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itself.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as ALFRED ADLER'S THEORY Adler believed that personality was formed in the first 5 or 6 years of life, and often the child's personality was formed as a direct response to family situations. A young child tries very hard to please parents and avoid feelings of inferiority. Certain patterns ofbehavior
WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment. FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world. SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. The PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as ALFRED ADLER'S THEORY Adler believed that personality was formed in the first 5 or 6 years of life, and often the child's personality was formed as a direct response to family situations. A young child tries very hard to please parents and avoid feelings of inferiority. Certain patterns ofbehavior
WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment. FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world. SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. The WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world. ALFRED ADLER'S THEORY Adler believed that personality was formed in the first 5 or 6 years of life, and often the child's personality was formed as a direct response to family situations. A young child tries very hard to please parents and avoid feelings of inferiority. Certain patterns ofbehavior
MODERN TRENDS
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Modern Trends. If humanistic psychology was a third force in the 1960s, then today there are fourth and fifth forces in psychology: cognition andneuroscience.
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking does not necessarily mean making criticisms. It means doing a good job of evaluating evidence. It means developing intellectual tools to avoid being gullible or easily taken in by false claims or "quack" science (highly questionable or absurd ideas presented as though they are scientific truths). INFLUENCES ON MEMORY FORMATION Influences on Memory Formation. In the late 1970s, reports of flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977) were widely publicized. They seemed consistent with reports of adrenaline affecting on memory. Flashbulb memories were supposed to be formed instantaneously and remembered forever, after shocking events. The example used in the1970s was, "Where
MASLOW'S MOTIVATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Maslow's Motivational Psychology. Abraham Maslow could be considered a motivation theorist or a personality theorist.THE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas ECLECTICISM IN THERAPY Eclecticism in Therapy. From the 1800s through the 1950s, psychologists who practiced therapy usually identified themselves with a particular school. They were Rogerian or Adlerian or Freudian. By the 1970s increasing numbers of psychologists were willing to use ideas from more than one school. This is called the eclecticorientation.
SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS DSM-5 includes a category called somatic symptom disorders. This is a label for distress over bodily symptoms that may or may not be due to an underlying medical disorder. Regardless, they cause a person to be excessively concerned, preoccupied, or fearful. People with this disorder are seldom pleased with medical treatment. STRESS | IN CHAPTER 14: FRONTIERS OF PSYCHOLOGY Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Stress. Stress is the response of an organism to novel or threatening situations that are unpleasant in character. In the 1930s physiologist Walter Cannon described how the sympathetic nervous system reacts to threatening situations.PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Brehm described psychological reactance as a force aroused by threats to a person's freedom. Psychological reactance is aroused whenever a person is given a direct order or told that an activity is not possible or not allowed. When pushed, people tend to push back. When told they cannot have something, people tend to want it.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment.TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. ThePROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Brehm described psychological reactance as a force aroused by threats to a person's freedom. Psychological reactance is aroused whenever a person is given a direct order or told that an activity is not possible or not allowed. When pushed, people tend to push back. When told they cannot have something, people tend to want it.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment.TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. TheTHE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS DSM-5 includes a category called somatic symptom disorders. This is a label for distress over bodily symptoms that may or may not be due to an underlying medical disorder. Regardless, they cause a person to be excessively concerned, preoccupied, or fearful. People with this disorder are seldom pleased with medical treatment. WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world. MASLOW'S MOTIVATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Maslow's Motivational Psychology. Abraham Maslow could be considered a motivation theorist or a personality theorist.COLOR VISION
Book Table of Contents. Chap T of C. Prev page. Next page. Color Vision. For centuries scientists wondered how humans perceived color. The scientific study of color vision began with a classic 1666 experiment by Isaac Newton. PUNISHMENT | IN CHAPTER 05: CONDITIONING Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Punishment. Punishment occurs when a stimulus is applied and the effect is to make a behavior less frequent.Sometimes this is called positive punishment. "Positive" in this context means a stimulus is added.. Few psychologists use the word positive when discussingpunishment.
SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. The BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces. Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of the brain. Cole and Perez-Cruet (1964) describe the symptoms of a humanwith
EXTINCTION OF AN OPERANT Extinction of an Operant. If a behavior occurs because of a reinforcing stimulus, then removing the stimulus will make the behavior gradually disappear. That is exinction. Extinction happens if a behavior is extrinsically motivated: reinforced from outside. Some behaviors are intrinsically reinforcing, which means the reinforcement comes fromSIX TYPES OF LOVE
Six Types of Love. In a book titled Colors of Love (1973), J. A. Lee defined six varieties of relationship that might be labeled love. Eros is romantic, passionate, love–what Tennov labeled limerence. In this type of relationship, love is life's most important thing. Lee said a search for physical beauty or an ideal type also typifies this PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Piaget. The Swiss researcher Jean Piaget (pea-ah-ZHAY) was one of the most influential figures in developmental psychology.PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Several different approaches to defining abnormality are compared. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Psychological Reactance. Brehm (1966) declared that people have a need for freedom.The need for freedom is activated whenever people feel a restriction put upon their actions or opinions.TESTS OF RECALL
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Verbal Learning Techniques. The field of memory research Ebbinghaus founded became known as the verbal learning tradition. The materials could be nonsense syllables, words, or sentences.MENTAL IMAGERY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment. FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Subcortical Structures and Functions. So far we have examined mostly the large, visible areas on the surface of the brain: the cerebralcortex.
SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Sleep. Sleep is sometimes called the forgotten third of existence.It is an altered state of consciousness we experience–and mostly forget–nearly every night. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Piaget. The Swiss researcher Jean Piaget (pea-ah-ZHAY) was one of the most influential figures in developmental psychology.PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Several different approaches to defining abnormality are compared. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Psychological Reactance. Brehm (1966) declared that people have a need for freedom.The need for freedom is activated whenever people feel a restriction put upon their actions or opinions.TESTS OF RECALL
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Verbal Learning Techniques. The field of memory research Ebbinghaus founded became known as the verbal learning tradition. The materials could be nonsense syllables, words, or sentences.MENTAL IMAGERY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment. FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Subcortical Structures and Functions. So far we have examined mostly the large, visible areas on the surface of the brain: the cerebralcortex.
SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Sleep. Sleep is sometimes called the forgotten third of existence.It is an altered state of consciousness we experience–and mostly forget–nearly every night.THE ROLE OF SCIENCE
Science as the ultimate extension of critical thinking. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Somatic Symptom Disorders. DSM-5 includes a category called somatic symptom disorders.This is a label for distress over bodily symptoms that may or may not be due to an underlying medical disorder.CRITICAL THINKING
skepticism, critical thinking. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. What is Personality? "Personality is far too complex a thing to be trussed up in a conceptual straightjacket."(Gordon Allport, Becoming, 1955, p.vii) In 1937, about twenty years before he wrote the words above, psychologist Gordon Allport set out to answer the question, "What ispersonality?"
PUNISHMENT | IN CHAPTER 05: CONDITIONING Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Punishment. Punishment occurs when a stimulus is applied and the effect is to make a behavior less frequent.Sometimes this is called positive punishment. "Positive" in this context means a stimulus is added.. Few psychologists use the word positive when discussingpunishment.
COLOR VISION
Book Table of Contents. Chap T of C. Prev page. Next page. Color Vision. For centuries scientists wondered how humans perceived color. The scientific study of color vision began with a classic 1666 experiment by Isaac Newton. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Sleep. Sleep is sometimes called the forgotten third of existence.It is an altered state of consciousness we experience–and mostly forget–nearly every night. BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces.Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of thebrain.
EXTINCTION OF AN OPERANT Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Extinction of an Operant. If a behavior occurs because of a reinforcing stimulus, then removingSIX TYPES OF LOVE
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Six Types of Love. In a book titled Colors of Love (1973), J. A. Lee defined six varieties of relationship that might be labeled love.. Eros is romantic, passionate, love–what Tennov labeled limerence. Inthis type of
PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Brehm described psychological reactance as a force aroused by threats to a person's freedom. Psychological reactance is aroused whenever a person is given a direct order or told that an activity is not possible or not allowed. When pushed, people tend to push back. When told they cannot have something, people tend to want it.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment.TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. ThePROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such as PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE Brehm described psychological reactance as a force aroused by threats to a person's freedom. Psychological reactance is aroused whenever a person is given a direct order or told that an activity is not possible or not allowed. When pushed, people tend to push back. When told they cannot have something, people tend to want it.WORKING MEMORY
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Working Memory. Whatever information is held in attention at a given moment is said to be in working memory.That is the information you are thinking about at any given moment.TESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
FRIENDSHIP | IN CHAPTER 16: SEX, FRIENDSHIP, AND LOVE Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Friendship. One of the first scholarly studies of friendship came from Theodore Newcomb in The Acquaintance Process (1961). Newcomb identified four factors that affect the probability of making anacquaintance.
MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem. SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. TheTHE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas RECEPTORS AND STIMULATION Receptors and Stimulation. The first step in sensing the world is translating energy from the environment into information that can be used by the brain. This process of converting energy from one form to another is called transduction. Every one of our senses starts with transduction; that is how energy of the world gives rise to nerve SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS DSM-5 includes a category called somatic symptom disorders. This is a label for distress over bodily symptoms that may or may not be due to an underlying medical disorder. Regardless, they cause a person to be excessively concerned, preoccupied, or fearful. People with this disorder are seldom pleased with medical treatment. WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world.COLOR VISION
Book Table of Contents. Chap T of C. Prev page. Next page. Color Vision. For centuries scientists wondered how humans perceived color. The scientific study of color vision began with a classic 1666 experiment by Isaac Newton. MASLOW'S MOTIVATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Maslow's Motivational Psychology. Abraham Maslow could be considered a motivation theorist or a personality theorist. PUNISHMENT | IN CHAPTER 05: CONDITIONING Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Punishment. Punishment occurs when a stimulus is applied and the effect is to make a behavior less frequent.Sometimes this is called positive punishment. "Positive" in this context means a stimulus is added.. Few psychologists use the word positive when discussingpunishment.
SLEEP | IN CHAPTER 03: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS In one study, 4000 entering freshmen at the University of Florida filled out questionnaires asking about sleep habits. Fewer than 50% averaged between 7.5 and 8.5 hours of sleep per night. 20% slept less than 7 hours, 5% slept more than 9 hours on the average. The BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces. Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of the brain. Cole and Perez-Cruet (1964) describe the symptoms of a humanwith
EXTINCTION OF AN OPERANT Extinction of an Operant. If a behavior occurs because of a reinforcing stimulus, then removing the stimulus will make the behavior gradually disappear. That is exinction. Extinction happens if a behavior is extrinsically motivated: reinforced from outside. Some behaviors are intrinsically reinforcing, which means the reinforcement comes fromPROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such asTESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world.MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of INFLUENCES ON MEMORY FORMATION Influences on Memory Formation. In the late 1970s, reports of flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977) were widely publicized. They seemed consistent with reports of adrenaline affecting on memory. Flashbulb memories were supposed to be formed instantaneously and remembered forever, after shocking events. The example used in the1970s was, "Where
BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces. Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of the brain. Cole and Perez-Cruet (1964) describe the symptoms of a humanwith
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem.PROBLEM SOLVING
Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Problem Solving. Virtually all cognitive activity resembles problem solving, the task of moving a system from its current state A to a goal state B.Any successful cognitive act (retrieving a memory, perceiving a scene, understanding a passage) can be seen as a goal-directed behavior. PIAGET | IN CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPMENT Piaget labeled the first stage of cognitive development, that of a newborn, the sensory-motor period. It lasts from birth to about 18 months of age. At first (Piaget believed) the infant is unable to differentiate itself from the environment. In the first months of life it comes to recognize the existence of people and things separate fromitself.
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Abnormal behavior can be defined by a person's feeling of abnormality, including feelings of anxiety, strangeness, depression, losing touch with reality, or other experiences recognized as out of the ordinary and distressing. 5. Biological injury. Abnormal behavior can be defined or equated with abnormal biological processes such asTESTS OF RECALL
The simplest memory technique is recall testing. To recall something is to retrieve it from memory upon request. Several different types of recall tests were developed during the heyday of verbal learning theory, from about 1915 to 1965. These included serial learning,paired
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world.MENTAL IMAGERY
Mental Imagery. Mental imagery can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. This is not a universal talent; not everybody can conjure up mental images at will. Sir Francis Galton discovered this in 1883 when he asked 100 people, including prominent scientists, to form an image of INFLUENCES ON MEMORY FORMATION Influences on Memory Formation. In the late 1970s, reports of flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977) were widely publicized. They seemed consistent with reports of adrenaline affecting on memory. Flashbulb memories were supposed to be formed instantaneously and remembered forever, after shocking events. The example used in the1970s was, "Where
BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces. Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of the brain. Cole and Perez-Cruet (1964) describe the symptoms of a humanwith
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The brain stem is the part of the nervous system starting where the spinal cord enters the brain, at the base of the skull. The brain stem (not the cortex!) is the "core" of the brain. The brain stem extends upward to the hypothalamus. Strictly speaking, every structure on the above list except the cerebellum is part of the brain stem.THE ROLE OF SCIENCE
The Role of Science. Science can be seen as the ultimate extension and development of critical thinking. Science is an institution devoted to identifying ideas of substance, treating them as maps for real-world action, testing the ideas, then modifying or updating the maps as required by the evidence. Above all, science involves putting ideas WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Persona is the name used by the ancient Greeks for a theatrical mask worn by actors to indicate emotion. This is the face one shows the world. A persona may not match up to the feelings of the conscious self. One may feel scared but present a brave face to the world. ALFRED ADLER'S THEORY Adler believed that personality was formed in the first 5 or 6 years of life, and often the child's personality was formed as a direct response to family situations. A young child tries very hard to please parents and avoid feelings of inferiority. Certain patterns ofbehavior
INFLUENCES ON MEMORY FORMATION Influences on Memory Formation. In the late 1970s, reports of flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977) were widely publicized. They seemed consistent with reports of adrenaline affecting on memory. Flashbulb memories were supposed to be formed instantaneously and remembered forever, after shocking events. The example used in the1970s was, "Where
SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS DSM-5 includes a category called somatic symptom disorders. This is a label for distress over bodily symptoms that may or may not be due to an underlying medical disorder. Regardless, they cause a person to be excessively concerned, preoccupied, or fearful. People with this disorder are seldom pleased with medical treatment. PUNISHMENT | IN CHAPTER 05: CONDITIONING Book Table of Contents. Chapter Contents. Prev page. Next page. Punishment. Punishment occurs when a stimulus is applied and the effect is to make a behavior less frequent.Sometimes this is called positive punishment. "Positive" in this context means a stimulus is added.. Few psychologists use the word positive when discussingpunishment.
BRAIN INJURY EFFECTS Brain Injury Effects. A rare brain syndrome, prosopagnosia or "facial blindness," is notable because of its highly specific symptom: inability to recognize faces. Apparently it is caused by damage to the area between the occipital and parietal lobes on both sides of the brain. Cole and Perez-Cruet (1964) describe the symptoms of a humanwith
WHAT SHOULD A STUDENT DO? The spacing effect is a powerful and well-documented effect on memory. The spacing effect is robust, meaning (1) it applies to many situations and types of learning, and (2) it is dependable. It always seems to make a difference. It works with animals as well as humans,and it
APPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Applications of Classical Conditioning. For most of the middle 20th Century, American psychologists paid little attention to classical conditioning, except for teaching students about Pavlov's dog. Then classical conditioning procedures starting showing up in neuroscience labs. In the 1960s and 1970s scientists found that responses toclassical
SIX TYPES OF LOVE
Six Types of Love. In a book titled Colors of Love (1973), J. A. Lee defined six varieties of relationship that might be labeled love. Eros is romantic, passionate, love–what Tennov labeled limerence. In this type of relationship, love is life's most important thing. Lee said a search for physical beauty or an ideal type also typifies this You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should beminimal.
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_Chapter Zero Table of Contents_ PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION BY RUSSELL A. DEWEY, PHDTABLE OF CONTENTS
Welcome to the 2017-2018 revision of _Psychology: An Introduction_. Changes are discussed below after the table of contents. Chapter Zero: How to Study this Book Chapter 01: Psychology and Science Chapter 02: The Human Nervous System Chapter 03: States of Consciousness Chapter 04: Senses and Perception Chapter 05: ConditioningChapter 06: Memory
Chapter 07: Cognition Chapter 08: Animal Behavior & Cognition Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion Chapter 10: Development Chapter 11: Personality Chapter 12: Abnormal Psychology Chapter 13: Therapies Chapter 14: Frontiers of Psychology Chapter 15: Social Psychology Chapter 16: Sex, Friendship, and Love ------------------------- ABOUT THE 2017-2018 REVISION Here are some of the new features: * automatic reformatting for smaller screens (responsive web design) * fewer, longer pages (swiping is easier than navigating pages) * shorter paragraphs (to avoid filling smaller screens with a wallof print)
* more links to other pages in the textbook (opened in separatepages)
* scholarly references listed on the bottom in APA format (mostrequested feature)
* ...and many updates and revisions I ran spellchecks and linkchecks, and proofread multiple times, but there will still be errors! Please let me know about them by email atpsywww@gmail.com .
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------------------------- Copyright © 2007-2018 Russ Dewey Send email to Dr. Dewey -------------------------Details
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