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MICROWAVES101
Click here to learn why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler, thanks to Nick! ( New for March 2020) Hybrid couplers are the special case of a four-port directional coupler that is designed for a 3-dB (equal) power split. Hybrids come in two types, 90 degree or quadrature hybrids, and 180 degree hybrids.MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Multipaction is the phenomenon that can cause breakdown due to high electric fields in a vacuum or near vacuum. The word "multpaction" is an example of portmanteau in engineering (the combination of the words "multiple" and "impaction".) Note that in Europe, the word "multipactor" commonly replaces "multipaction" as in the "multipactoreffect".
MICROSTRIP LOSS CALCULATIONS Click here to go to our main microstrip page. Click here to go to our main page on transmission line losses. Click here to go to our skin depth page. New for December 2010! Here's a page on the effect of surface roughness on conductor loss!. Here's a separate page on microstrip loss due to substrate conductivity.. On this page we will review the math for calculating the RF loss of microstripMICROWAVES101
Z0 = (L/C)^0.5. where L is the inductance per meter and C is the capacitance per meter. Whatever the geometry, the following holds true. Z 0 = ( Z 0o * Z 0e )^0.5. which is the characteristic impedance of the system. Also, intuitively, from an examination of the field pattern, the even mode impedance Z 0e is likely to be high because theMICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
MICROWAVES101
Klopfenstein now appears in the Microwaves101 Hall of Fame! New for June 2013! Thanks to David, we now know that there was a correction to Klopfenstein's math which was published by IEEE MTT in May 1973 by Darko Kajfez and Jame Prewit. The title was '"Correction to "A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design"'.MICROWAVES101
The big advantage of the Gysel power splitter is its power handling. In a Wilkinson splitter, the resistor is embedded into the network, and must provide a short phase length for the scheme to work. The terminations in a Gysel are equal to Z 0, and can be high-power loads if power handling is a requirement (such as in a transmitter). NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island. Read his latest diatribe here, or visit the amazing Unknown Editor's Archives when you'relooking for a
MICROWAVES101
Click here to learn why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler, thanks to Nick! ( New for March 2020) Hybrid couplers are the special case of a four-port directional coupler that is designed for a 3-dB (equal) power split. Hybrids come in two types, 90 degree or quadrature hybrids, and 180 degree hybrids.MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Multipaction is the phenomenon that can cause breakdown due to high electric fields in a vacuum or near vacuum. The word "multpaction" is an example of portmanteau in engineering (the combination of the words "multiple" and "impaction".) Note that in Europe, the word "multipactor" commonly replaces "multipaction" as in the "multipactoreffect".
MICROSTRIP LOSS CALCULATIONS Click here to go to our main microstrip page. Click here to go to our main page on transmission line losses. Click here to go to our skin depth page. New for December 2010! Here's a page on the effect of surface roughness on conductor loss!. Here's a separate page on microstrip loss due to substrate conductivity.. On this page we will review the math for calculating the RF loss of microstripMICROWAVES101
Z0 = (L/C)^0.5. where L is the inductance per meter and C is the capacitance per meter. Whatever the geometry, the following holds true. Z 0 = ( Z 0o * Z 0e )^0.5. which is the characteristic impedance of the system. Also, intuitively, from an examination of the field pattern, the even mode impedance Z 0e is likely to be high because theMICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
MICROWAVES101
Klopfenstein now appears in the Microwaves101 Hall of Fame! New for June 2013! Thanks to David, we now know that there was a correction to Klopfenstein's math which was published by IEEE MTT in May 1973 by Darko Kajfez and Jame Prewit. The title was '"Correction to "A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design"'.MICROWAVES101
The big advantage of the Gysel power splitter is its power handling. In a Wilkinson splitter, the resistor is embedded into the network, and must provide a short phase length for the scheme to work. The terminations in a Gysel are equal to Z 0, and can be high-power loads if power handling is a requirement (such as in a transmitter). NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVES101
Dispersion in microstrip is problem that has received enormous study since microstrip was invented by ITT back in the 1950s. This explanation of microstrip dispersion will involve no math, if you are interested in the topic get a copy of Practical Microstrip Design and Applications by Gunter Kompa. The so-called "quasi-static" solution ofMICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our page on microstrip. Click here to go to our page on stripline. New for February 2014: we have more information on an alternative to the "Sharkbite mitre". New for February 2011! We have some content on the equivalent electrical length of mitered bends in microstrip, thanks to Kevin, who introduced us to the "sharkbitemitre"!. Overview
MICROWAVES101
This web page is part of a three-part tutorial on radar absorbing materials used for radar cross-section reduction. Part one is on fundamentals of electro-magnetic waves. Part two is on radar cross-section physics. Part three is on radar absorbers and absorptionmechanisms.
MICROWAVES101
Cascade analysis is a simple yet powerful tool for analyzing system performance. You can analyze small-signal gain and noise figure nearly exactly, and come pretty close to modeling large-signal performance, such as predicting one-dB compression point. Everyone and their little brother has created an Excel spreadsheet for performing CascadeMICROWAVES101
The incoming signals must be offset in frequency by an appreciable percentage so that filters can do their job sorting them out. Diplexers can use low-pass, high-pass or band-pass filters to achieve the desired result. A diplexer could be used to route signals to two different receivers, based on frequency.MICROWAVES101
Z0 = (L/C)^0.5. where L is the inductance per meter and C is the capacitance per meter. Whatever the geometry, the following holds true. Z 0 = ( Z 0o * Z 0e )^0.5. which is the characteristic impedance of the system. Also, intuitively, from an examination of the field pattern, the even mode impedance Z 0e is likely to be high because theMICROWAVES101
Here is a biography of Slayton: William (Bill) Taft Slayton, Jr. was born on February 1, 1914, in Morrisville, VT, the son of a doctor and grandson of a Civil War captain. Mr. Slayton studied electrical engineering at the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL, and at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C.MICROWAVES101
R=Z 0 x (N-1)/ (N+1) For examples, a three-way splitter needs resistors of Z 0 /2, while a four-way splitter needs resistors of 3xZ 0 /5, and so on. The efficiency of a resistive splitter gets worse and worse the more arms you split to. The transferred power ratio is(1/N)^2, as
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years. CAPACITOR TEMPERATURE EFFECTS Click here to go to our main page on capacitors. Click here to go to It's the capacitor, stupid! page. Click here to go to our main heat and temperature page. New for January 2019. Here we will look at variations in capacitor performance with temperature. Here's a companion page on capacitor variations with voltage.Don't hold your breath for a page on capacitor aging, but that is a very real MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island. Read his latest diatribe here, or visit the amazing Unknown Editor's Archives when you'relooking for a
TRL CALIBRATION
SMITH CHART TOOL
Smith Chart Tool. ABOUT. 1. Move the mouse around the chart. 2. click anwhere inside the chart to see the corresponding circles. 3. You can toggle between Impedance and Admittance charts. 4. Enter Load and Characteristic impedances to calculate VSWR and ReflectionCoeffecients.
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
In a log amp, the output voltage is proportional to the log of the input voltage. Log amps are often used in radars, as the return signal varies as radius^4. The Log amp is the answer to the question, "what am I going to do with 100 dB of dynamic range? One way to create a log amp is to configure limiting amplifiers in series, and sum theoutputs.
MICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
SEMI-RIGID COAX
Semi-rigid coax. Semi-rigid coax is a work-horse of the test equipment industry. You can bend it to fit your application, and it stays bent, and if you keep it near room temperature, it can be phase stable. Typically, semi-rigid coax has copper inner and outer conductors, and PTFE dielectric (ER=2.02). In some cases some air is used to formMICROWAVES101
Klopfenstein now appears in the Microwaves101 Hall of Fame! New for June 2013! Thanks to David, we now know that there was a correction to Klopfenstein's math which was published by IEEE MTT in May 1973 by Darko Kajfez and Jame Prewit. The title was '"Correction to "A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design"'. COMBINER LOSS FIGURE OF MERIT Combiner loss is an active area of study as solid-state power amplifiers roll out and replace TWTs. A figure of merit can help distinguish between different approaches early in a design. Following up on combiner loss, it is useful to further quantify where the loss burglars are dielectric, metal, radiation, isolation and mismatch eachplay a
NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island. Read his latest diatribe here, or visit the amazing Unknown Editor's Archives when you'relooking for a
TRL CALIBRATION
SMITH CHART TOOL
Smith Chart Tool. ABOUT. 1. Move the mouse around the chart. 2. click anwhere inside the chart to see the corresponding circles. 3. You can toggle between Impedance and Admittance charts. 4. Enter Load and Characteristic impedances to calculate VSWR and ReflectionCoeffecients.
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
In a log amp, the output voltage is proportional to the log of the input voltage. Log amps are often used in radars, as the return signal varies as radius^4. The Log amp is the answer to the question, "what am I going to do with 100 dB of dynamic range? One way to create a log amp is to configure limiting amplifiers in series, and sum theoutputs.
MICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
SEMI-RIGID COAX
Semi-rigid coax. Semi-rigid coax is a work-horse of the test equipment industry. You can bend it to fit your application, and it stays bent, and if you keep it near room temperature, it can be phase stable. Typically, semi-rigid coax has copper inner and outer conductors, and PTFE dielectric (ER=2.02). In some cases some air is used to formMICROWAVES101
Klopfenstein now appears in the Microwaves101 Hall of Fame! New for June 2013! Thanks to David, we now know that there was a correction to Klopfenstein's math which was published by IEEE MTT in May 1973 by Darko Kajfez and Jame Prewit. The title was '"Correction to "A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design"'. COMBINER LOSS FIGURE OF MERIT Combiner loss is an active area of study as solid-state power amplifiers roll out and replace TWTs. A figure of merit can help distinguish between different approaches early in a design. Following up on combiner loss, it is useful to further quantify where the loss burglars are dielectric, metal, radiation, isolation and mismatch eachplay a
NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVES101
The Doherty amplifier offers improved efficiency compared to balanced amplifiers, when output power is backed off from saturation. Doherty amplifiers are typically used in communications (radios, not radars). The heart of the Doherty amplifier is the Doherty combiner, shown below. Update July 2020: the schematic below was updated yet again.MICROWAVES101
Electromagnetic analysis uses finite element math. At best it is a good approximation of how a circuit will behave, and is more accurate than linear analysis software. At worst, it is bad approximation, and a big waste of a your time because it can run very slowly. The "art" of EM analysis is knowing when you have a good approximation, and how FILTER RESPONSE TYPES Filter Response Types. Check out our page on lumped-element filters . New for November 2018: on this page we offer a primer on the differences between Chebychev, Bessel, Butterworth, Gaussian and Elliptical filter responses. Note that these responses can be appliedto
MICROWAVES101
Multipaction is the phenomenon that can cause breakdown due to high electric fields in a vacuum or near vacuum. The word "multpaction" is an example of portmanteau in engineering (the combination of the words "multiple" and "impaction".) Note that in Europe, the word "multipactor" commonly replaces "multipaction" as in the "multipactoreffect".
HOT VIAS - MICROWAVES101 Hot vias are one possibility. Bumped flip chip is another. Hot vias are implemented in MMIC processes to route signals to the chip backside, as opposed to ground vias (which are "cold"). This topic seems to be trending as designers try to cope with wirebond inductance in millimeter-wave designs. The only tweak to the process is that thefoundry
MICROWAVES101
Quartz. Quartz is the ultimate low-loss substrate; there's two reasons for this. It has exceptionally low dielectric loss tangent, and it also has low dielectric constant which means relatively fat RF lines. It has a very low thermal expansion coefficient which can limit its use. Some of the data was taken from an old MIC technology databook.MICROWAVES101
A grating lobe occurs when you steer too far with a phased array and the main beam reappears on the wrong side. Elements must be spaced properly in order to avoid grating lobes. The equation for maximum spacing is a function of wavelength of operation and maximum look angle: Thus for a 30 degree look angle, dmax is (2/3)xlambda, whilefor a 60
MICROWAVE LAMINATES COMPARISON CHART Microwave Laminates Comparison Chart Below is a comparison chart sorted by Dielectric Constant values. This chart provides the basic properties of the various laminates available.MICROWAVES101
R=Z 0 x (N-1)/ (N+1) For examples, a three-way splitter needs resistors of Z 0 /2, while a four-way splitter needs resistors of 3xZ 0 /5, and so on. The efficiency of a resistive splitter gets worse and worse the more arms you split to. The transferred power ratio is(1/N)^2, as
MICROWAVES101
The term "active directivity" was coined by Mini-Circuits, and it is often a useful parameter in specifying an amplifier. It is a measure of how much an amplifier's source match potentially affects its output impedance, or its load match affects its input impedance. High active directivity is a good thing. An ideal amplifier is a unilateral MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island. Read his latest diatribe here, or visit the amazing Unknown Editor's Archives when you'relooking for a
TRL CALIBRATION
MICROWAVES101
Enter VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss to calculate remaining values VSWRMICROWAVES101
Click here to learn why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler, thanks to Nick! ( New for March 2020) Hybrid couplers are the special case of a four-port directional coupler that is designed for a 3-dB (equal) power split. Hybrids come in two types, 90 degree orMICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Multipliers are nonlinear, two-port devices where an input signal is used to create an output signal that is at a higher harmonic. The most common multipllier is a doubler. The idea is that you take a periodic signal (ideally a single tone) and distort it. If you look at the Fourier series, you will find various components at n x F0.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
Electromagnetic analysis uses finite element math. At best it is a good approximation of how a circuit will behave, and is more accurate than linear analysis software. At worst, it is bad approximation, and a big waste of a your time because it can run very slowly. The "art" of EM analysis is knowing when you have a good approximation, and howMICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island. Read his latest diatribe here, or visit the amazing Unknown Editor's Archives when you'relooking for a
TRL CALIBRATION
MICROWAVES101
Enter VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss to calculate remaining values VSWRMICROWAVES101
Click here to learn why there is no way to make a 45 degree hybrid coupler, thanks to Nick! ( New for March 2020) Hybrid couplers are the special case of a four-port directional coupler that is designed for a 3-dB (equal) power split. Hybrids come in two types, 90 degree orMICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Multipliers are nonlinear, two-port devices where an input signal is used to create an output signal that is at a higher harmonic. The most common multipllier is a doubler. The idea is that you take a periodic signal (ideally a single tone) and distort it. If you look at the Fourier series, you will find various components at n x F0.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
Electromagnetic analysis uses finite element math. At best it is a good approximation of how a circuit will behave, and is more accurate than linear analysis software. At worst, it is bad approximation, and a big waste of a your time because it can run very slowly. The "art" of EM analysis is knowing when you have a good approximation, and howMICROWAVES101
New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide anearly flat
NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVES101
The compression of the device is very soft, it is compressed at 28 dBm output power. This is probably an 8x100 micron device but that level of detail isn't provided. The output power at maximum efficiency is ~28 dBm, or 630 mW. Normalizing to 1mm periphery reveals that thepower capability is
MICROWAVES101
The incoming signals must be offset in frequency by an appreciable percentage so that filters can do their job sorting them out. Diplexers can use low-pass, high-pass or band-pass filters to achieve the desired result. A diplexer could be used to route signals to two different receivers, based on frequency.MICROWAVES101
Switch isolation is often limited by package isolation. If you design a 60 dB switch, you should think carefully about how to package it! Series/shunt SPDT switch. Series/shunt/shunt SPDT switch. The final switch below (shunt/shunt) is also the biggest. But it can also offer the lowest insertion loss, which is the opposite of what you'd think.MICROWAVES101
Multipaction is the phenomenon that can cause breakdown due to high electric fields in a vacuum or near vacuum. The word "multpaction" is an example of portmanteau in engineering (the combination of the words "multiple" and "impaction".) Note that in Europe, the word "multipactor" commonly replaces "multipaction" as in the "multipactoreffect".
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our page on microstrip. Click here to go to our page on stripline. New for February 2014: we have more information on an alternative to the "Sharkbite mitre". New for February 2011! We have some content on the equivalent electrical length of mitered bends in microstrip, thanks to Kevin, who introduced us to the "sharkbitemitre"!. Overview
MICROWAVES101
The Doherty amplifier offers improved efficiency compared to balanced amplifiers, when output power is backed off from saturation. Doherty amplifiers are typically used in communications (radios, not radars). The heart of the Doherty amplifier is the Doherty combiner, shown below. Update July 2020: the schematic below was updated yet again.MICROWAVES101
Before we can discuss radar cross-section reduction, we first must examine the physics behind radar cross-section. In directional antenna systems, most of the radiated power is sent into a forward cone: The power density (S) reaching a target is equal to : Where G T is the gain of the antenna and P T is the power radiated by the antenna.MICROWAVES101
Ideal double-box branchline coupler. The next three figures show the frequency response of the ideal double-box branchline coupler, centered at 10,000 MHz (10 GHz). In this case, the 1-dB response of the coupled arm is 35%, the 14 dB return loss band (1.5:1 VSWR) is 41%, and the +/-10 degrees phase difference is 50%.MICROWAVES101
It's time for another Microwaves101 rule of thumb! This applies to both tee and pi attenuator: For a three dB pad (50% power dissipation), the input resistor must be sized to handle 20% of the maximum intended input power (thanks for the correction, Dave!) For a ten dB pad (90% power dissipation), the input resistor must be sizedto handle 1/2
MICROWAVES101
A grating lobe occurs when you steer too far with a phased array and the main beam reappears on the wrong side. Elements must be spaced properly in order to avoid grating lobes. The equation for maximum spacing is a function of wavelength of operation and maximum look angle: Thus for a 30 degree look angle, dmax is (2/3)xlambda, whilefor a 60
MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island.TRL CALIBRATION
MICROWAVES101
Enter VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss to calculate remaining values VSWRMICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on couplers and power splitters. Click here to go to our page on directional couplers. Click here to go to our page on coupled line couplers. Click here to go to our page on Lange couplers. Click here to find 3dB Hybrids on everything RF. Click here to learn about an important isolation limitation in hybrid couplers (new for October 2019)MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main CAD page. Click here to go to our EM analysis page. Here's a separate page analyzing the loss of microstrip on silicon, a case where substrate resistivity is not at its ideal (infinite) value.. Way back in 2007, we installed SONNET on a Dell Dimension 4700 computer (low end hardware), and waded through the first two tutorials.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on phase shifters. Click here to go to our page on quarterwave tricks. New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVE AND RF INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS The Unknown Editor has been spouting off about a variety of topics since he started this site back in 2001. Sometimes he's all wound up about a microwave topic; other times it's random stuff like New Orleans Jazz, SUVs, or Gilligan's Island.TRL CALIBRATION
MICROWAVES101
Enter VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss to calculate remaining values VSWRMICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on couplers and power splitters. Click here to go to our page on directional couplers. Click here to go to our page on coupled line couplers. Click here to go to our page on Lange couplers. Click here to find 3dB Hybrids on everything RF. Click here to learn about an important isolation limitation in hybrid couplers (new for October 2019)MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on beam forming networks. Click here to go to our page on Butler matrices. The Rotman lens (sometimes called the Rotman-Turner lens, not to be confused with Canadian rockers Bachman-Turner Overdrive) is a type of beam-forming network.This BFN trick has been used in countless ways over the years.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main CAD page. Click here to go to our EM analysis page. Here's a separate page analyzing the loss of microstrip on silicon, a case where substrate resistivity is not at its ideal (infinite) value.. Way back in 2007, we installed SONNET on a Dell Dimension 4700 computer (low end hardware), and waded through the first two tutorials.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on phase shifters. Click here to go to our page on quarterwave tricks. New for February 2006! In April 1958 the IRE MTT published a paper by Bernard M. Schiffman titled A New Class of Broadband Microwave 90 Degree Phase Shifters. Schiffman's contribution to phase shifter science was that the phase difference between a quarterwave coupled section, compared to a NAVY ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS TRAINING SERIES i PREFACE By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy. Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navytraining program.
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on microwave filters. Click here to go to our page on duplexers. We now have a great diplexer example using singly-terminated Butterworth filters, derived from Matthaei Young and Jones.. What's a diplexer? It's a three-port network that splits incoming signals from a common port into two paths (sometimes called "channels"), dependent on frequency.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on microwave switches. Click here to go to our comparison of FET and PIN diode switches. Click here to go to our page on switch FETs and FET switches. Click here to go to an example of how to use Agilent's ADS to model two-state devices. Here you will learn how to design a solid-state switch. SPST switch (switch arm) design. What we define as a switch arm isMICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our page on nonlinear devices. Click here to go to our page on comb generators. Click here to go to our page on sub-harmonic mixers. New for March 2020. Multipliers are nonlinear, two-port devices where an input signal is used to create an output signal that is at a higher harmonic.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our page on microstrip. Click here to go to our page on stripline. New for February 2014: we have more information on an alternative to the "Sharkbite mitre". New for February 2011! We have some content on the equivalent electrical length of mitered bends in microstrip, thanks to Kevin, who introduced us to the "sharkbitemitre"!. Overview
MICROWAVES101
Note that < 0 for dielectrics, and > 0 for magnetics. The sign tells you whether the tangential E field flips in phase or not . For Teflon (R = 2), gamma~ -15 dB.For FR4 (R = 4.8), ~ = -8.5 dBThings get even more interesting off normal.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on power handling. New for December 2008! Multipaction is the phenomenon that can cause breakdown due to high electric fields in a vacuum or near vacuum.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on amplifiers. Click here to go to our page on amplifier classes (A, AB, B, C, etc). Click here to go to our main page on power combiners. Doherty amplifier history. How'd you like to have an amplifier named after you? William Doherty did just that when he invented a special amplifier in the 1930s, and published "A New High Efficiency Power Amplifier forMICROWAVES101
The next three figures show the frequency response of the ideal double-box branchline coupler, centered at 10,000 MHz (10 GHz). In this case, the 1-dB response of the coupled arm is 35%, the 14 dB return loss band (1.5:1 VSWR) is 41%, and the +/-10 degrees phasedifference is 50%.
MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on attenuators. Click here to go to our page on attenuator math. On this page we will show you the equations for calculating the fractional dissipation of the individual resistors in an attenuator.MICROWAVES101
Click here to go to our main page on phased arrays. Click here to go to our main page on antennas. New for September 2011! A grating lobe occurs when you steer too far with a phased array and the main beam reappears on the wrong side.* __
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