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Text
WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyDIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON The optical properties of silicon measure at 300K 1. While a wide range of wavelengths is given here, silicon solar cells typical only operate from 400 to 1100 nm. There is a more up to date set of data in Green 2008 2. It is available in tabulated form from pvlighthouse as text and in graphical format. The data on this page is also availableFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
SPECTRAL RESPONSE
The spectral response is conceptually similar to the quantum efficiency. The quantum efficiency gives the number of electrons output by the solar cell compared to the number of photons incident on the device, while the spectral response is the ratio of the current generated by the solar cell to the power incident on the solar cell. A spectral response curve is shown below. IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
MEASURING IDEALITY FACTOR The basic cell equation in the dark is: I = I 0 ( exp. . ( q V n k T) − 1) where I is the current through the diode, V is the voltage across the diode, I 0 is the dark saturation current, n is the ideality factor and T is the temperature in kelvin. q and k are both constants. for V > 50 - 100 mV theREFINING SILICON
The silica is reduced (oxygen removed) through a reaction with carbon in the form of coal, charcoal and heating to 1500-2000 °C in an electrode arc furnace. SiO 2 + C → Si + CO 2. The resulting silicon is metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si). It is 98% pure and is used extensively in the metallurgical industry. RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyDIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON The optical properties of silicon measure at 300K 1. While a wide range of wavelengths is given here, silicon solar cells typical only operate from 400 to 1100 nm. There is a more up to date set of data in Green 2008 2. It is available in tabulated form from pvlighthouse as text and in graphical format. The data on this page is also availableFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
SPECTRAL RESPONSE
The spectral response is conceptually similar to the quantum efficiency. The quantum efficiency gives the number of electrons output by the solar cell compared to the number of photons incident on the device, while the spectral response is the ratio of the current generated by the solar cell to the power incident on the solar cell. A spectral response curve is shown below. IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
MEASURING IDEALITY FACTOR The basic cell equation in the dark is: I = I 0 ( exp. . ( q V n k T) − 1) where I is the current through the diode, V is the voltage across the diode, I 0 is the dark saturation current, n is the ideality factor and T is the temperature in kelvin. q and k are both constants. for V > 50 - 100 mV theREFINING SILICON
The silica is reduced (oxygen removed) through a reaction with carbon in the form of coal, charcoal and heating to 1500-2000 °C in an electrode arc furnace. SiO 2 + C → Si + CO 2. The resulting silicon is metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si). It is 98% pure and is used extensively in the metallurgical industry. RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques EQUATIONS FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS Wavelength and energy of a photon: If E is in eV and λ is in μm: Spectral irradiance for black body: Power density of a non-ideal black body: Photon flux and power density: Material. mn*/m0. mp*/m0. EG (eV) SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE Solar Cell Structure. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, andsecondly, the
DIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current.PVEDUCATION
Leave this field blank . Search form. Search FIRST PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES First photovoltaic Devices. (Taken from Green 1 which makes use of Benjamin 2, Shive 3 and Wolf 4) Edmond Becquerel appears to have been the first to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect 5 6. Working in his father's laboratory as a nineteen year old, he generated electricity by illuminating an electrode with different types of light, including DOPING | PVEDUCATION Doping is a technique used to vary the number of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Doping creates N-type material when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped with group V atoms. P-type materials are created when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped withgroup III atoms.
MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION The solar radiance is an instantaneous power density in units of kW/m 2. The solar radiance varies throughout the day from 0 kW/m 2 at night to a maximum of about 1 kW/m 2. The solar radiance is strongly dependant on location and local weather. Solar radiance measurements consist of global and/or direct radiation measurements takenperiodically
SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
SUN'S POSITION TO HIGH ACCURACY Sun's Position to High Accuracy. The algorithms presented so far are accurate to within about 1° and are sufficient for most terrestrial photovoltaic applications. For flat plate modules the siting is only accurate to a few degrees and the errors introduced by the simple algorithms are negligible when compared to the unknown factors at the BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Biblio search. Show only items where PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar Energy OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE The above equation shows that V oc depends on the saturation current of the solar cell and the light-generated current. While I sc typically has a small variation, the key effect is the saturation current, since this may vary by orders of magnitude. The saturation current, I 0 depends on recombination in the solar cell. Open-circuit voltage is then a measure of the amount of recombination in DEGRADATION AND FAILURE MODESFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
TLM MEASUREMENT
OPERATION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES Operation of Lead Acid Batteries. A lead acid battery consists of a negative electrode made of spongy or porous lead. The lead is porous to facilitate the formation and dissolution of lead. The positive electrode consists of lead oxide. Both electrodes are immersed in a electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid and water. JSC-VOC | PVEDUCATION Jsc-Voc. A J SC V OC curve 1 is a valuable way of looking at an IV curve in the absence of series resistance. To trace a J SC V OC curve, the illumination on a cell is varied and the cell J SC and V OC measured at each illumination level. The series resistance has no effect on the V OC, since no current is drawn from the cell and sothere is no
PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar Energy OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE The above equation shows that V oc depends on the saturation current of the solar cell and the light-generated current. While I sc typically has a small variation, the key effect is the saturation current, since this may vary by orders of magnitude. The saturation current, I 0 depends on recombination in the solar cell. Open-circuit voltage is then a measure of the amount of recombination in DEGRADATION AND FAILURE MODESFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
TLM MEASUREMENT
OPERATION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES Operation of Lead Acid Batteries. A lead acid battery consists of a negative electrode made of spongy or porous lead. The lead is porous to facilitate the formation and dissolution of lead. The positive electrode consists of lead oxide. Both electrodes are immersed in a electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid and water. JSC-VOC | PVEDUCATION Jsc-Voc. A J SC V OC curve 1 is a valuable way of looking at an IV curve in the absence of series resistance. To trace a J SC V OC curve, the illumination on a cell is varied and the cell J SC and V OC measured at each illumination level. The series resistance has no effect on the V OC, since no current is drawn from the cell and sothere is no
FILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc so that: F F = P M P V O C × I S C. Fill Factor. FIRST PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES First photovoltaic Devices. (Taken from Green 1 which makes use of Benjamin 2, Shive 3 and Wolf 4) Edmond Becquerel appears to have been the first to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect 5 6. Working in his father's laboratory as a nineteen year old, he generated electricity by illuminating an electrode with different types of light, including SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE Solar Cell Structure. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, andsecondly, the
DOPING | PVEDUCATION Doping is a technique used to vary the number of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Doping creates N-type material when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped with group V atoms. P-type materials are created when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped withgroup III atoms.
MEASURING IDEALITY FACTOR The basic cell equation in the dark is: I = I 0 ( exp. . ( q V n k T) − 1) where I is the current through the diode, V is the voltage across the diode, I 0 is the dark saturation current, n is the ideality factor and T is the temperature in kelvin. q and k are both constants. for V > 50 - 100 mV the FORMATION OF A PN-JUNCTION P-n junctions are formed by joining n-type and p-type semiconductor materials, as shown below.Since the n-type region has a high electron concentration and the p-type a high hole concentration, electrons diffuse from the n-type side to the p-type side.Similarly, holes flow by diffusion from the p-type side to the n-type side.If the electrons and holes were not charged, this diffusion process BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Biblio search. Show only items where BIAS OF PN JUNCTIONS This increases diffusion and ultimately increases current across the depletion region. Reverse bias occurs when a voltage is applied across the solar cell such that the electric field formed by the P-N junction is increased. Diffusion current decreases. Semiconductor devices have three modes of operation: 1. Thermal Equilibrium. SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE In order to determine the power output of the solar cell, it is important to determine the expected operating temperature of the PV module. The Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is defined as the temperature reached by open circuited cells in a module under the conditions as listed below: Irradiance on cell surface = 800 W/m 2. PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar Energy OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE The above equation shows that V oc depends on the saturation current of the solar cell and the light-generated current. While I sc typically has a small variation, the key effect is the saturation current, since this may vary by orders of magnitude. The saturation current, I 0 depends on recombination in the solar cell. Open-circuit voltage is then a measure of the amount of recombination in DEGRADATION AND FAILURE MODESFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
TLM MEASUREMENT
OPERATION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES Operation of Lead Acid Batteries. A lead acid battery consists of a negative electrode made of spongy or porous lead. The lead is porous to facilitate the formation and dissolution of lead. The positive electrode consists of lead oxide. Both electrodes are immersed in a electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid and water. JSC-VOC | PVEDUCATION Jsc-Voc. A J SC V OC curve 1 is a valuable way of looking at an IV curve in the absence of series resistance. To trace a J SC V OC curve, the illumination on a cell is varied and the cell J SC and V OC measured at each illumination level. The series resistance has no effect on the V OC, since no current is drawn from the cell and sothere is no
PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar Energy OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE The above equation shows that V oc depends on the saturation current of the solar cell and the light-generated current. While I sc typically has a small variation, the key effect is the saturation current, since this may vary by orders of magnitude. The saturation current, I 0 depends on recombination in the solar cell. Open-circuit voltage is then a measure of the amount of recombination in DEGRADATION AND FAILURE MODESFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
IDEALTY FACTOR AND I0 In practice, there is usually more than one recombination mechanism so it is unusual for the ideality factor to precisely match one of thevalues above.
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
TLM MEASUREMENT
OPERATION OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES Operation of Lead Acid Batteries. A lead acid battery consists of a negative electrode made of spongy or porous lead. The lead is porous to facilitate the formation and dissolution of lead. The positive electrode consists of lead oxide. Both electrodes are immersed in a electrolytic solution of sulfuric acid and water. JSC-VOC | PVEDUCATION Jsc-Voc. A J SC V OC curve 1 is a valuable way of looking at an IV curve in the absence of series resistance. To trace a J SC V OC curve, the illumination on a cell is varied and the cell J SC and V OC measured at each illumination level. The series resistance has no effect on the V OC, since no current is drawn from the cell and sothere is no
FILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc so that: F F = P M P V O C × I S C. Fill Factor. FIRST PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES First photovoltaic Devices. (Taken from Green 1 which makes use of Benjamin 2, Shive 3 and Wolf 4) Edmond Becquerel appears to have been the first to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect 5 6. Working in his father's laboratory as a nineteen year old, he generated electricity by illuminating an electrode with different types of light, including SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE Solar Cell Structure. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, andsecondly, the
DOPING | PVEDUCATION Doping is a technique used to vary the number of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Doping creates N-type material when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped with group V atoms. P-type materials are created when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped withgroup III atoms.
MEASURING IDEALITY FACTOR The basic cell equation in the dark is: I = I 0 ( exp. . ( q V n k T) − 1) where I is the current through the diode, V is the voltage across the diode, I 0 is the dark saturation current, n is the ideality factor and T is the temperature in kelvin. q and k are both constants. for V > 50 - 100 mV the FORMATION OF A PN-JUNCTION P-n junctions are formed by joining n-type and p-type semiconductor materials, as shown below.Since the n-type region has a high electron concentration and the p-type a high hole concentration, electrons diffuse from the n-type side to the p-type side.Similarly, holes flow by diffusion from the p-type side to the n-type side.If the electrons and holes were not charged, this diffusion process BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Biblio search. Show only items where BIAS OF PN JUNCTIONS This increases diffusion and ultimately increases current across the depletion region. Reverse bias occurs when a voltage is applied across the solar cell such that the electric field formed by the P-N junction is increased. Diffusion current decreases. Semiconductor devices have three modes of operation: 1. Thermal Equilibrium. SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE In order to determine the power output of the solar cell, it is important to determine the expected operating temperature of the PV module. The Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is defined as the temperature reached by open circuited cells in a module under the conditions as listed below: Irradiance on cell surface = 800 W/m 2. PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyDIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current.FILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON The optical properties of silicon measure at 300K 1. While a wide range of wavelengths is given here, silicon solar cells typical only operate from 400 to 1100 nm. There is a more up to date set of data in Green 2008 2. It is available in tabulated form from pvlighthouse as text and in graphical format. The data on this page is also availableBYPASS DIODES
Bypass Diodes. The destructive effects of hot-spot heating may be circumvented through the use of a bypass diode. A bypass diode is connected in parallel, but with opposite polarity, to a solar cell as shown below. Under normal operation, each solar cell will be forward biased and therefore the bypass diode will be reverse biased and will SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
DISCOUNT, INFLATION, AND INTEREST RATES The formula for this is shown below. The first step is finding the “Present Worth Factor,” F PW. Where i INF again is the inflation rate, and d is the discount rate. “n” represents the number of terms (often years) of the calculation. Once the F PW is known, you can calculate the “Present Worth” (PW) of an investment.DIFFUSION LENGTH
The diffusion length is related to the carrier lifetime by the diffusivity according to the following formula: L = D τ, where: L is the diffusion length; D is the diffusivity and. τ is the lifetime in seconds. The diffusivity is a measure of how quickly a group of particles fill a space and it is described in more detail on thediffusion page
RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyDIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current.FILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON The optical properties of silicon measure at 300K 1. While a wide range of wavelengths is given here, silicon solar cells typical only operate from 400 to 1100 nm. There is a more up to date set of data in Green 2008 2. It is available in tabulated form from pvlighthouse as text and in graphical format. The data on this page is also availableBYPASS DIODES
Bypass Diodes. The destructive effects of hot-spot heating may be circumvented through the use of a bypass diode. A bypass diode is connected in parallel, but with opposite polarity, to a solar cell as shown below. Under normal operation, each solar cell will be forward biased and therefore the bypass diode will be reverse biased and will SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
DISCOUNT, INFLATION, AND INTEREST RATES The formula for this is shown below. The first step is finding the “Present Worth Factor,” F PW. Where i INF again is the inflation rate, and d is the discount rate. “n” represents the number of terms (often years) of the calculation. Once the F PW is known, you can calculate the “Present Worth” (PW) of an investment.DIFFUSION LENGTH
The diffusion length is related to the carrier lifetime by the diffusivity according to the following formula: L = D τ, where: L is the diffusion length; D is the diffusivity and. τ is the lifetime in seconds. The diffusivity is a measure of how quickly a group of particles fill a space and it is described in more detail on thediffusion page
RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques EQUATIONS FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS Wavelength and energy of a photon: If E is in eV and λ is in μm: Spectral irradiance for black body: Power density of a non-ideal black body: Photon flux and power density: Material. mn*/m0. mp*/m0. EG (eV) FIRST PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES First photovoltaic Devices. (Taken from Green 1 which makes use of Benjamin 2, Shive 3 and Wolf 4) Edmond Becquerel appears to have been the first to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect 5 6. Working in his father's laboratory as a nineteen year old, he generated electricity by illuminating an electrode with different types of light, including SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE Solar Cell Structure. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, andsecondly, the
BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Biblio search. Show only items where SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
SPECTRAL RESPONSE
The spectral response is conceptually similar to the quantum efficiency. The quantum efficiency gives the number of electrons output by the solar cell compared to the number of photons incident on the device, while the spectral response is the ratio of the current generated by the solar cell to the power incident on the solar cell. A spectral response curve is shown below. SUN'S POSITION TO HIGH ACCURACY Sun's Position to High Accuracy. The algorithms presented so far are accurate to within about 1° and are sufficient for most terrestrial photovoltaic applications. For flat plate modules the siting is only accurate to a few degrees and the errors introduced by the simple algorithms are negligible when compared to the unknown factors at the ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT The absorption coefficient, α, is related to the extinction coefficient, k, by the following formula: α = 4 π k λ. where λ is the wavelength. If λ is in nm, multiply by 10 7 to get the absorption coefficient in the units of cm -1. Additional optical properties of silicon are given in the page Optical Properties of Silicon.PHOTON FLUX
The photon flux is defined as the number of photons per second per unit area: T he photon flux is important in determining the number of electrons which are generated, and hence the current produced from a solar cell. As the photon flux does not give information about the energy (or wavelength) of the photons, the energy or wavelength of the photons in the light source must also be specified. BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Leave this field blank . Search form. Search PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
DOPING | PVEDUCATION Doping is a technique used to vary the number of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Doping creates N-type material when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped with group V atoms. P-type materials are created when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped withgroup III atoms.
BYPASS DIODES
Bypass Diodes. The destructive effects of hot-spot heating may be circumvented through the use of a bypass diode. A bypass diode is connected in parallel, but with opposite polarity, to a solar cell as shown below. Under normal operation, each solar cell will be forward biased and therefore the bypass diode will be reverse biased and will SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
SOLAR TIME | PVEDUCATION Until the late 19 th century most people used local solar time so that noon was when the sun was directly overhead, and each town had its own definition. Transport was slow, so it did not matter that the time in a town miles away varied by a few minutes. The advent of railways necessitated more accurate time keeping and time zones were introduced to keep an entire region on the same time1. RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques PVEDUCATIONINSTRUCTIONSWELCOMEACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTIES OF SUNLIGHT A collection of resources for the photovoltaic educator. As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics.WELCOME TO PVCDROM
Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden . Instructions; Welcome; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction. Introduction; Solar EnergyFILL FACTOR
The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with V oc and I sc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. The FF is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of V oc and I sc sothat: F
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
DOPING | PVEDUCATION Doping is a technique used to vary the number of electrons and holes in semiconductors. Doping creates N-type material when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped with group V atoms. P-type materials are created when semiconductor materials from group IV are doped withgroup III atoms.
BYPASS DIODES
Bypass Diodes. The destructive effects of hot-spot heating may be circumvented through the use of a bypass diode. A bypass diode is connected in parallel, but with opposite polarity, to a solar cell as shown below. Under normal operation, each solar cell will be forward biased and therefore the bypass diode will be reverse biased and will SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
LIGHT TRAPPING
Light Trapping. The optimum device thickness is not controlled solely by the need to absorb all the light. For example, if the light is not absorbed within a diffusion length of the junction, then the light-generated carriers are lost to recombination. In addition, as discussed in the Voltage Losses Due to Recombination, a thinner solarcell
SOLAR TIME | PVEDUCATION Until the late 19 th century most people used local solar time so that noon was when the sun was directly overhead, and each town had its own definition. Transport was slow, so it did not matter that the time in a town miles away varied by a few minutes. The advent of railways necessitated more accurate time keeping and time zones were introduced to keep an entire region on the same time1. RECHERCHES SUR LES EFFETS DE LA RADIATION CHIMIQUE DE LA Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques EQUATIONS FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS Wavelength and energy of a photon: If E is in eV and λ is in μm: Spectral irradiance for black body: Power density of a non-ideal black body: Photon flux and power density: Material. mn*/m0. mp*/m0. EG (eV)DIODE EQUATION
Overview. I 0 is directly related to recombination, and thus, inversely related to material quality.; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. N is the ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current. SUN POSITION CALCULATOR Sun Position Calculator. Enter your location in the box below the map and click Get Location Details. It will accept any description such as an address, city name, airport code and then show its location on a map. The most commonly used location is assumed so that simply “Paris” will be Paris, France whereas “Paris, Texas” will beParis
BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Biblio search. Show only items where BIBLIO | PVEDUCATION Leave this field blank . Search form. Search OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON The optical properties of silicon measure at 300K 1. While a wide range of wavelengths is given here, silicon solar cells typical only operate from 400 to 1100 nm. There is a more up to date set of data in Green 2008 2. It is available in tabulated form from pvlighthouse as text and in graphical format. The data on this page is also available FIRST PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES First photovoltaic Devices. (Taken from Green 1 which makes use of Benjamin 2, Shive 3 and Wolf 4) Edmond Becquerel appears to have been the first to demonstrate the photovoltaic effect 5 6. Working in his father's laboratory as a nineteen year old, he generated electricity by illuminating an electrode with different types of light, including SOLAR TIME | PVEDUCATION Until the late 19 th century most people used local solar time so that noon was when the sun was directly overhead, and each town had its own definition. Transport was slow, so it did not matter that the time in a town miles away varied by a few minutes. The advent of railways necessitated more accurate time keeping and time zones were introduced to keep an entire region on the same time1.SPECTRAL RESPONSE
The spectral response is conceptually similar to the quantum efficiency. The quantum efficiency gives the number of electrons output by the solar cell compared to the number of photons incident on the device, while the spectral response is the ratio of the current generated by the solar cell to the power incident on the solar cell. A spectral response curve is shown below. NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE In order to determine the power output of the solar cell, it is important to determine the expected operating temperature of the PV module. The Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is defined as the temperature reached by open circuited cells in a module under the conditions as listed below: Irradiance on cell surface = 800 W/m 2. Skip to main content EnglishEspañol한국어Русский简体中文Bahasa IndonesiaGo
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MAIN MENU
* Instructions
* Welcome
* Acknowledgements
* 1. Introduction
* 2. Properties of Sunlight * 3. Semiconductors & Junctions * 4. Solar Cell Operation * 5. Design of Silicon Cells * 6. Manufacturing Si Cells * 7. Modules and Arrays * 8. Characterization * 9. Material Properties* 10. Batteries
* 11. Appendices
* Korean Version PDF* Equations
* Interactive Graphs* References
* Instructions
* Welcome
* Acknowledgements
* 1. Introduction
* Introduction
* Solar Energy
* The Greenhouse Effect * 2. Properties of Sunlight * 2.1. Basics of Light * Properties of Light* Energy of Photon
* Photon Flux
* Spectral Irradiance * Radiant Power Density * 2.2. Blackbody Radiation * 2.3. Solar Radiation* The Sun
* Solar Radiation in Space * 2.4. Terrestrial Solar Radiation * Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere * Atmospheric Effects* Air Mass
* Motion of the Sun
* Solar Time
* Declination Angle
* Elevation Angle
* Azimuth Angle
* The Sun's Position * Sun Position Calculator * Sun's Position to High Accuracy * Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface * Arbitrary Orientation and Tilt * 2.5. Solar Radiation Data * Calculation of Solar Insolation * Measurement of Solar Radiation * Analysis of Solar Irradiance Data Sets * Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY) * Making Use of TMY Data * Average Solar Radiation * Isoflux Contour Plots * Sunshine Hour Data* Cloud Cover Data
* Satellite Irradiance * 3. Semiconductors & Junctions* Introduction
* 3.1. Basics
* Semiconductor Materials * Semiconductor Structure * Conduction in Semiconductors* Band Gap
* Intrinsic Carrier Concentration* Doping
* Equilibrium Carrier Concentration* 3.2. Generation
* Absorption of Light * Absorption Coefficient* Absorption Depth
* Generation Rate
* 3.3. Recombination * Types of Recombination* Lifetime
* Diffusion Length
* Surface Recombination * 3.4. Carrier Transport * Movement of Carriers in Semiconductors* Diffusion
* Drift
* 3.5. P-n Junctions * Formation of a PN-Junction * P-N Junction Diodes * Bias of PN Junctions* Diode Equation
* 3.6. Diode Equations for PV * Ideal Diode Equation Derivation* Basic Equations
* Applying the Basic Equations to a PN Junction * Solving for Depletion Region * Solving for Quasi Neutral Regions * Finding Total Current * Eg1: Wide Base Diode * Eg2: Narrow Base Diode* Summary
* 4. Solar Cell Operation * 4.1. Ideal Solar Cells * Solar Cell Structure * Light Generated Current * Collection Probability * Quantum Efficiency* Spectral Response
* The Photovoltaic Effect * 4.2. Solar Cell Parameters* IV Curve
* Short-Circuit Current * Open-Circuit Voltage* Fill Factor
* Efficiency
* Detailed Balance
* Tandem Cells
* 4.3. Resistive Effects * Characteristic Resistance * Effect of Parasitic Resistances* Series Resistance
* Shunt Resistance
* Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance * 4.4. Other Effects * Effect of Temperature * Effect of Light Intensity* Ideality Factor
* 5. Design of Silicon Cells * Solar Cell Design Principles * 5.1. Optical Properties* Optical Losses
* Anti-Reflection Coatings* AR Coating Color
* DLARC
* Surface Texturing
* Material Thickness* Light Trapping
* Lambertian Rear Reflectors * 5.2. Reducing Recombination * Recombination Losses * Current Losses Due to Recombination * Voltage Losses due to Recombination * Surface Recombination * 5.3. Top Contact Design* Series Resistance
* Base Resistance
* Sheet Resistivity
* Emitter Resistance * Contact Resistance* Finger Resistance
* Optimization of Finger Spacing * Metal Grid Pattern * 5.4. Solar Cell Structure * Silicon Solar Cell Parameters * Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost * 6. Manufacturing Si Cells * First Photovoltaic devices * Early Silicon Cells * 6.1. Silicon Wаfers & Substrates* Refining Silicon
* Types Of Silicon
* Single Crystalline Silicon * Czochralski Silicon * Float Zone Silicon * Multi Crystalline Silicon* Wafer Slicing
* Other Wafering Techniques * 6.2. Processing Technologies * Solid State Diffusion * 6.3. Cell Fabrication Technologies * Screen Printed Solar Cells * Buried Contact Solar Cells * High Efficiency Solar Cells * Rear Contact Solar Cells * 6.4. Solar Cell Production Line* Source Material
* Growing Ingots
* Sawing the Ingot into Bricks* Wafer Slicing
* Texturing
* Emitter Diffusion
* Edge Isolation
* Anti Reflection Coatings * Screen Print Front * Screen Print Rear Aluminium * Screen Print Rear Silver* Firing
* Testing
* Module
* 7. Modules and Arrays* Introduction
* 7.1. Module Design* Module Structure
* Module Materials
* Packing Density
* 7.2. Interconnection Effects * Module Circuit Design* Mismatch Effects
* Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series* Shading
* Hot Spot Heating
* Bypass Diodes
* Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel * Mismatch Effects in Arrays * 7.3. Temperature Effects * PV Module Temperature * Heat Generation in PV Modules * Heat Loss in PV Modules * Nominal Operating Cell Temperature * Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses * 7.4. Other Considerations * Electrical and Mechanical Insulation * 7.5. Lifetime of PV Modules * Degradation and Failure Modes * 7.6. Module Measurement * Module Measurement without Load * Module Measurement with Load * 8. Characterization* Introduction
* 8.1 Measurement of Solar Cell Efficiency * Illumination Sources * Temperature Control* Electronics
* Probing
* 8.2. Other IV Measurements * Dark IV Measurements* Jsc-Voc
* 8.3. IV Characterization* SunsVoc
* Measurement of Series Resistance * Double Diode Model * Measuring Ideality Factor * 8.4. Optical Characterization* Reflectance
* Spectral Response
* Laser Beam Induced Current* 8.5. Lifetime
* Bulk Lifetime
* Surface Recombination * Transient Measurements * Quasi-Steady-State Lifetime Measurements * General Lifetime Measurements * Effect of Trapping on Lifetime Measurements* 8.6. Luminescence
* Electroluminescence* 8.7. Simulation
* Introduction to Simulation* PC1D
* Tandem Calculations* 2D Modeling
* SEM and EBIC
* Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements * 9. Material Properties * General Properties of Silicon * Optical Properties of Silicon* Bi2S3
* CZTSSe Theory and Fabrication* CdS
* CdSe
* CuInSe2
* CuO
* CuS
* FeS2
* Mg2Si
* MnS
* SnS
* TiS2
* ZnSe
* 10. Batteries
* Storage in PV Systems * 10.2 Battery Basics * Oxidation/Reduction Reaction * Electrochemical Potential* Nernst Equation
* Basic Battery Operation * Ideal battery capacity * 10.3 Battery Non-equilibrium * 10.4. Battery Characteristics * Battery Efficiency* Battery Capacity
* Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters * Battery Lifetime and Maintenance* Battery Voltage
* Other Electrical Battery Parameters * Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics * 10.5. Lead Acid Batteries * Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries * Operation of Lead Acid Batteries * 10.6. Other Battery Types * 10.7 Function and Use of Storage* 11. Appendices
* Solar Cell Efficiency Records * Standard Solar Spectra* Periodic Table
* Units and Conversions * Physical Constants * Equations for Photovoltaics* Equations in TEX
* Graphs with Sliders * Korean Version PDF* Equations
* Interactive Graphs* References
WELCOME TO THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EDUCATION NETWORK _A COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FOR THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EDUCATOR._ As solar cell manufacturing continues to grow at a record-setting pace, increasing demands are placed on universities to educate students on both the practical and theoretical aspects of photovoltaics. As a truly interdisciplinary field, young professionals must be fluent with the science, engineering, policy, and market dimensions of this technology, in the context of a growing renewableenergy economy
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