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Foreword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org THE CLAIM EVALUATION TOOLS DATABASESEE MORE ON EN.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG EXAMPLES OF WHERE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE HAS BENEFITTED Royal College of Psychiatrists : Evidence shows that cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be effective in combination with pharmacological treatments. Faculty of Occupational Medicine: Acting on audit data improved working conditions for WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition beingMUTILATING SURGERY
Mutilating surgery. Until the middle of the 20th century, surgery was the main treatment for breast cancer. This was based on the belief that the cancer progressed in a slow and orderly manner, first spreading from the tumour in the breast to local lymph nodes, in the armpit, for example. DEALING WITH BIASED REPORTING OF THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE Details. Biased reporting of research occurs when the direction or statistical significance of results influences whether and how research is reported. Avoiding biased comparisons entails identifying and taking account of all the relevant reliable evidence in systematic reviews. This is challenging in many ways, particularly as somepertinent
TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE Testing Treatments interactivePromoting critical thinking about treatment claims. Navigate this website. Home. About. Key Concepts. Learning Resources. The Book. Create a Test. Feedback. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org THE CLAIM EVALUATION TOOLS DATABASESEE MORE ON EN.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG EXAMPLES OF WHERE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE HAS BENEFITTED Royal College of Psychiatrists : Evidence shows that cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be effective in combination with pharmacological treatments. Faculty of Occupational Medicine: Acting on audit data improved working conditions for WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition beingMUTILATING SURGERY
Mutilating surgery. Until the middle of the 20th century, surgery was the main treatment for breast cancer. This was based on the belief that the cancer progressed in a slow and orderly manner, first spreading from the tumour in the breast to local lymph nodes, in the armpit, for example. DEALING WITH BIASED REPORTING OF THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE Details. Biased reporting of research occurs when the direction or statistical significance of results influences whether and how research is reported. Avoiding biased comparisons entails identifying and taking account of all the relevant reliable evidence in systematic reviews. This is challenging in many ways, particularly as somepertinent
THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
THE CLAIM EVALUATION TOOLS DATABASE If you are preparing a lesson to teach people about one or more of the Key Concepts you may be interested in evaluating your students’ learning achievements after the lessons.. All questions within the Claim Evaluation Tools database have been developed for use in children (from the age of 10) as well as for adults (including healthprofessionals).
EXAMPLES OF WHERE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE HAS BENEFITTED Royal College of Psychiatrists : Evidence shows that cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be effective in combination with pharmacological treatments. Faculty of Occupational Medicine: Acting on audit data improved working conditions for 1 - NEW, BUT IS IT BETTER? - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE Testing new treatments is necessary because new treatments are as likely to be worse as they are to be better than existing treatments. Biased (unfair) tests of treatments can lead to patients suffering and dying. The fact that a treatment has been licensed doesn’t ensure that it is safe. Side-effects of treatments often take time to appear.TESTING TREATMENTS
vi TESTING TREATMENTS Imogen Evans practised and lectured in medicine in Canada and the UK before turning to medical journalism at The Lancet.From 1996 to 2005 she worked for the Medical Research Council, latterly in research ethics, and has REDUCING BIASES IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS Reducing biases in systematic reviews. Just as biases can distort individual tests of treatments and lead to false conclusions, so they can also distort reviews of evidence. For example, researchers can simply ‘cherry pick’ those studies which they know will support the treatment claims they wish to make. To avoid these problems, plansfor
RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. META-ANALYSIS: ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis. Key Concepts addressed: 2-9 Reviews of fair comparisons should be systematic. 2-11 All fair comparisons and outcomes should be reported. 2-13 Relative measures of effects can be misleading.OVERDIAGNOSIS BIAS
Overdiagnosis bias is one of two explanations for why survival statistics (e.g. median survival, 5-year survival, 10-year survival) can be so misleading. The other explanation is lead-time bias, which can be viewed at /lead-time-bias/. We were unable to load Disqus. If you are a moderator please see our troubleshooting guide. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition beingMUTILATING SURGERY
Mutilating surgery. Until the middle of the 20th century, surgery was the main treatment for breast cancer. This was based on the belief that the cancer progressed in a slow and orderly manner, first spreading from the tumour in the breast to local lymph nodes, in the armpit, for example. ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. QU’EST-CE QU’UNE « DIFFÉRENCE SIGNIFICATIVE » ENTRE LESTRANSLATE THIS PAGESEE MORE ON FR.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE Testing Treatments interactivePromoting critical thinking about treatment claims. Navigate this website. Home. About. Key Concepts. Learning Resources. The Book. Create a Test. Feedback. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition being ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. QU’EST-CE QU’UNE « DIFFÉRENCE SIGNIFICATIVE » ENTRE LESTRANSLATE THIS PAGESEE MORE ON FR.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.orgTESTING TREATMENTS
vi TESTING TREATMENTS Imogen Evans practised and lectured in medicine in Canada and the UK before turning to medical journalism at The Lancet.From 1996 to 2005 she worked for the Medical Research Council, latterly in research ethics, and has REDUCING BIASES IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS Reducing biases in systematic reviews. Just as biases can distort individual tests of treatments and lead to false conclusions, so they can also distort reviews of evidence. For example, researchers can simply ‘cherry pick’ those studies which they know will support the treatment claims they wish to make. To avoid these problems, plansfor
ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària.OVERDIAGNOSIS BIAS
Overdiagnosis bias is one of two explanations for why survival statistics (e.g. median survival, 5-year survival, 10-year survival) can be so misleading. The other explanation is lead-time bias, which can be viewed at /lead-time-bias/. We were unable to load Disqus. If you are a moderator please see our troubleshooting guide. META-ANALYSIS: ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis. Key Concepts addressed: 2-9 Reviews of fair comparisons should be systematic. 2-11 All fair comparisons and outcomes should be reported. 2-13 Relative measures of effects can be misleading. T ESTI NG BETTER RESEARCH FOR BETTER HEALTHCARE 9 781905 177486 ISBN 978-1-905177-48-6 51795 > ConneCt with this book HEALTH/MEDICINE www.pinterandmartin.com UK £9.99 US $17.95 Recommended retail price Publishedgr by QUÉ SIGNIFICA UNA «DIFERENCIA SIGNIFICATIVA» ENTRETRANSLATE THISPAGE
Ésta es una pregunta engañosa porque «diferencia significativa» puede tener varios significados. En primer lugar, puede expresar una diferencia que sea realmente importante para el paciente. 書籍 - JP TESTING TREATMENT INTERACTIVETRANSLATE THIS PAGE このセクションには、オンラインバージョンのEvans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I, Glasziou P著 (2011) 治療を検査する, 第2版が含まれています。 TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition beingMUTILATING SURGERY
Mutilating surgery. Until the middle of the 20th century, surgery was the main treatment for breast cancer. This was based on the belief that the cancer progressed in a slow and orderly manner, first spreading from the tumour in the breast to local lymph nodes, in the armpit, for example. ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. QU’EST-CE QU’UNE « DIFFÉRENCE SIGNIFICATIVE » ENTRE LESTRANSLATE THIS PAGESEE MORE ON FR.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition beingMUTILATING SURGERY
Mutilating surgery. Until the middle of the 20th century, surgery was the main treatment for breast cancer. This was based on the belief that the cancer progressed in a slow and orderly manner, first spreading from the tumour in the breast to local lymph nodes, in the armpit, for example. ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. QU’EST-CE QU’UNE « DIFFÉRENCE SIGNIFICATIVE » ENTRE LESTRANSLATE THIS PAGESEE MORE ON FR.TESTINGTREATMENTS.ORG WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.orgTESTING TREATMENTS
vi TESTING TREATMENTS Imogen Evans practised and lectured in medicine in Canada and the UK before turning to medical journalism at The Lancet.From 1996 to 2005 she worked for the Medical Research Council, latterly in research ethics, and has REDUCING BIASES IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS Reducing biases in systematic reviews. Just as biases can distort individual tests of treatments and lead to false conclusions, so they can also distort reviews of evidence. For example, researchers can simply ‘cherry pick’ those studies which they know will support the treatment claims they wish to make. To avoid these problems, plansfor
ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària.OVERDIAGNOSIS BIAS
Overdiagnosis bias is one of two explanations for why survival statistics (e.g. median survival, 5-year survival, 10-year survival) can be so misleading. The other explanation is lead-time bias, which can be viewed at /lead-time-bias/. We were unable to load Disqus. If you are a moderator please see our troubleshooting guide. META-ANALYSIS: ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis. Key Concepts addressed: 2-9 Reviews of fair comparisons should be systematic. 2-11 All fair comparisons and outcomes should be reported. 2-13 Relative measures of effects can be misleading. T ESTI NG BETTER RESEARCH FOR BETTER HEALTHCARE 9 781905 177486 ISBN 978-1-905177-48-6 51795 > ConneCt with this book HEALTH/MEDICINE www.pinterandmartin.com UK £9.99 US $17.95 Recommended retail price Publishedgr by QUÉ SIGNIFICA UNA «DIFERENCIA SIGNIFICATIVA» ENTRETRANSLATE THISPAGE
Ésta es una pregunta engañosa porque «diferencia significativa» puede tener varios significados. En primer lugar, puede expresar una diferencia que sea realmente importante para el paciente. 書籍 - JP TESTING TREATMENT INTERACTIVETRANSLATE THIS PAGE このセクションには、オンラインバージョンのEvans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I, Glasziou P著 (2011) 治療を検査する, 第2版が含まれています。 TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org CONFIDENCE INTERVALS The easiest way to do this is to draw up a 6×6 table and fill in the total scores in each cell, and then count up how often they occur. Plot these probabilities on the same plot you created for rolling one dice, dividing the total score by two to get the average score perdice.
RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition being ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org CONFIDENCE INTERVALS The easiest way to do this is to draw up a 6×6 table and fill in the total scores in each cell, and then count up how often they occur. Plot these probabilities on the same plot you created for rolling one dice, dividing the total score by two to get the average score perdice.
RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTS The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition being ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
EXAMPLES OF WHERE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE HAS BENEFITTED Royal College of Psychiatrists : Evidence shows that cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be effective in combination with pharmacological treatments. Faculty of Occupational Medicine: Acting on audit data improved working conditions forTESTING TREATMENTS
vi TESTING TREATMENTS Imogen Evans practised and lectured in medicine in Canada and the UK before turning to medical journalism at The Lancet.From 1996 to 2005 she worked for the Medical Research Council, latterly in research ethics, and has 1 - NEW, BUT IS IT BETTER? - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE Testing new treatments is necessary because new treatments are as likely to be worse as they are to be better than existing treatments. Biased (unfair) tests of treatments can lead to patients suffering and dying. The fact that a treatment has been licensed doesn’t ensure that it is safe. Side-effects of treatments often take time to appear. ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. STATISTICAL VS. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE Keith Bower’s 3-min video discussing the difference between Statistical Significance and Practical Significance. DEALING WITH BIASED REPORTING OF THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE These reporting biases have been recognized for centuries (Dickersin and Chalmers 2010).In 1792, for example, James Ferriar stressed the importance of recording treatment failures as well as treatment successes (Ferriar 1792).This principle was reiterated in an editorial published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal just over a century later (Editorial 1909). META-ANALYSIS: ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis. Key Concepts addressed: 2-9 Reviews of fair comparisons should be systematic. 2-11 All fair comparisons and outcomes should be reported. 2-13 Relative measures of effects can be misleading. ASSOCIATION IS NOT THE SAME AS CAUSATION Sadly, no matter how many times you say it, you will still see headlines like: Sense of purpose ‘adds years to life’. All of the above claims are unfounded, based on the evidence the stories themselves were based on. These unfounded claims have arisen becausepeople
TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org CONFIDENCE INTERVALS The easiest way to do this is to draw up a 6×6 table and fill in the total scores in each cell, and then count up how often they occur. Plot these probabilities on the same plot you created for rolling one dice, dividing the total score by two to get the average score perdice.
RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTSRELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE PATHABSOLUTE VS RELATIVEABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE CHANGEABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE LOCATIONABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE POWERABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE RISK The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition being ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVEABOUTTHE BOOKCREATE A TESTDEUTSCHFOREWORD BY BEN GOLDACRE This website is about why testing treatments rigorously is important and what YOU can do to promote better research for better health care. TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in Testing Treatments. Listen to Ben Goldacre’sForeword.
WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE 2 Comparisons: are they fair and reliable? How do we know whether claims about the effects of treatments are trustworthy? How reliable is the evidence? And how do we ensure that research into medical treatments best meets the needs of patients? These are just a few of the questions addressed in a lively and informative way in TestingTreatments.
LEARNING RESOURCES DATABASE Learning Resources Database. We have collated a database of over 500 learning resources to help people understand more about fair tests of treatments. Some of these resources are linked from the sidebar of the pages of The Book. This database, the Critical thinking and Appraisal Resource Library (CARL), is now housed in the teachingebhc.org CONFIDENCE INTERVALS The easiest way to do this is to draw up a 6×6 table and fill in the total scores in each cell, and then count up how often they occur. Plot these probabilities on the same plot you created for rolling one dice, dividing the total score by two to get the average score perdice.
RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF EFFECTSRELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE PATHABSOLUTE VS RELATIVEABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE CHANGEABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE LOCATIONABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE POWERABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE RISK The Relative Risk of becoming pregnant is obtained by dividing the risks of pregnancy in the treated and untreated groups and comes out as 0.33 if you have Levonelle-2 (or in other words your risk of becoming pregnant is one third of the risk with Yuzpe). This sounds impressive in comparison to the Risk Difference which is obtained by WHAT DOES A "SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE" BETWEEN TREATMENTS A statistically significant difference is simply one where the measurement system (including sample size, measurement scale, etc.) was capable of detecting a difference (with a defined level of reliability). Just because a difference is detectable, doesn't make it important, or unlikely. see more. WHAT SCREENING AIMS TO ACHIEVE AND WHY EVIDENCE MATTERS What screening aims to achieve and why evidence matters. The examples we have already given show that, before rushing headlong into widespread screening, it is worth pausing a moment to consider the key features of screening programmes and to remind ourselves what they aim to achieve. People being offered screening do not have, or have not noticed, the symptoms or signs of the condition being ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. WHAT ARE FAIR TESTS OF TREATMENTS? What are fair tests of treatments? Not all evidence is created equal: some tests of treatments are more reliable than others.. Sometimes tests of treatments can be biased in favour of a particular result, sometimes the results occur by chance, and sometimes they are asking the wrong question in the first place.. This section of TTi is about how to tell whether a particular study is a fair test THE BOOK - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE This section of the contains the online version of Evans I, Thornton H, Chalmers I and Glasziou P (2011). Testing Treatments, 2nd Edition; London: Pinter and Martin. Download the PDF using the button to the right (or below if you are on a mobile device) Listen to the audio book in the sidebar on the right (or below if you are on a mobiledevice
EXAMPLES OF WHERE EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE HAS BENEFITTED Royal College of Psychiatrists : Evidence shows that cognitive behavioural therapy can be effective for anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be effective in combination with pharmacological treatments. Faculty of Occupational Medicine: Acting on audit data improved working conditions forTESTING TREATMENTS
vi TESTING TREATMENTS Imogen Evans practised and lectured in medicine in Canada and the UK before turning to medical journalism at The Lancet.From 1996 to 2005 she worked for the Medical Research Council, latterly in research ethics, and has 1 - NEW, BUT IS IT BETTER? - EN TESTING TREATMENTS INTERACTIVE Testing new treatments is necessary because new treatments are as likely to be worse as they are to be better than existing treatments. Biased (unfair) tests of treatments can lead to patients suffering and dying. The fact that a treatment has been licensed doesn’t ensure that it is safe. Side-effects of treatments often take time to appear. ELS TRACTAMENTS, A PROVATRANSLATE THIS PAGE Aquesta pàgina tracta de perquè és important l'anàlisi rigorós dels tractaments i què pot fer VOSTÈ per promoure millor investigació per millorar l'assistència sanitària. STATISTICAL VS. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE Keith Bower’s 3-min video discussing the difference between Statistical Significance and Practical Significance. DEALING WITH BIASED REPORTING OF THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE These reporting biases have been recognized for centuries (Dickersin and Chalmers 2010).In 1792, for example, James Ferriar stressed the importance of recording treatment failures as well as treatment successes (Ferriar 1792).This principle was reiterated in an editorial published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal just over a century later (Editorial 1909). META-ANALYSIS: ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The strengths and limitations of meta-analysis. Key Concepts addressed: 2-9 Reviews of fair comparisons should be systematic. 2-11 All fair comparisons and outcomes should be reported. 2-13 Relative measures of effects can be misleading. ASSOCIATION IS NOT THE SAME AS CAUSATION Sadly, no matter how many times you say it, you will still see headlines like: Sense of purpose ‘adds years to life’. All of the above claims are unfounded, based on the evidence the stories themselves were based on. These unfounded claims have arisen becausepeople
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