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HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology and
education.
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | MRNA SPLICING mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway. pre-mRNA splicing, U2 Dependent Splicing. This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species. The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have amapped
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | MRNA SPLICING mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway. pre-mRNA splicing, U2 Dependent Splicing. This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species. The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have amapped
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA Synthesis of PA. In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as REACTOME | FORMATION OF THE CORNIFIED ENVELOPE Formation of the cornified envelope. As keratinocytes progress towards the upper epidermis, they undergo a unique process of cell death termed cornification (Eckhart et al. 2013). This involves the crosslinking of keratinocyte proteins such as loricrin and involucrin by transglutaminases and the breakdown of the nucleus and otherorganelles by
REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | CREATINE METABOLISM Creatine metabolism. In humans, creatine is synthesized primarily in the liver and kidney, from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine, in a sequence of two reactions. From the liver, creatine is exported to tissues such as skeletal muscle and brain, where it undergoes phosphorylation and serves as a short-term energystore.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | BUTYRATE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (BRF1) BINDS AND The ability of BRF1 to direct RNA degradation is controlled by phosphorylation of BRF1. Protein kinase B/AKT1 phosphorylates BRF1 at serines 92 and 203. Phosphorylated BRF1 can still bind RNA but is sequestered by binding 14-3-3 protein, preventing BRF1 from destabilizing RNA. BRF1 is also phosphorylated by MK2 at serines 54,92, 203, and at an
HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | MRNA SPLICING mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway. pre-mRNA splicing, U2 Dependent Splicing. This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species. The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have amapped
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | MRNA SPLICING mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway. pre-mRNA splicing, U2 Dependent Splicing. This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species. The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have amapped
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA Synthesis of PA. In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as REACTOME | FORMATION OF THE CORNIFIED ENVELOPE Formation of the cornified envelope. As keratinocytes progress towards the upper epidermis, they undergo a unique process of cell death termed cornification (Eckhart et al. 2013). This involves the crosslinking of keratinocyte proteins such as loricrin and involucrin by transglutaminases and the breakdown of the nucleus and otherorganelles by
REACTOME | CREATINE METABOLISM Creatine metabolism. In humans, creatine is synthesized primarily in the liver and kidney, from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine, in a sequence of two reactions. From the liver, creatine is exported to tissues such as skeletal muscle and brain, where it undergoes phosphorylation and serves as a short-term energystore.
REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | BUTYRATE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (BRF1) BINDS AND The ability of BRF1 to direct RNA degradation is controlled by phosphorylation of BRF1. Protein kinase B/AKT1 phosphorylates BRF1 at serines 92 and 203. Phosphorylated BRF1 can still bind RNA but is sequestered by binding 14-3-3 protein, preventing BRF1 from destabilizing RNA. BRF1 is also phosphorylated by MK2 at serines 54,92, 203, and at an
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA Synthesis of PA. In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA Synthesis of PA. In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | SRP-DEPENDENT COTRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN TARGETING SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane. The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolicribosome:mRNA
REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | FORMATION OF THE CORNIFIED ENVELOPE Formation of the cornified envelope. As keratinocytes progress towards the upper epidermis, they undergo a unique process of cell death termed cornification (Eckhart et al. 2013). This involves the crosslinking of keratinocyte proteins such as loricrin and involucrin by transglutaminases and the breakdown of the nucleus and otherorganelles by
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE Digestion of dietary carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is a major component of the human diet, and includes starch (amylose and amylopectin) and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose and, in small amounts, trehalose. The digestion of starch begins with the action of amylase enzymes secreted in the saliva and small intestine, which convert it REACTOME | ACYL CHAIN REMODELLING OF PS Acyl chain remodelling of PS. In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE Digestion of dietary carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is a major component of the human diet, and includes starch (amylose and amylopectin) and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose and, in small amounts, trehalose. The digestion of starch begins with the action of amylase enzymes secreted in the saliva and small intestine, which convert it REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | BUTYRATE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (BRF1) BINDS AND The ability of BRF1 to direct RNA degradation is controlled by phosphorylation of BRF1. Protein kinase B/AKT1 phosphorylates BRF1 at serines 92 and 203. Phosphorylated BRF1 can still bind RNA but is sequestered by binding 14-3-3 protein, preventing BRF1 from destabilizing RNA. BRF1 is also phosphorylated by MK2 at serines 54,92, 203, and at an
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | RHO GTPASES ACTIVATE IQGAPS IQGAP proteins IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, bind activated RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 via their GRD and stabilize them in their GTP-bound state (Kuroda et al. 1996, Swart-Mataraza et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2007). IQGAPs bind F-actin filaments via the CH domain and modulate cell shape and motility through regulation of G-actin/F-actinequilibrium
REACTOME | DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE Digestion of dietary carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is a major component of the human diet, and includes starch (amylose and amylopectin) and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose and, in small amounts, trehalose. The digestion of starch begins with the action of amylase enzymes secreted in the saliva and small intestine, which convert it REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | BUTYRATE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (BRF1) BINDS AND The ability of BRF1 to direct RNA degradation is controlled by phosphorylation of BRF1. Protein kinase B/AKT1 phosphorylates BRF1 at serines 92 and 203. Phosphorylated BRF1 can still bind RNA but is sequestered by binding 14-3-3 protein, preventing BRF1 from destabilizing RNA. BRF1 is also phosphorylated by MK2 at serines 54,92, 203, and at an
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et alREACFOAM - REACTOME
× Left click select group, again to deselect Left click +Hold Reactome pathway diagram page Left double click expose group Right double click or Shift + Left double click unexpose group REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA Synthesis of PA. In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as REACTOME | IMMUNOREGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of acrucial
REACTOME | FORMATION OF TUBULIN FOLDING INTERMEDIATES BY TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for theformation of
REACTOME | MODULATION BY MTB OF HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM Mtb enhances its chances for being taken up by a phagocyte by blocking adaptive immune responses, as well as other innate immune system responses. Components of the bacterial cell wall also specifically promote phagocytosis via both the opsonic pathway and the presentation of adhesins (Esparza et al. 2015). Literature References. PubMed ID.Title.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | PPARA ACTIVATES GENE EXPRESSION PPARA activates gene expression. The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis(Acox1
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 ACTIVATES CIRCADIAN GENE BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian gene expression. As inferred from mouse, BMAL1:CLOCK (ARNTL:CLOCK) and BMAL1:NPAS2 (ARNTL:NPAS2) heterodimers bind to sequence elements (E boxes) in the promoters of target genes and enhance transcription (Gekakis et al. REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantlyREACTOMEFIVIZ
Overview. The ReactomeFIViz app is designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases. This app accesses the Reactome pathways stored in the database, help you to do pathway enrichment analysis for a set of genes, visualize hit pathways using manually laid-out pathway diagrams directly in Cytoscape, and investigate functional relationships among genes REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Other semaphorin interactions. There are eight classes of semaphorins and four types of plexins. Semaphorin (SEMA) classes 1 and 2 are found in invertebrates and classes 3-7 are vertebrate sempahorines. Sempahorin class 3 is secreted, whereas the other classes are synthesised as transmembrane proteins. Vertebrate plexins (PLXNs) areclassified
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | PPARA ACTIVATES GENE EXPRESSION PPARA activates gene expression. The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis(Acox1
REACTOME | CARGO TRAFFICKING TO THE PERICILIARY MEMBRANE Myristoylated cargo such as peripheral membrane protein Nephrocystin-3 (NPHP3) is targeted to the cilium in a UNC119- and ARL3-dependent manner, while ARL13B is required for the PDE6-dependent ciliary localization of INPP5E (Wright et al, 2011; Humbert et al, 2012; reviewed in Li et al, 2012). ARL6 was also identified as BBS3, a genethat when
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) METABOLISM Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism. Vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that principally plays roles in regulating intestinal calcium absorption and in bone metabolism. It is obtained from the diet and produced in the skin by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol and released into the bloodstream. REACTOME | ACYL CHAIN REMODELLING OF PS Acyl chain remodelling of PS. In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantlyREACTOMEFIVIZ
Overview. The ReactomeFIViz app is designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases. This app accesses the Reactome pathways stored in the database, help you to do pathway enrichment analysis for a set of genes, visualize hit pathways using manually laid-out pathway diagrams directly in Cytoscape, and investigate functional relationships among genes REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Other semaphorin interactions. There are eight classes of semaphorins and four types of plexins. Semaphorin (SEMA) classes 1 and 2 are found in invertebrates and classes 3-7 are vertebrate sempahorines. Sempahorin class 3 is secreted, whereas the other classes are synthesised as transmembrane proteins. Vertebrate plexins (PLXNs) areclassified
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | PPARA ACTIVATES GENE EXPRESSION PPARA activates gene expression. The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis(Acox1
REACTOME | CARGO TRAFFICKING TO THE PERICILIARY MEMBRANE Myristoylated cargo such as peripheral membrane protein Nephrocystin-3 (NPHP3) is targeted to the cilium in a UNC119- and ARL3-dependent manner, while ARL13B is required for the PDE6-dependent ciliary localization of INPP5E (Wright et al, 2011; Humbert et al, 2012; reviewed in Li et al, 2012). ARL6 was also identified as BBS3, a genethat when
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) METABOLISM Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism. Vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that principally plays roles in regulating intestinal calcium absorption and in bone metabolism. It is obtained from the diet and produced in the skin by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol and released into the bloodstream. REACTOME | ACYL CHAIN REMODELLING OF PS Acyl chain remodelling of PS. In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Biological oxidations. All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common.The very nature of many chemicals that make themsuitable
REACTOME | REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN ENDOCRINE Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells. Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas(Servitja
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). The two B-type cyclins localize to different regions REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Stable Identifier. IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in thefuture.
REACTOME | CD22 MEDIATED BCR REGULATION BCR activation is highly regulated and coreceptors like CD22 (SIGLEC2) set a signalling threshold to prevent aberrant immune response and autoimmune disease (Cyster et al. 1997, Han et al. 2005). CD22 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of B cells during restricted stages of development. CD22 is a member of the receptors of the sialic acid REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Type. Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). The ability of microorganisms to maintain the intracellularmetal quota is
REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING RIG-I-mediated production of IFN can, in turn, increase the transcription of RIG-I itself, thus setting into motion an IFN amplification loop, which if left unchecked, could become deleterious to the host. This module mainly focuses on the endogenous negative regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family proteins RIG-I andMDA5.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection. The purinoreceptors are divided into inotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) subtypes whose ligands are the nucleotides ATP and UDP respectively (Cekic et al. 2016). The binding of these nucleotides to their receptors on macrophages have been associated with the activation of theinflammasome
REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantlyREACTOMEFIVIZ
Overview. The ReactomeFIViz app is designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases. This app accesses the Reactome pathways stored in the database, help you to do pathway enrichment analysis for a set of genes, visualize hit pathways using manually laid-out pathway diagrams directly in Cytoscape, and investigate functional relationships among genes REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Other semaphorin interactions. There are eight classes of semaphorins and four types of plexins. Semaphorin (SEMA) classes 1 and 2 are found in invertebrates and classes 3-7 are vertebrate sempahorines. Sempahorin class 3 is secreted, whereas the other classes are synthesised as transmembrane proteins. Vertebrate plexins (PLXNs) areclassified
REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules. Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgiapparatus and
REACTOME | PPARA ACTIVATES GENE EXPRESSION PPARA activates gene expression. The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis(Acox1
REACTOME | CARGO TRAFFICKING TO THE PERICILIARY MEMBRANE Myristoylated cargo such as peripheral membrane protein Nephrocystin-3 (NPHP3) is targeted to the cilium in a UNC119- and ARL3-dependent manner, while ARL13B is required for the PDE6-dependent ciliary localization of INPP5E (Wright et al, 2011; Humbert et al, 2012; reviewed in Li et al, 2012). ARL6 was also identified as BBS3, a genethat when
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY MET promotes cell motility. Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Collagen chain trimerization. The C-propeptides of collagen propeptide chains are essential for the association of three peptide chains into a trimeric but non-helical procollagen. This initial binding event determines the composition of the trimer, brings the individual chains into the correct register and initiates formation of the triple REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Hedgehog ligand biogenesis. Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can bereleased by
REACTOME | VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) METABOLISM Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism. Vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that principally plays roles in regulating intestinal calcium absorption and in bone metabolism. It is obtained from the diet and produced in the skin by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol and released into the bloodstream. REACTOME | ACYL CHAIN REMODELLING OF PS Acyl chain remodelling of PS. In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING As with other cytokine systems, production of type I IFN is a transient process, and can be hazardous to the host if unregulated, resulting in chronic cellular toxicity or inflammatory and autoimmunediseases.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al. 2000, Parr et al. 2001, Trusolino et al. 2001, Lamorte et al. 2002, Chen and REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING As with other cytokine systems, production of type I IFN is a transient process, and can be hazardous to the host if unregulated, resulting in chronic cellular toxicity or inflammatory and autoimmunediseases.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al. 2000, Parr et al. 2001, Trusolino et al. 2001, Lamorte et al. 2002, Chen and REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004).REACTOMEFIVIZ
Overview. The ReactomeFIViz app is designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases. This app accesses the Reactome pathways stored in the database, help you to do pathway enrichment analysis for a set of genes, visualize hit pathways using manually laid-out pathway diagrams directly in Cytoscape, and investigate functional relationships among genes REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) METABOLISM Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al. 2000, Parr et al. 2001, Trusolino et al. 2001, Lamorte et al. 2002, Chen and REACTOME | CYTOSOLIC SULFONATION OF SMALL MOLECULES Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). REACTOME | PPARA ACTIVATES GENE EXPRESSION The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: REACTOME | ACYL CHAIN REMODELLING OF PS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacentcells.
REACTOME | CARGO TRAFFICKING TO THE PERICILIARY MEMBRANE Proteomic studies suggest that the cilium is home to approximately a thousand proteins, and has a unique protein and lipid make up relative to the bulk cytoplasm and plasma membrane (Pazour et al, 2005; Ishikawa et al, 2012; Ostrowoski et al, 2002; reviewed in HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING As with other cytokine systems, production of type I IFN is a transient process, and can be hazardous to the host if unregulated, resulting in chronic cellular toxicity or inflammatory and autoimmunediseases.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al. 2000, Parr et al. 2001, Trusolino et al. 2001, Lamorte et al. 2002, Chen and REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). HOME - REACTOME PATHWAY DATABASEDOCSDOWNLOADTABLE OF CONTENTSDOISDATA SCHEMAORCID INTEGRATION PROJECT Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
REACTOME | BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | IRS ACTIVATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | OTHER SEMAPHORIN INTERACTIONS Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | PURINERGIC SIGNALING IN LEISHMANIASIS INFECTION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | CYCLIN A/B1/B2 ASSOCIATED EVENTS DURING G2/M Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases at both the G1/S and the G2/M transitions. The G2/M transition is regulated through the phosphorylation of nuclear lamins and histones (reviewed in Sefton, 2001). REACTOME | METAL SEQUESTRATION BY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS Metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that metal cations are constituents of approximately 40% of all proteins crystallized to date (Waldron KJ et al. 2009; Foster AW et al. 2014; Guengerich FP 2014, 2015). REACTOME | NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF DDX58/IFIH1 SIGNALING As with other cytokine systems, production of type I IFN is a transient process, and can be hazardous to the host if unregulated, resulting in chronic cellular toxicity or inflammatory and autoimmunediseases.
REACTOME | MET PROMOTES CELL MOTILITY Direct and indirect interactions of MET with integrins, focal adhesion kinase PTK2 (FAK1), tensin-4 (TNS4) and GTPases RAP1 and RAC1, induce morphological changes that promote cell motility and play an important role in HGF-induced invasiveness of cancer cells (Weidner et al. 1993, Beviglia et al. 1999, Sakkab et al. 2000, Parr et al. 2001, Trusolino et al. 2001, Lamorte et al. 2002, Chen and REACTOME | ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY SREBF (SREBP) After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004).REACTOMEFIVIZ
Overview. The ReactomeFIViz app is designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases. This app accesses the Reactome pathways stored in the database, help you to do pathway enrichment analysis for a set of genes, visualize hit pathways using manually laid-out pathway diagrams directly in Cytoscape, and investigate functional relationships among genes REACTOME | VITAMIN D (CALCIFEROL) METABOLISM Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | COLLAGEN CHAIN TRIMERIZATION Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathwayknowledge.
REACTOME | SYNTHESIS OF PA In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate(G3P).
REACTOME | CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS BIND CHEMOKINES Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells, which interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. Following interaction, these receptors trigger a flux of intracellular calcium which leads to chemotaxis. REACTOME | G0 AND EARLY G1 In G0 and early G1 in quiescent cells, p130 (RBL2) bound to E2F4 or E2F5 and either DP1 or DP2, associates with the MuvB complex, forming an evolutionarily conserved DREAM complex, that represses transcription of cell cycle genes. REACTOME | CARGO TRAFFICKING TO THE PERICILIARY MEMBRANE Proteomic studies suggest that the cilium is home to approximately a thousand proteins, and has a unique protein and lipid make up relative to the bulk cytoplasm and plasma membrane (Pazour et al, 2005; Ishikawa et al, 2012; Ostrowoski et al, 2002; reviewed in REACTOME | RSK ACTIVATION Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) has four isoforms in humans, RPS6KA1 (RSK1), RPS6KA2 (RSK3), RPS6KA3 (RSK2) and RPS6KA6 (RSK4), and each of the isoforms have six conserved phosphorylation sites (in RPS6KA1, these are serine residues S221, S363 and S380 and threonine residues T359,T573 and T732).
REACTOME | HEDGEHOG LIGAND BIOGENESIS Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacentcells.
REACTOME | MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSLATION TERMINATION Translation is terminated when MTRF1L:GTP (MTRF1a:GTP) recognizes a UAA or UAG termination codon in the mRNA at the A site of the ribosome (Soleimanpour-Lichaei et al. 2007, reviewed in Richter et al. 2010, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers et al. 2011.Toggle navigation
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FIND REACTIONS, PROTEINS AND PATHWAYSSearch ... Go!
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PATHWAY BROWSER
Visualize and interact with Reactome biological pathways_ _
ANALYSIS TOOLS
Merges pathway identifier mapping, over-representation, and expression analysis_ _
REACTOMEFIVIZ
Designed to find pathways and network patterns related to cancer and other types of diseases_ _
DOCUMENTATION
Information to browse the database and use its principal tools fordata analysis
CHECK OUT OUR BRAND NEW TRAINING MATERIALLEARN MORE
__WHY REACTOME
Reactome is a free, open-source, curated and peer-reviewed pathway database. Our goal is to provide intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge to support basic research, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology andeducation.
If you use Reactome in Asia, we suggest using our Chinese mirror site at reactome.ncpsb.org.cn . The development of Reactome is supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (U41 HG003751) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.__LATEST NEWS
* Version 76 Released * Version 75 Released * New Paper published in Molecular & Cellular Proteomics * COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 infection pathway Released * Version 73 Released__TWEETS
__VERSION 76 RELEASED ON MARCH 24, 2021_ _
2,516
Human Pathways
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13,732
Reactions
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11,073
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1,856
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415
Drugs
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33,453
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REACTOME IS PART OF THE ELIXIR INFRASTRUCTURE Reactome is an Elixir Core Data Resource Learn more ›* About
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