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NDE-ED.ORG
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Computed Tomography - A radiographic technique in which the planar density data is stretched out in a third dimension and combined similar data taken at various angles to generate cross sectional images of the test component. (CT) is a powerful nondestructive evaluation. Evaluation - The process of deciding the severity of acondition after an
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Wavelength. λ = V f \lambda=\frac{V}{f}. Where: λ = Wavelength. V = Velocity. f = Frequency. Refraction (Snell's Law) sin θ 1 sin θ 2 = V 1 V 2
\frac{\sin\theta_{1}}{\sin\theta_{2}}=\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}. Where: θ 1 = Angle of the Incident Wave. θ 2 = Angle of the Reflected Wave. V 1 = Velocity of Incident Wave. V 2 = Velocity of Reflected Wave. Snell's Law is used regularly when NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) - Compensation of gain as a function of time for difference in amplitude of reflections from equal reflectors at different sound travel distances. Refers also to compensation by electronic means such as swept gain, time corrected gain, time variable gain and sensitivity time control. A-Scan Display- A data
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT The nature of the defect. Defect - A discontinuity or other imperfection causing a reduction in the quality of a material or component. can have a large affect on sensitivity. Sensitivity - A measure of the ability to detect small signals. Limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. of a liquid penetrant inspection. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTINGSEE MORE ONNDE-ED.ORG
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Impedance - The total opposition in an electrical circuit to flow of alternating current, the complex ratio of voltage to current. In mechanical systems can also be the ratio of force or pressure to velocity. also has an associated angle, called the phase angle. Phase Angle - The difference in phase between two sinusoidal varyingquantities.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Magnetizing Current. As seen in the previous pages, electric current. Current (I) - The flow of electrons. Measured in amperes. is often used to establish the magnetic field. Magnetic Field - The space in which a magnetic force is exerted. This space exists within and around a magnetized material and a conductor carrying electrical current. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Welcome to the Magnetic Particle Quiz. This is a quiz over the various topics covered throughout the Magnetic Particle section to test your understanding. Click "Begin Quiz" to start. Begin Quiz. Choice 1.Choice 2. Choice 3.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Nondestructive Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing Education. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is the science of detecting flaws and imperfections in materials to ensure structural integrity. Nondestructive testing (NDT), sometimes referred to as nondestructive inspection (NDI), is NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUNDSEE MORE ONNDE-ED.ORG
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Computed Tomography - A radiographic technique in which the planar density data is stretched out in a third dimension and combined similar data taken at various angles to generate cross sectional images of the test component. (CT) is a powerful nondestructive evaluation. Evaluation - The process of deciding the severity of acondition after an
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Wavelength. λ = V f \lambda=\frac{V}{f}. Where: λ = Wavelength. V = Velocity. f = Frequency. Refraction (Snell's Law) sin θ 1 sin θ 2 = V 1 V 2
\frac{\sin\theta_{1}}{\sin\theta_{2}}=\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}. Where: θ 1 = Angle of the Incident Wave. θ 2 = Angle of the Reflected Wave. V 1 = Velocity of Incident Wave. V 2 = Velocity of Reflected Wave. Snell's Law is used regularly when NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) - Compensation of gain as a function of time for difference in amplitude of reflections from equal reflectors at different sound travel distances. Refers also to compensation by electronic means such as swept gain, time corrected gain, time variable gain and sensitivity time control. A-Scan Display- A data
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT The nature of the defect. Defect - A discontinuity or other imperfection causing a reduction in the quality of a material or component. can have a large affect on sensitivity. Sensitivity - A measure of the ability to detect small signals. Limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. of a liquid penetrant inspection. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTINGSEE MORE ONNDE-ED.ORG
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Impedance - The total opposition in an electrical circuit to flow of alternating current, the complex ratio of voltage to current. In mechanical systems can also be the ratio of force or pressure to velocity. also has an associated angle, called the phase angle. Phase Angle - The difference in phase between two sinusoidal varyingquantities.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Magnetizing Current. As seen in the previous pages, electric current. Current (I) - The flow of electrons. Measured in amperes. is often used to establish the magnetic field. Magnetic Field - The space in which a magnetic force is exerted. This space exists within and around a magnetized material and a conductor carrying electrical current. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Welcome to the Magnetic Particle Quiz. This is a quiz over the various topics covered throughout the Magnetic Particle section to test your understanding. Click "Begin Quiz" to start. Begin Quiz. Choice 1.Choice 2. Choice 3.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Nondestructive Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing Education. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is the science of detecting flaws and imperfections in materials to ensure structural integrity. Nondestructive testing (NDT), sometimes referred to as nondestructive inspection (NDI), is NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT The nature of the defect. Defect - A discontinuity or other imperfection causing a reduction in the quality of a material or component. can have a large affect on sensitivity. Sensitivity - A measure of the ability to detect small signals. Limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. of a liquid penetrant inspection. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing. Ultrasonic Testing. Ultrasonic Testing - The transmission of high-frequency sound waves into a material to detect imperfections or to locate changes in material properties. (UT) uses high frequency. Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a specified unit of time. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Sound - Mechanical vibrations transmitted in an elastic gas, liquid, or solid. with high frequencies, or ultrasound. Ultrasound - A test using ultrasonic waves to create an image of the inside of an object. , is one method used in NDT. NDT - Acronym for N on d estructive Testing.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING The mode. Mode - The manner in which an acoustic wave is propagated, as characterized by the particle motion in the wave (shear, Lamb, surface or longitudinal). of operation refers to the way the coil. Coil - More than one loop of a conductor wound in a spiral. Alsocalled a solenoid.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Transducer Types. Ultrasonic. Ultrasonic - A term referring to acoustic vibration frequencies greater than about 20,000 hertz. transducers are manufactured for a variety of applications and can be custom fabricated when necessary. Careful attention must be paid to selecting the proper transducer. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY The purpose of developing the film is to bring the latent image. Latent Image - The invisible image on exposed film which has not been developed. out so that it can be seen visibly. There are three processing solutions that must be used to convert an exposed film to auseful radiograph.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Configurations. Eddy Current - Circular induced currents that are generated by an alternating current in the nearby coil. Mode - The manner in which an acoustic wave is propagated, as characterized by the particle motion in the wave (shear, Lamb, surface or longitudinal). of operation of the test coils. The configuration ofthe probe.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Length to Diameter Ratio. Longitudinal - Lengthwise, or in an axial direction. Magnetic Field - The space in which a magnetic force is exerted. This space exists within and around a magnetized material and a conductor carrying electrical current. Coil - More than one loop of a conductor wound in a spiral. Also called a solenoid. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Exposure - The time which radiation is being exposed to something. , which usually requires some refinement. However, it is possible to calculate the density of a radiograph to a fair degree accuracy when the spectrum. Spectrum - The distribution of frequencies in a signal.of
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Nondestructive Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing Education. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is the science of detecting flaws and imperfections in materials to ensure structural integrity. Nondestructive testing (NDT), sometimes referred to as nondestructive inspection (NDI), is NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Present State of Ultrasonics. Future Direction of Ultrasonic Inspection. Ultrasound and Ultrasonic Testing. Angle Beam Testing. Immersion Ultrasonic Testing. Transducers and Other Equipment. Piezoelectric Transducers. Characteristics of Piezoelectric Transducers. Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Computed Tomography - A radiographic technique in which the planar density data is stretched out in a third dimension and combined similar data taken at various angles to generate cross sectional images of the test component. (CT) is a powerful nondestructive evaluation. Evaluation - The process of deciding the severity of acondition after an
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT The nature of the defect. Defect - A discontinuity or other imperfection causing a reduction in the quality of a material or component. can have a large affect on sensitivity. Sensitivity - A measure of the ability to detect small signals. Limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. of a liquid penetrant inspection. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Wavelength. λ = V f \lambda=\frac{V}{f}. Where: λ = Wavelength. V = Velocity. f = Frequency. Refraction (Snell's Law) sin θ 1 sin θ 2 = V 1 V 2
\frac{\sin\theta_{1}}{\sin\theta_{2}}=\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}. Where: θ 1 = Angle of the Incident Wave. θ 2 = Angle of the Reflected Wave. V 1 = Velocity of Incident Wave. V 2 = Velocity of Reflected Wave. Snell's Law is used regularly when NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Far surface resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish signals from the back surface when the sound beam is normal to that back surface. Source (Radiography) - The origin of radiation; an x-ray tube or a radioisotope. Imaging - A process to produce an image of an NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Transducer Types. Ultrasonic. Ultrasonic - A term referring to acoustic vibration frequencies greater than about 20,000 hertz. transducers are manufactured for a variety of applications and can be custom fabricated when necessary. Careful attention must be paid to selecting the proper transducer. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION PHYSICS : X-RAY The thickness of any given material where 50% of the incident energy has been attenuated is know as the half-value layer (HVL). The HVL is expressed in units of distance (mm or cm). Like the attenuation coefficient. Attenuation Coefficient - A factor which is determined by the degree of reduction in sound wave energy per unit distancetraveled.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Impedance - The total opposition in an electrical circuit to flow of alternating current, the complex ratio of voltage to current. In mechanical systems can also be the ratio of force or pressure to velocity. also has an associated angle, called the phase angle. Phase Angle - The difference in phase between two sinusoidal varyingquantities.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Welcome to the Magnetic Particle Quiz. This is a quiz over the various topics covered throughout the Magnetic Particle section to test your understanding. Click "Begin Quiz" to start. Begin Quiz. Choice 1.Choice 2. Choice 3.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Nondestructive Evaluation and Nondestructive Testing Education. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is the science of detecting flaws and imperfections in materials to ensure structural integrity. Nondestructive testing (NDT), sometimes referred to as nondestructive inspection (NDI), is NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Present State of Ultrasonics. Future Direction of Ultrasonic Inspection. Ultrasound and Ultrasonic Testing. Angle Beam Testing. Immersion Ultrasonic Testing. Transducers and Other Equipment. Piezoelectric Transducers. Characteristics of Piezoelectric Transducers. Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Computed Tomography - A radiographic technique in which the planar density data is stretched out in a third dimension and combined similar data taken at various angles to generate cross sectional images of the test component. (CT) is a powerful nondestructive evaluation. Evaluation - The process of deciding the severity of acondition after an
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT The nature of the defect. Defect - A discontinuity or other imperfection causing a reduction in the quality of a material or component. can have a large affect on sensitivity. Sensitivity - A measure of the ability to detect small signals. Limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. of a liquid penetrant inspection. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Wavelength. λ = V f \lambda=\frac{V}{f}. Where: λ = Wavelength. V = Velocity. f = Frequency. Refraction (Snell's Law) sin θ 1 sin θ 2 = V 1 V 2
\frac{\sin\theta_{1}}{\sin\theta_{2}}=\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}. Where: θ 1 = Angle of the Incident Wave. θ 2 = Angle of the Reflected Wave. V 1 = Velocity of Incident Wave. V 2 = Velocity of Reflected Wave. Snell's Law is used regularly when NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY Far surface resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish signals from the back surface when the sound beam is normal to that back surface. Source (Radiography) - The origin of radiation; an x-ray tube or a radioisotope. Imaging - A process to produce an image of an NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Transducer Types. Ultrasonic. Ultrasonic - A term referring to acoustic vibration frequencies greater than about 20,000 hertz. transducers are manufactured for a variety of applications and can be custom fabricated when necessary. Careful attention must be paid to selecting the proper transducer. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION PHYSICS : X-RAY The thickness of any given material where 50% of the incident energy has been attenuated is know as the half-value layer (HVL). The HVL is expressed in units of distance (mm or cm). Like the attenuation coefficient. Attenuation Coefficient - A factor which is determined by the degree of reduction in sound wave energy per unit distancetraveled.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Impedance - The total opposition in an electrical circuit to flow of alternating current, the complex ratio of voltage to current. In mechanical systems can also be the ratio of force or pressure to velocity. also has an associated angle, called the phase angle. Phase Angle - The difference in phase between two sinusoidal varyingquantities.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : MAG PARTICLE Welcome to the Magnetic Particle Quiz. This is a quiz over the various topics covered throughout the Magnetic Particle section to test your understanding. Click "Begin Quiz" to start. Begin Quiz. Choice 1.Choice 2. Choice 3.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION ABOUT Background on NDT and NDE. Nondestructive Testing (NDT) - Testing to detect defects in materials using techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being tested. has been practiced for many decades. One of the earliest applications was the detection of surface cracks in railcar wheels and axles. The parts were dipped in oil, thencleaned
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Data Presentation. Ultrasonic data can be collected and displayed in a number of different formats. The three most common formats are know in the NDT world as A-scan, B-scan and C-scan presentations. Each presentation mode provides a different way of looking NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing. Ultrasonic Testing. Ultrasonic Testing - The transmission of high-frequency sound waves into a material to detect imperfections or to locate changes in material properties. (UT) uses high frequency. Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a specified unit of time. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Future Direction of Ultrasonic Inspection. see an exciting new set of opportunities. The defense and nuclear power industries have played a major role in the emergence of NDE. . Increasing global competition has led to dramatic changes in product development and business cycles. At the same time, aging infrastructure, from roads tobuildings
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : ULTRASOUND Transducer Types. Ultrasonic. Ultrasonic - A term referring to acoustic vibration frequencies greater than about 20,000 hertz. transducers are manufactured for a variety of applications and can be custom fabricated when necessary. Careful attention must be paid to selecting the proper transducer. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT Material Smear and Its Removal. Material smearing can have a very detrimental effect on an LPI inspection as defects that are normally open to the surface can be partially or completely covered over. Some of the processes that can cause material to smear include machining, honing, lapping, sanding, scraping, grit blasting, tumble de burring NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : PENETRANT Penetrant and Detectability of Flaws. The advantage that a liquid penetrant inspection. Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI) - A method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw. (LPI) offers over an unaided visual inspection is that it makes defects easier to see for the inspector. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING Configurations. Eddy Current - Circular induced currents that are generated by an alternating current in the nearby coil. Mode - The manner in which an acoustic wave is propagated, as characterized by the particle motion in the wave (shear, Lamb, surface or longitudinal). of operation of the test coils. The configuration ofthe probe.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : EDDY CURRENT TESTING The mode. Mode - The manner in which an acoustic wave is propagated, as characterized by the particle motion in the wave (shear, Lamb, surface or longitudinal). of operation refers to the way the coil. Coil - More than one loop of a conductor wound in a spiral. Alsocalled a solenoid.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES : RADIOGRAPHY The plot is called a film characteristic curve, sensitometric. Sensitometric - The process or technique of producing images of an opaque object on photographic film or on a fluorescent screen by means of radiation. curve, density curve, or H and D curve (named for developers Hurter and Driffield). Skip to main content* About
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About NDT and NDE Careers in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation Physics of Nondestructive Evaluation Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques Nondestructive Evaluation EngineeringGlossary
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING EDUCATION Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is the science of detecting flaws and imperfections in materials to ensure structural integrity. Nondestructive testing (NDT), sometimes referred to as nondestructive inspection (NDI), is the practice of finding defects. This site was designed to be a comprehensive source of information and materials for NDT and NDE technical education. The site was created by nondestructive testing professionals and educators at Iowa State University and from around the world.About NDE
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATIONPHYSICS
The physics background and physics concepts which are the foundation of nondestructive evaluation techniques. Learn about NDE physicsTECHNIQUES
The different methods used to detect flaws and imperfections. Explore NDE techniquesENGINEERING
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