
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Embed from Getty Images CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE ACTIONS FOR AIR AND HEALTH IN INDIA Using an interdisciplinary modelling approach, this project will quantify the air quality and health co-benefits of mitigation and adaptation policies in Ahmedabad, India in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute, Public Health Foundation of India and the Natural Resources Defense Council. It will estimate the total electricity demand in 2030, considering climate change and demand for air conditioning. It will model and compare air quality associated with two climate change response strategies: shifting fossil fuel use to solar energy; and expanding cool roof/green landcover interventions. It will also use air quality estimates to calculate health co-benefits in 2030, relative to a 2018 baseline and a 2030 business-as-usual scenario.View Project
Embed from Getty Images DEEPENING AND EXPANDING HEAT HEALTH ACTION IN INDIA In 2013, the city of Ahmedabad, in Gujarat State, India, adopted and started implementing the first Heat Action Plan in South Asia. Based on learning from the project’s first phase, and interest from other state and municipal governments in India, the next phase was building on this momentum to deepen and expand action on extreme heat.View Project
Embed from Getty Images EVALUATION OF HEAT WAVE RELATED MORTALITY AND ADAPTATION MEASURES INSWITZERLAND
The heat wave in 2003 caused approximately 7% more deaths. As a result, the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health developed an information campaign for the behaviour during heat waves which has been adopted by various cantonal health authorities.OBJECTIVES
1) Assessment of preventive measures which have been recommended or implemented by various stakeholders (communities, cantons, confederacy, MeteoSuisse, international authorities) to reduce heat-related mortality. 2) Analysis of the effect of heat waves on mortality in Switzerland on the basis of empirical data on a national level and stratified by region. The hypothesis will be tested the effect of comparable heat episodes on mortality is reduced since 2003. 3) Evaluation of regional adopted measures on the heat-related excess mortality in single cantons/regions where preventive measures have already been implemented. 4) Identification of the meteorological indicator which best describes the heat effect on mortality and identification of the highest groupsat risk.
5) Preparation and dissemination of epidemiological studies on the topic for interested stakeholders with newsletters and workshops.METHODS
In a first step an assessment of the adopted and recommended measures aiming to reduce heat-related mortality will be executed. In a second step, Swiss mortality data (1990-2012) from the Federal Office of Statistics will be linked with the corresponding regional meteorological data provided by MeteoSwiss. The heat-related excess mortality will be investigated using Poisson regression analysis. Furthermore, various meteorological indicators will be investigated for the health effect of heat episodes. An important part of the project addresses the knowledge transfer. During the project, new relevant epidemiological studies will be identified, summarized and evaluated regarding to the practice. Information is made available to the relevant agencies and stakeholders by means of a newsletter.EXPECTATIONS
The project will provide an overview of adaptation measures for the prevention of heat-related mortality. It will show which meteorological parameters have the greatest effect on mortality and which age groups are particularly affected. The projects will generate evidence whether an increased sensitivity to the issue and adopted measures in the recent years had an impact on the extent of heat-related mortality.View Project
Embed from Getty ImagesEXHAUSTION PROJECT
The EXHAUSTION project aims to quantify the changes in cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity due to extreme heat and air pollution (including from wildfires) under selected climate scenarios. EXHAUSTION will address key knowledge gaps as listed by IPCC, including the following: * Published health risk projections do not properly account foradaptation.
* There is a lack of knowledge and appropriate models regarding possible interactive effects of extreme heat and air pollution. * Quantitative projections of the costs associated with the health risks are suffering from a simplified modelling of the complex relationship between climatic and non-climatic factors, human health, and the socio-economic consequences. EXHAUSTION will advance on these issues–adaptation, interactive effects, and socio-economic costs – and quantify the changes in cardiopulmonary disease under selected climate scenarios while including a diverse set of adaptation mechanisms and measures, calculate the associated costs, and identify effective interventions for minimizing adverse impacts. The EXHAUSTION consortium is multidisciplinary, encompassing specialists in climate and air quality modelling, cardiopulmonary medicine, epidemiology, health impact assessment, economics, and science communication. Moreover, the Consortium is pan-European, with participation of 14 partners from 10 countries in Europe and representing the territories subject of studyin the project.
_EXHAUSTION is a EU-funded research project led by CICERO Center for International Climate Research (Norway), and includes 13 other research institutions and partners: University of Oslo (Norway), Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Norway), Aarhus University (Denmark), Helmholtz Zentrum München (Germany), University of Porto (Portugal), National Meteorological Administration (Romania), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK), Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (Luxembourg), Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Region Health Service in Roma (Italy), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), InfoDesignLab AS (Norway), DRAXIS Environmental S.A. (Greece)._View Project
Embed from Getty ImagesEXTREMA
EXTREMA’s main objectives were to raise awareness, facilitate prevention and protect health from the adverse effects of climate change. EXTREMA was a DG ECHO funded project, 2018-2019, GA 783180. The EXTREMA project led to EXTREMA Global – see more https://www.extrema-global.com/View Project
Embed from Getty Images FORECAST-BASED FINANCING TO REDUCE HEATWAVE VULNERABILITY IN HANOI,VIETNAM
The project focuses on heat waves in Hanoi and is the first FbF project to focus on extreme events in urban areas. In Hanoi the average daily temperatures have risen in recent years; past heatwaves have led to a 20.0% increase in hospital admissions for all causes and 45.9% for respiratory diseases. One main element of the project is the identification of early actions that can reduce these health impacts of heatwaves, with a special focus on groups that are particularly affected like the elderly. Research, consultation with experts and field assessments are currently under way.View Project
Embed from Getty Images GREEN SPACES, AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE-RELATED HEAT MORTALITY IN LATIN AMERICAN CITIES An interdisciplinary research team will use a mortality database for urban residents in nine Latin American countries to examine the impact of climate change, particularly extreme heat events, on urban population mortality. They will also examine the modifying effect of green space and fine particulate matter on the association between heat events and mortality.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF REDUCING OVERHEATING IN CITIES (HEROIC) This project will take an interdisciplinary approach to quantify the health impact of changes to urban green infrastructure, and develop an environment and health economics tool, focusing on international cities, including London, Beijing and Nairobi.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEAT (HEAT EMERGENCY AWARENESS AND TREATMENT BUNDLE) TRIAL The purpose of this study is to develop and test a set of interventions to reduce the impact of extreme heat on urban low-incomepopulations.
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Embed from Getty ImagesHEAT-SHIELD
The Horizon 2020 research project is dedicated to address the negative impact of increased workplace heat stress on the health and productivity of five strategic European industries: manufacturing, construction, transportation, tourism and agriculture.View Project
Embed from Getty Images LUCID - LOCAL URBAN CLIMATE MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE INTELLIGENT DESIGN OF CITIES LUCID is developing, testing and applying state-of-the-art methods for calculating local climate in the urban environment. The impact on the internal built environment, energy use and the consequences for health will then be explored. The implications for urban planning will be considered in detail.View Project
Embed from Getty Images MANAGING HEAT STRESS AMONG BANGLADESH READY-MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRYWORKERS
This study is exploring how low- to moderate-cost interventions can alleviate the impact of high temperatures and humidity in ready-made garment factories in preparation for further climate change. It compares the use of green or white roofs and actively-managed fan-assisted cross-ventilation, compared to no interventions and air-conditioning. Climate-controlled chambers, computer-based modelling temperature monitoring, and worker interviews will be used to explore perceptions of discomfort caused by heat. Findings will help estimate when it will be necessary to invest in interventions and how effective they can be.View Project
Embed from Getty Images MCC COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH NETWORK The Multi-City Multi-Country (MCC) network is an international collaboration of research teams working on a program aiming to produce epidemiological evidence on associations between weather and health. Interest on this topic has grown in the last few years among both researchers and the general public, due to recent events of extreme weather and alarming climate change scenarios, both linked with increased health risks.The research program benefits from the use of the largest dataset ever assembled for this purpose, including information from hundreds of locations within several countries. This allows standardized analyses on local data to address specific research questions on global weather-health associations, following a formalized yet flexible method of collaboration. The MCC network has developed during the years, through correspondence between the participants and additional meetings held at other scientificconferences.
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Embed from Getty Images METHODS AND TOOLS TO INTEGRATE AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH INTO URBAN CLIMATE ACTION PLANNING Many greenhouse gas mitigation actions also benefit air quality and health but assessment of these co-benefits has been limited. Over the next several years, C40 Cities will be working with city governments to develop climate action plans. They will integrate a screening-level air quality model focusing on particulate matter into C40’s climate action planning tool, Pathways, for at least three pilot cities. They will test the tool to explore air quality and health co-benefits of climate action pathways. We will also assess the potential for quantifying additional health co-benefits, such as changes in ozone, nitrogen dioxide levels, physical activity, noise and green space. Data and tools will be publicly available to support additional research into links between climate and health. Their work will build a bridge between scientific evidence on co-benefits to the largest urban climate action planning effort worldwide. Pathways will create a platform to study more cities and enable long-term integration of health co-benefits into climate action planning in cities.View Project
Embed from Getty Images MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY PROBLEMS This project will study the complex threat heat exposures pose to human health, wellbeing and productivity in working populations in Singapore and other tropical countries, and to identify sustainable preventive policies and actions that can reduce these impacts. Working people are particularly vulnerable to environmental heat because of their added internal heat production from muscle work. Singapore’s equatorial location means working populations are already chronically exposed to hot conditions (WBGT > 25°C) which are considered detrimental to health and wellbeing. These conditions require people working or engaged in exercise outdoors to take frequent rest and cooling breaks to protect health, If workers cannot or do not take rest in relation to heat stress, serious health effects can occur, including heat stroke death. Such conditions also affect productivity, which is reduced by 15% of potential annual work hours in the sun and by 4% if working in the shade. Singapore has begun to tackle these issues by supporting mitigation and adaptation to extreme heat associated with climate change and with the urban heat island effect through research focused on public health and urban design. However, heat-health is a complex socioenvironmental problem that transgresses institutional, sectoral and disciplinary boundaries of public and occupational health and the domains of workplace, public space and the home. As such, there is a need to complement these efforts through the provision of a programme focussed on occupational exposures and their knock-on effects to support the overall effectiveness of Singaporean investments in heat-health risk management. Exposed work occurs in outdoor settings, but semi-enclosed workspaces, such as sheds or roofed workshops, can also present very hot thermal environments where cooling systems are inefficient, air conditioning cannot be used for financial or other reasons, and/or additional heat sources are present. These conditions are typical of many industries, including construction, shipping and utilities, including oil and gas transport and storage. There is also limited evidence available concerning occupational heat exposures, and the impact of age, body mass index, physical fitness, and sex (e.g. pregnancy) on these effects, or their broader effects, such as prolonged discomfort, and mental stress, familial relationships and special health concerns, such as fertility. Improved knowledge is essential for the development of effective prevention programs. The researchers will pursue a multi-disciplinary approach uniquely positioned to address direct occupational heat exposures and impacts on health and productivity, but also the broader health and wellbeing implications that have yet to be comprehensively addressed in chronically heat-exposed countries such as Singapore. For example, physical fitness is one of the best ways of increasing heat tolerance as well as overall health. Ironically, the high heat levels in Singapore do not only discourage engagement in physical exercise, but can also be a direct health threat for people involved in sports and exercise. We will also review and test methods for analysing the most extreme effects of heat, including heat related mortality. By following impacts on workers as well as workplaces, the study will trace how heat-health impacts emerge through exposure and exertion as a result of behaviours shaped by the climatic, urban, occupational and social environments they traverse every day. Such integrated analysis is required in order to develop policy responses that take into account the spatial and social situation of why heat-health impacts occur and how they can be managed as part of the everyday lives of chronically exposed populations. This also allows for the identification, analysis and management of ‘knock-on’ effects of occupational heat exposures on recreational and domestic life (and vice versa), including psychosocial and physiological impacts on exercise behaviours and fitness, family relationships, mental health and wellbeing and fertility rates. As our focus is on heat effects on working people, one secondary outcome of excessive heat exposure will be economic losses at individual, enterprise, community and national level due to a reduction of labour productivity due to heat. Our analysis will compare such economic impacts of heat to the costs of potential methods for climate change mitigation in selected countries. This will provide new estimates of the value of different alternatives in future climate change policy development.View Project
Embed from Getty Images HEATWAVE PLAN FOR ENGLANDView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images CITY OF PHILADELPHIA NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images CALIFORNIA CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR EXCESSIVE HEAT EMERGENCIESView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images ARIZONA’S CLIMATE AND HEALTH ADAPTATION PLAN The Arizona Extreme Weather and Public Health Program’s primary climate-sensitive hazard topics include extreme heat, wildfires, air quality, drought, flooding, extreme cold, and vector-borne diseases. Extreme heat is a major concern to Arizona and a large focus of their work due to the frequency and severity of extreme heat events. A large portion of the state’s population is frequently exposed to outside temperatures above 100 degrees from May through September. Arizona experienced about 1,200 heat caused deaths during 2007–2017. In addition to extreme heat, the arid climate leads to other hazards such as flooding during monsoon season and more wildfires due to increased drought and high temperatures. The Arizona Extreme Weather and Public Health Program facilitates the development and sharing of local knowledge of climate and health effects and the implementation of public health interventions for climate-related hazards affecting the state’s residents and visitors. Partnerships have led to several projects on extreme heat, such as heat alerts sent to schools and public and healthcare facilities that provide steps for heat safety. Additionally, local projects have assessed and improved cooling center networks, which help provide a cool space to get out of the heat during the summer. The program has created and distributed heat safety toolkits for various specific at-risk populations, including outdoor workers, older adults, and school children. The program and local partners have also increased their capacity to perform heat illness surveillance activities and coordinated a state heat preparedness workgroup. In addition to adapting to the challenges of heat, other work has focused on understanding climate impacts on vector-borne diseases and the fungal disease called Valley fever. The program has also assisted in developing public health emergency response plans for wildfires and flooding. This work benefits various populations such as the homeless, elderly, children, local officials, and residents of low income and minority neighborhoods.View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images NEW HAMPSHIRE EXCESSIVE HEAT EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images NEW SOUTH WALES STATE HEATWAVE SUBPLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images SOUTH AUSTRALIA EXTREME HEAT STRATEGYView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images AUSTRIA NATIONAL HEAT PLAN (GESAMTSTAATLICHER HITZESCHUTZPLAN)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images BELGIUM HEAT WAVE AND OZONE PEAKS PLAN (PLAN VAGUE DE CHALEUR ET PICSD'OZONE)
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Embed from Getty Images MUNICIPAL HEAT RESPONSE PLANNING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADAView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images FRANCE NATIONAL HEATWAVE PLAN (PLAN NATIONAL CANICULE)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images AHMEDABAD HEAT ACTION PLAN 2019View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images HEAT ACTION PLAN FOR ODISHA 2020View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images RAJASTHAN DRAFT HEAT ACTION PLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images TAMIL NADU HEAT WAVE ACTION PLAN 2019View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images TELANGANA STATE HEATWAVE ACTION PLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HEAT WAVE IN UTTAR PRADESH 2018-19View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images ITALY NATIONAL HEAT HEALTH PLAN (PIANO OPERATIVO NAZIONALE DI PREVENZIONE DEGLI EFFETTI DEL CALDO SULLA SALUTE) (National Plan for the prevention of the effects of heatwaves onhealth)
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Embed from Getty Images LUXEMBOURG EXTREME WEATHER PLANView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images HEAT-HEALTH ACTION PLAN OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIAView Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images LISBON EXTREME TEMPERATURES CONTINGENCY PLAN (PLANO DE CONTINGÊNCIA TEMPERATURAS EXTREMAS ADVERSAS)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images MONITORING AND CONTROL OF HEATWAVES IN MADRID (VIGILANCIA Y CONTROL DE LOS EFECTOS DE LAS OLAS DE CALOR 2017)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images SPAIN NATIONAL HEAT HEALTH PLAN (PLAN NACIONAL DE ACTUACIONES PREVENTIVAS DE LOS EFECTOS DEL EXCESO DE TEMPERATURAS SOBRE LA SALUD)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images EXTREMADURA HEAT HEALTH PLAN (PLAN DE VIGILANCIA Y PREVENCIÓN DE LOS EFECTOS DEL EXCESO DE TEMPERATURAS SOBRE LA SALUD)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images NETHERLANDS NATIONAL HEATWAVE PLAN (NATIONAAL HITTEPLAN)View Action Plan
Embed from Getty Images HERMOSILLO, MEXICO, CAPTURES HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES AT MEDICAL FACILITIES USING NEW DATABASE Working with Cofepris, the Ministry of Health, and the CEC, Sonora’s regional health authority (Comisión Estatal de Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios del Estado de Sonora—Coesprisson) established several objectives with the goal of creating a real-time SyS system for the city of Hermosillo in a 2016 pilot SyS project that would enable timely identification of health impacts due to extreme temperature and evidence-based policy development to reduce mortality and morbidity rates.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HOW HOT WILL IT BE? TRANSLATING CLIMATE MODEL OUTPUTS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES What meteorological factors are going to change? How much will they change? Will there be spatial variation? These are foundational issues for public health agencies in preparing for the impacts of climate change. In the wake of the Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) framework developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health agencies in the United States are using forecasted meteorological data to monitor health vulnerabilities across populations and places resulting from climate change.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HEAT-HEALTH ACTION PLAN OF NORTH MACEDONIA(2014)
Case study of the development of North Macedonia’s National Heat-Health Action Plan, which has been developed within the National Strategy for Adaptation for the health sector to implement adaptation measures and prevent health consequences associated with extreme heat due to climate change.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images INNOVATIVE HEAT WAVE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AND ACTION PLAN INAHMEDABAD, INDIA
Following a deadly heat wave in May 2010, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) realized that coordinated action was needed to protect its residents from extreme heat and to become moreclimate-resilient
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Embed from Getty Images ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A HEAT WARNING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM IN ALBERTA, CANADA In 2012, consistent with Alberta’s climate change adaption framework, Alberta Health, the Provincial Government Department of Health, initiated a high-level vulnerability assessment that led to the development of a Heat Warning and Information System (HWIS) involving collaboration between several agencies with expertise outside of public health.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images KNOWING WHEN COLD WINTERS AND WARM SUMMERS CAN REDUCE AMBULATORY CARE PERFORMANCE IN LONDON As part of a climate change risk assessment, Public Health England took the initiative to analyse the impact of cold winters and warm summers on the number of ambulance call-outs and ambulance response times in London. This study is the first of its kind in the United Kingdom. Initial findings show that there is a clear relationship between air temperature and emergency ambulance calls.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images MANAGING HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA Heatwaves kill more people than any other natural hazard in Australia. Current literature on managing health risks of heatwaves highlights the importance of implementing urban planning measures, and engaging with vulnerable groups on a local level to better understand perceptions of risk and tailor health protection measures. This paper reviews arrangements to reduce heatwave health risks in South East Queensland in response to these themes. A literature search and document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and multi-stakeholder cross-sectoral workshops revealed that although heatwave management is not always considered by local government and disaster management stakeholders, many urban planning measures to minimize urban heat have been pursued. However, greater information from vulnerable groups is still needed to better inform heatwave management measures.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images PROTECTING PEOPLE FROM SWELTERING CITY SUMMERS Federal, state, and local agencies are working to provide more advanced warnings and services to help people better prepare for—and respond to—extreme heat eventsView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images PROTECTING THE ELDERLY FROM HEAT AND COLD STRESS IN HONG KONG: USING CLIMATE INFORMATION AND CLIENT-FRIENDLY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Close collaboration between SCHSA and HKO highlights the importance of partnership and stakeholder engagement in improving the delivery and communication of useful weather and climate information to the health sector and promoting public awareness on the care of elderly peopleView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images SUPREME: AN INTEGRATED HEAT HEALTH WARNING SYSTEM FOR QUEBEC The SUPREME system, developed by the INSPQ in 2010 together with a users committee, provides access to indicators that relate exposure to hazards (temperatures, urban heat islands, etc.), socioeconomic characteristics of neighbourhoods (population density, deprivation index, etc.), health problems (deaths, emergency room admissions, etc.), and follow-up during and after an intervention by field teams. Post-event reports are produced regionally and aggregated annually.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images THE HEAT HEALTH WARNING SYSTEM OF DWD - CONCEPT AND LESSONS LEARNED The HHWS was developed to reduce the heat related mortality. The HHWS is in operation since 2005 and preliminary studies indicate a reduction in the heat related mortality ever since.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images VULNERABILITY TO HEAT STRESS: A CASE STUDY OF YAVATMAL, MAHARASHTRA,INDIA
This study provided a pilot assessment of vulnerability to heat exposure in a rural context during the peak summer months of 2016, with a focus on indoor and outdoor temperatures.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images WHERE DO WE NEED SHADE? MAPPING URBAN HEAT ISLANDS IN RICHMOND,VIRGINIA
Citizen-scientists took to the streets on specially equipped bikes and cars to find out where it’s hottest—and where residents might be most vulnerable to extreme urban heat.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images TATABÁNYA, HUNGARY, ADDRESSING THE IMPACTS OF URBAN HEAT WAVES AND FOREST FIRES WITH ALERT MEASURES The City of Tatabánya has an approved comprehensive adaptation strategy, the Local Climate Change Action Plan, that is in its implementation stage. This Plan is based upon a comprehensive approach taking into consideration both mitigation and adaptation, incorporating climate considerations into decision-making, and including adaptation concerns in municipal processes. At this time, three measures have been implemented: (1) a local heat alert system; (2) the Smart Sun Educational Programme; and (3) building capacity ofthe fire brigade.
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Embed from Getty Images HEAT HEALTH IN HONG KONG: OVERVIEW OF COLLABORATIONS AND PROJECTS TO PROTECT HEALTH FROM URBAN HEAT This case study provides an overview of the active heat health collaborations, projects and research ongoing in Hong Kong and presented during the First Global Forum on Heat and Health. Hong Kong faces unique challenges from environmental hazards, such as climate change and variability, due to its densely populated and almost entirely urbanized living environment. An increased vulnerability to the urban heat island effect means that its inhabitants are more susceptible to the harmful, and sometimes deadly, health effects of extreme heat. This case study exemplifies how a multidisciplinary partners and agencies are collaborating to protect the most vulnerable communities.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images ADDRESSING HEAT-RELATED HEALTH RISKS IN URBAN INDIA: AHMEDABAD’SHEAT ACTION PLAN
This report looks at how the local community of Ahmedabad in Western India is preparing for the increasingly extreme heat of the city.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images AUGMENTING SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE FOR REAL-TIME SITUATIONAL AWARENESS DURING EXTREME HEAT EVENTS IN OTTAWA, CANADAView Case Study
Embed from Getty Images BRACING FOR HEAT IN MINNESOTA Heat waves bring some level of discomfort to nearly everyone. When excessive heat catches vulnerable populations off guard, though, discomfort can advance to illness and even death. Learn about strategies taken in Minnesota that help protect people in both ruraland urban settings.
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Embed from Getty Images BUILDING EVIDENCE THAT EFFECTIVE HEAT ALERT SYSTEMS SAVE LIVES INSOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA
In the January 2009 heatwave, a prototype heatwave alert system had just been introduced, based on research identifying a threshold temperature above which excess mortality occurred in Melbourne, Australia. By the time of the January 2014 heat wave, the heat alert system had been considerably refined, based on further scientific work (2–4) and intense interactions between climate scientists and public health authorities. The excess mortality associated with the 2014 heat wave was substantially lower than in 2009, even though the 2014 heatwave lasted longer.
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Embed from Getty Images CATALYZING INVESTMENT AND BUILDING CAPACITY IN LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICO Planning with extreme weather thresholds catalyzes a $400,000 green infrastructure investment in a historically underserved neighborhood in Las Cruces, New Mexico.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images CCTALK! COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY WITH HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS IN AUSTRIA: A FIVE-STEP METHODOLOGY In order to reduce the vulnerability of elderly people to heat waves in Austria, a new communication approach was developed and tested as part of the CcTalK! Project.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images CHARTING COLORADO’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE Responding to growing awareness of climate change impacts, the State of Colorado commissioned two of its universities to complete an initial study of the state’s vulnerabilities.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images CINCINNATI'S URBAN CANOPY POLICY Cincinnati created a dedicated funding stream for its urban forestry program in 1981 that has enabled the city to maintain a high percentage of its tree canopy. Heat mitigation is a key reason tree canopy is a priority. Although Cincinnati has a temperate climate and harsh, cold winters, the urban heat island effect can make the city up to 17°F hotter than nearby rural areas during the summer.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images COOL NEIGHBORHOODS NYC Cool Neighborhoods NYC is a strategy developed by the Mayor’s Office of Resiliency to provide and target additional funding and to coordinate multiple extreme heat mitigation and adaptation projects. The objective of Cool Neighborhoods NYC is to “help keep New Yorkers safe during hot weather, mitigate urban heat island effect drivers and protect against the worst impacts of rising temperatures from climatechange.”
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Embed from Getty Images COOL SURFACES: ROOFS AND ROADS Los Angeles is the first U.S. city to set a citywide temperature reduction goal, and switching to cool surfaces is a key strategy for achieving that goal. Los Angeles’s goal is to reduce the urban heat island effect by 1.7°F by 2025 and average temperature 3°F by 2035, but the city is 40 percent covered by pavement. Los Angeles’s reflective paving program, which targets both rooftops and public streets, complements other UHI reduction programs including a Million Trees initiative and integrated planning with the Department ofHealth.
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Embed from Getty Images CREATING A MODEL CLIMATE RESILIENT CITY The City of Long Beach, California, sees signs of climate change on land and in the ocean. After compiling the City’s official climate assessment report, local stakeholders also produced a more accessible and user-friendly summary version and shared it broadly to stimulate informed discussion and decision making across the city.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images DEADLY CHICAGO HEAT WAVE OF 1995 This AdaptNY case study of the Chicago heat wave of 1995 looks at how the urban heat island effect is exacerbated by socio-economic factors and poor city planning.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images DEVELOPING AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM TO PREVENT HEAT ILLNESS IN THECAROLINAS
Residents of the Carolinas are familiar with hot summers, but in some areas excessive heat events bring a higher risk for heat-related illness—and even death. A new tool can help local communities get ahead of heat events so they can reduce risk for their residents.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images ENHANCING SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE FOR HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS IN MICHIGAN WITH IMPROVED HEAT SYNDROME DEFINITION With the goal to support the development of population heat resiliency and the capacity to withstand the effects of climate change, Michigan’s MDHHS and the CEC partnered to improve the MSSS to include a HRI-specific syndrome.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images EXPANDING HEAT RESILIENCE ACROSS INDIA This issue brief highlights the progress at the city, state and national level in India in 2019 to improve climate resilience to extreme heat, and captures key elements of heat action plans.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images EXPANDING HEAT RESILIENCE ACROSS INDIA: HEAT ACTION PLAN HIGHLIGHTS Drawing lessons from the ground-breaking 2013 Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan,3 city, state, and national level authorities are ramping up to implement extreme heat warning systems and preparedness plans. In 2020, the national government is working with 23 states and over 100 cities and districts to develop and implement heat action plans acrossIndia.
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Embed from Getty Images FINDING THE RIGHT THRESHOLDS TO TRIGGER ACTION IN HEAT WAVE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN SPAIN In Spain, the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) has been successful in using weather prediction models to forecast short- and medium-range extreme temperatures, and an early warning system (Meteolerta) has been implemented in cooperation with European EUMETNET member countries (MeteoAlarm).View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images GREEN ROOF BYLAW AND ECO-ROOF INCENTIVE IN TORONTO Toronto was the first city in North America to require and govern the construction of green roofs on new development. The Green Roof Bylaw (which includes a Green Roof Construction Standard) and the parallel Eco-Roof Incentive Program are responsible for more than 1.2 million square feet of new green space, an estimated reduction in citywide temperature, and widespread promotion of cool roofs.View Case Study
Embed from Getty Images HEAT WAVE AND HEALTH RISK EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN CHINA This project, which is part of a broader WHO/UNDP Global Environment Facility (GEF)-funded project, developed and implemented a heatwave early warning system to reduce the health risks and to increase the capacity of health systems and community residents to prepare for and cope with periods of extreme temperatures. The project was piloted in four cities: Harbin, Nanjing, Shenzhen and Chongqing, located in different climate zones within China.View Case Study
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PRE-OLYMPIC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR ADAPTATIONS AND NUTRITION INSPORTS IN 2020
Jul 9, 2021 - Jul 12, 2021 This largest international nutrition conference in Asia is expected to attract more than 1000 participants around the world. The conference will have 18 symposia related to sports nutrition aiming to bring the latest discovery related how exercise training and nutrition improves human performance, metabolic condition, and aging. You’ll learn, network, engage and catch up with those as passionate about sports nutrition as you are.Learn More
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON URBAN CLIMATE Aug 29, 2021 - Sep 2, 2021 The general theme of the ICUC-11 conference is “Cities as Living Labs: Climate, Vulnerability, and Multidisciplinary Solutions.” Accordingly, the organizing committee has identified six scientific streams for ICUC11, with each stream covering various sessions and plenaries. These streams include: Urban climate processes; Urban climate methods; Biometeorology & health; Integrated assessments of urban climate; Climate-conscious design and sustainable development; Urban climate policy.Learn More
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PROGRESS REPORT 2017-2020: GLOBAL HEAT HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORK Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Chris Boyer, Hunter Jones, Juli Trtanj, MaddieWest
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CALL TO ACTION FROM THE 1ST GLOBAL FORUM ON HEAT AND HEALTHGHHIN
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PROTECTING HEALTH FROM HOT WEATHER DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Global Heat Health Information Network (GHHIN)Download
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HEATWAVE GUIDE FOR CITIES Red Cross Red Crescent Climate CentreDownload
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HEATWAVES AND HEALTH: GUIDANCE ON WARNING-SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT World Health Organization (WHO), World Meteorological Organization(WMO)
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WHO GUIDANCE FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE HEALTH CARE FACILITIES World Health Organization (WHO)Download
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