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RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved, PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring an often delicate color that is a mixture of red and yellow – a marriage between ruby and yellow sapphire. The question of just what qualifies for the princely kiss of “padparadscha” is a matter of hot debate, even among experts. RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRESEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved, PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring an often delicate color that is a mixture of red and yellow – a marriage between ruby and yellow sapphire. The question of just what qualifies for the princely kiss of “padparadscha” is a matter of hot debate, even among experts. RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRESEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features. GEMOLOGY@RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM Prior to the 1930s, ruby and sapphire were mysteries, arcane gems oft-confused with spinel and other look-alikes. Enter Col. J.F. Halford-Watkins. Living in Mogok for more than two decades, he penned several articles and an entire monograph on the subject of these rare gems. Sadly he passed away before it could be published. RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUM Ruby & Sapphire (1997) • Inclusions in Corundum. Inclusions are among the most important features for identifying ruby and sapphire. This is the chapter on ruby and sapphire inclusions from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire. Note: The following is only one chapter of Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire.RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Superficial. The appearance of chalky fluorescence in a corundum depends strongly on both the Ti 4+ and Fe 3+ concentrations. Considering Ti 4+ first, it is important to note that the charge-transfer absorption in the UV per ion is extremely high. If we look at the fluorescence of a piece of synthetic sapphire with several ppm of Ti 4+, it seems to glow blue throughout the volume. SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as VIETNAM RUBY • THE QUY CHAU RUBY MINES Vinh, south of Hanoi, is the jumping-off point for trips to the Quy Chau ruby mines. The city was scene of some of the most terrible destruction of the Vietnam conflict. But the nadir came after the fighting was over, when the city was rebuilt with East German assistance, producing something akin to a tropical East Berlin. LATTICE-DIFFUSED SAPPHIRE • TITANIUM DIFFUSION • RUMBLE IN Surface ('bulk') diffusion-treated corundums (SDTCs) created a stir in the Bangkok corundum market in 1990. This article looks at the original Linde patents and continues through the so-called "Deep Diffusion" treatment. Identification methods are discussed, as well as the backroom politics of disclosure. At the end is a quick-reference table summarizing key identifying features of all types RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRE Burma (Myanmar) • from Ruby & Sapphire (1997) Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. These include Sagyin (near Mandalay), Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik (near Myitkyina), Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu (central Shan state). Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's premier source ofruby for
INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) IN GEMOLOGY Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Gemology. Most gemologists are familiar with the direct vision spectroscope. This instrument uses a series of prisms or a diffraction grating to separate white light into its spectral components. If white light is passed through a gem, it will reveal any areas of absorption oremission.
TANZANITE MINES OF MERELANI • WORKING THE BLUESEAM Tanzanite is trichroic, meaning it shows different colors when viewed in different directions. One direction is blue, another purple, and the other bronze. When found in the ground, the bronze color often dominates. However, with gentle heating (~520°C), one can watch the blue and violet bloom and deepen in the stone. HOME HOMEABOUTARTICLESBOOKSCONTACT USBEST OF Known as the "stone of heaven," jade is little known outside of China. Richard Hughes draws back the curtain on this beguiling gem. Readmore.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
MONG HSU RUBY • FLUX HEALING TREATMENT • FOREIGN AFFAIRS The Möng Hsu ruby's biggest liability is flux healing of surface-reaching fractures and fissures. Smith told the authors that virtually every stone above 1 ct sent for lab testing comes back with the cancerous comments that evidence of flux healing (labs often term it glass filling) has been found. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved, VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features. HOME HOMEABOUTARTICLESBOOKSCONTACT USBEST OF Known as the "stone of heaven," jade is little known outside of China. Richard Hughes draws back the curtain on this beguiling gem. Readmore.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
MONG HSU RUBY • FLUX HEALING TREATMENT • FOREIGN AFFAIRS The Möng Hsu ruby's biggest liability is flux healing of surface-reaching fractures and fissures. Smith told the authors that virtually every stone above 1 ct sent for lab testing comes back with the cancerous comments that evidence of flux healing (labs often term it glass filling) has been found. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved, VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features.HOME
Known as the "stone of heaven," jade is little known outside of China. Richard Hughes draws back the curtain on this beguiling gem. Readmore.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUM Ruby & Sapphire (1997) • Inclusions in Corundum. Inclusions are among the most important features for identifying ruby and sapphire. This is the chapter on ruby and sapphire inclusions from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire. Note: The following is only one chapter of Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire. GEMOLOGY@RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM Prior to the 1930s, ruby and sapphire were mysteries, arcane gems oft-confused with spinel and other look-alikes. Enter Col. J.F. Halford-Watkins. Living in Mogok for more than two decades, he penned several articles and an entire monograph on the subject of these rare gems. Sadly he passed away before it could be published. RUBY & SAPPHIRE PRICES • APPENDIX B Ruby & Sapphire Prices • Appendix B. Appendix B from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire, consisting of prices. The golden guess is the morning-star to the full round of truth. Lord Alfred Tennyson, 'Columbus'.
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Ambohimandroso. This deposit, which produces pinkish ruby and pink sapphire, was discovered in late 2004. The main mining area is located at Antsahanandriana, to the east of the road between the capital at Antananarivo and Antsirabe. By January 2005, over 2000 miners swampedthe deposit.
IDENTIFYING YELLOW SAPPHIRE • BLUE FILTER IN GEMOLOGY Introducing the blue filter as a gemological tool to separate natural and Verneuil synthetic yellow sapphires. Identifying Yellow Sapphire • Blue Filter in Gemology PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring an often delicate color that is a mixture of red and yellow – a marriage between ruby and yellow sapphire. The question of just what qualifies for the princely kiss of “padparadscha” is a matter of hot debate, even among experts. INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) IN GEMOLOGY Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Gemology. Most gemologists are familiar with the direct vision spectroscope. This instrument uses a series of prisms or a diffraction grating to separate white light into its spectral components. If white light is passed through a gem, it will reveal any areas of absorption oremission.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRE Burma (Myanmar) • from Ruby & Sapphire (1997) Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. These include Sagyin (near Mandalay), Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik (near Myitkyina), Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu (central Shan state). Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's premier source ofruby for
TANZANITE MINES OF MERELANI • WORKING THE BLUESEAM Tanzanite is trichroic, meaning it shows different colors when viewed in different directions. One direction is blue, another purple, and the other bronze. When found in the ground, the bronze color often dominates. However, with gentle heating (~520°C), one can watch the blue and violet bloom and deepen in the stone.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved,RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved,RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features. SOURCES - RUBY & SAPPHIRE Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Superficial. The appearance of chalky fluorescence in a corundum depends strongly on both the Ti 4+ and Fe 3+ concentrations. Considering Ti 4+ first, it is important to note that the charge-transfer absorption in the UV per ion is extremely high. If we look at the fluorescence of a piece of synthetic sapphire with several ppm of Ti 4+, it seems to glow blue throughout the volume. RUBY & SAPPHIRE • GEMOLOGY • RICHARD W. HUGHES BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography of articles on gemology, ruby, sapphire, politics and other subjects written by Richard W. Hughes, E. Billie Hughes and/orWimon Manorotkul.
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir.RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Inge, an Austrian girl attending the University of Denver meets Sao Kya Seng, a Burmese studying at the Colorado School of Mines. They fall in love, marry, and take a ship back to Burma. It is there where she first learns that her husband is no ordinary Burmese, but a Shan saophalong, the Prince of Hsipaw State. INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) IN GEMOLOGY Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Gemology. Most gemologists are familiar with the direct vision spectroscope. This instrument uses a series of prisms or a diffraction grating to separate white light into its spectral components. If white light is passed through a gem, it will reveal any areas of absorption oremission.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRE Burma (Myanmar) • from Ruby & Sapphire (1997) Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. These include Sagyin (near Mandalay), Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik (near Myitkyina), Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu (central Shan state). Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's premier source ofruby for
PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring an often delicate color that is a mixture of red and yellow – a marriage between ruby and yellow sapphire. The question of just what qualifies for the princely kiss of “padparadscha” is a matter of hot debate, even among experts.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved,RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemologicaltour de force.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
BLACK PRINCES RUBY • BLOOD RED SOUVENIR OF CONQUEST • SPINEL It was nearly stolen by the notorious Colonel Blood, who, unbelievably, was later pardoned by the King. Perhaps the world's most famous gem, the Black Prince's Ruby (front, center), is actually a large red spinel. Its history is documented back to 1366 AD. Today it is mounted on the front of Britain's Imperial State Crown, which islocated in
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT The healing of a crack in a crystal, resulting in secondary cavities (‘fingerprint’). A. A fracture develops during or after the crystal’s growth. B. Healing begins. Growth solutions flow into the fracture and/or the inner walls of the crack are partially dissolved,RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Verneuil Synthetic Corundum • Dangerous Curves. Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifying features. SOURCES - RUBY & SAPPHIRE Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. With over 1000 photos, maps andillustrations
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Superficial. The appearance of chalky fluorescence in a corundum depends strongly on both the Ti 4+ and Fe 3+ concentrations. Considering Ti 4+ first, it is important to note that the charge-transfer absorption in the UV per ion is extremely high. If we look at the fluorescence of a piece of synthetic sapphire with several ppm of Ti 4+, it seems to glow blue throughout the volume. RUBY & SAPPHIRE • GEMOLOGY • RICHARD W. HUGHES BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography of articles on gemology, ruby, sapphire, politics and other subjects written by Richard W. Hughes, E. Billie Hughes and/orWimon Manorotkul.
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
In Memoriam: Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine. March 21, 2012 —In 2005, Alaskan gold miner Mike Roberts was offered a trade. Lanny Perry owned the Vortex Sapphire Mine at Yogo Gulch, Montana and said he'd swap it straight across for Roberts' gold mine outside of Fairbanks. "Why not?" RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir.RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Inge, an Austrian girl attending the University of Denver meets Sao Kya Seng, a Burmese studying at the Colorado School of Mines. They fall in love, marry, and take a ship back to Burma. It is there where she first learns that her husband is no ordinary Burmese, but a Shan saophalong, the Prince of Hsipaw State. INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) IN GEMOLOGY Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Gemology. Most gemologists are familiar with the direct vision spectroscope. This instrument uses a series of prisms or a diffraction grating to separate white light into its spectral components. If white light is passed through a gem, it will reveal any areas of absorption oremission.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRE Burma (Myanmar) • from Ruby & Sapphire (1997) Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. These include Sagyin (near Mandalay), Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik (near Myitkyina), Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu (central Shan state). Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's premier source ofruby for
PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY Padparadscha sapphire is a special variety of gem corundum, featuring an often delicate color that is a mixture of red and yellow – a marriage between ruby and yellow sapphire. The question of just what qualifies for the princely kiss of “padparadscha” is a matter of hot debate, even among experts.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Ruby & Sapphire • A Gemologist's Guide Richard W. Hu ghes, with Wimon Manorotkul & E. Billie Hughes | 2017. Designed as a companion to Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide, this massive volume is aimed specifically at working gemologists, appraisers and students.Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition isfully updated.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY & SAPPHIRE • SPINEL • AUCTION RECORDS • PART 2 Note: For the most up-to-date listing of ruby, sapphire & spinel auction records, see Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel Auction Records at LotusGemology.com.. Summary of important rubies & sapphires. The following tables list important rubies and sapphires. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifyingfeatures.
FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT A discussion of how inclusion patterns mimic crystallographic symmetry in ruby and sapphire. Beautiful fingerprints provide clues as to howgems formed.
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Eulogy for Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine, who passed away in March 2012 in a tragic cave in.RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Ruby & Sapphire • A Gemologist's Guide Richard W. Hu ghes, with Wimon Manorotkul & E. Billie Hughes | 2017. Designed as a companion to Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide, this massive volume is aimed specifically at working gemologists, appraisers and students.Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition isfully updated.
HISTORY OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE HEAT TREATMENT Notes * Neelakantia is a Sri Lankan term for a ruby with a trace of blue in its color. The reference to rubies sometimes cracking from heat treatment may refer to the explosion of CO 2 inclusions, which are common in Sri Lankan corundums.. Author's Afterword. This article is based upon an excerpt from my book, Ruby & Sapphire, and appeared in the Australian Gemmologist (1995, Vol. RUBY & SAPPHIRE • SPINEL • AUCTION RECORDS • PART 2 Note: For the most up-to-date listing of ruby, sapphire & spinel auction records, see Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel Auction Records at LotusGemology.com.. Summary of important rubies & sapphires. The following tables list important rubies and sapphires. RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COMSEE MORE ON RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • INCLUSIONS IN CORUNDUMSEE MORE ONRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
SPINEL • HISTORY OF A MAGNIFICENT GEM • FROM THE HANDS OF GOD A history of spinel, including balas ruby and lodestone. Spinel Compounds • Background & Historical Perspective • From the Hands of God . We are delighted to present this topical issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, devoted to the structure and properties of spinel compounds. Though spinels have commanded the attention of both scientists and engineers in recent years (as RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir. VERNEUIL SYNTHETIC CORUNDUM • DANGEROUS CURVES Virtually all gemologists are aware of the curved growth lines and gas bubbles in Verneuil (flame-fusion) synthetic corundum, but few understand exactly why they occur and how they are distributed in these stones. This article clarifies these important identifyingfeatures.
FINGERPRINTS & CRYSTAL SYMMETRY • INSIDE OUT A discussion of how inclusion patterns mimic crystallographic symmetry in ruby and sapphire. Beautiful fingerprints provide clues as to howgems formed.
RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Eulogy for Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine, who passed away in March 2012 in a tragic cave in. BOOKS BY RICHARD W. HUGHES Ruby & Sapphire Richard W. Hughes | 1997. Ruby & Sapphire is widely acknowledged as one of the finest gemology books ever published.Not just an update of his previous volumes on ruby and sapphire, it represents something rarely seen in a technical book, a fusion of accurate science and spirited, accessible prose. RUBY & SAPPHIRE • GEMOLOGY • RICHARD W. HUGHES BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography of articles on gemology, ruby, sapphire, politics and other subjects written by Richard W. Hughes, E. Billie Hughes and/orWimon Manorotkul.
RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • KASHMIR SAPPHIRE • CORUNDUM FROM While India's use of impure corundum as an abrasive appears to stretch back at least a millennia or more (see page 199), the country's history of gem corundum production is relatively brief. Low-grade ruby has been mined for an indefinite period, but India did not enter the major leagues of gem corundum production until the 1880s, with the discovery of sapphire in Kashmir.RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Superficial. The appearance of chalky fluorescence in a corundum depends strongly on both the Ti 4+ and Fe 3+ concentrations. Considering Ti 4+ first, it is important to note that the charge-transfer absorption in the UV per ion is extremely high. If we look at the fluorescence of a piece of synthetic sapphire with several ppm of Ti 4+, it seems to glow blue throughout the volume. RUBY & SAPPHIRE (1997) • BURMA (MYANMAR) RUBY & SAPPHIRE The chapter on ruby and sapphire from Burma (Myanmar) from Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire. Note: The following is only one of forty-five studies of world sources found in Chapter 12 of Richard Hughes' 1997 book, Ruby & Sapphire. If you like what you see, order a copy of the revised 2017 edition direct from the publisher. The quest for precious stones does not rank high on humankindRUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Eulogy for Mike Roberts of the Roberts Yogo Sapphire Mine, who passed away in March 2012 in a tragic cave in.RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM
Digital Devil #13. A tale of Burmese rubies, Burmese heat, a Shan princess and a Burmese general. An' I'm learnin' 'ere in London what the ten-year soldier tells: VIETNAM RUBY • THE QUY CHAU RUBY MINES Figure 4 Either the spider is quick, or the jeep is slow. Although the Vietnam war ended in 1975, that conflict, added to the effects of 40 years of hard-core communism, has left much of the country moving at about the same speed as the above jeep and bicycle. INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) IN GEMOLOGY The use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in gem identification, with examples of sapphire & jadeite. Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Gemology PADPARADSCHA SAPPHIRE FROM SRI LANKA • A HISTORY References and further reading. While doing research for my first book (Hughes, 1990), the late, great John Sinkankas gave me a valuable bit of advice, suggesting I concentrate on first-person accounts, rather than those whose knowledge of a subject came via distant sources.* _Home_
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RUBY & SAPPHIRE
Explore various topics relating to ruby and sapphire (corundum), from sources to treatments to identification.Read more
JADE
Known as the "stone of heaven," jade is little known outside of China. Richard Hughes draws back the curtain on this beguiling gem.Read more
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From Myanmar to Madagascar, Thailand to Tajikistan, travel with Richard Hughes to the ends of the earth in search of precious stones.Read more
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Archive of Richard Hughes' notorious Digital Devil column.Read more
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Tutorials on the use of gemological instruments.Read more
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From the gem trade to the world outside, Richard Hughes pokes his pointed pen into politically impolite places.Read more
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"It can be so easy to look at a gem or piece of jewelry and forget how many people were involved in bringing it to market. Now, one Bangkok lab is releasing a book to remind the world of the human aspect behind colored gemstones.." Brecken Branstrator, _National Jeweler_ RUBY & SAPPHIRE • A Gemologist's Guide(2017)
"The attention to detail is such as to make it the holy book of corundum. It simply has no comparable." Stuart Robertson, _The GemGuide_ RUBY & SAPPHIRE • A Collector's Guide_ _(2014)
"…Probably the most significant book to have emerged recently from the gemology world, but more importantly it transcends that genre to delight a far wider audience." _Elise Skalwold, _Rocks & Minerals_ Magazine_ THE BOOK OF RUBY & SAPPHIRE _from an unpublished 1934 manuscript by J.F. Halford-Watkins_(2012)
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