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Virology
MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Today is Sunday, March 14, 2021. Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. To replicate themselves, viruses usurp functions of the host cells on which they are parasites. The viral parasite causes changes in the cell,particularly its
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM Bacterial requirements for growth include sources of energy, "organic" carbon (e.g. sugars and fatty acids) and metal ions (e.g. iron). Optimal temperature, pH and the need (or lack of need for oxygen) are important. Oxygen Requirements. Obligate aerobes must grow in the presence of oxygen; they cannot carry out fermentation. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal. ANTIGENS - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE Antibody (Ab) A specific protein which is produced in response to an immunogen and which reacts with an antigen. FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY. Contribution of the Immunogen. Foreignness. The immune system normally discriminates between self and non-self such that only foreign molecules are immunogenic.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV hasAIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact. MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Today is Sunday, March 14, 2021. Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. To replicate themselves, viruses usurp functions of the host cells on which they are parasites. The viral parasite causes changes in the cell,particularly its
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM Bacterial requirements for growth include sources of energy, "organic" carbon (e.g. sugars and fatty acids) and metal ions (e.g. iron). Optimal temperature, pH and the need (or lack of need for oxygen) are important. Oxygen Requirements. Obligate aerobes must grow in the presence of oxygen; they cannot carry out fermentation. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal. ANTIGENS - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE Antibody (Ab) A specific protein which is produced in response to an immunogen and which reacts with an antigen. FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY. Contribution of the Immunogen. Foreignness. The immune system normally discriminates between self and non-self such that only foreign molecules are immunogenic.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV hasAIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact. MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotic synergism occurs when the effects of a combination of antibiotics is greater than the sum of the effects of the individual antibiotics. Antibiotic antagonism occurs when one antibiotic, usually the one with the least effect, interferes with the effects of another antibiotic. Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutic agents. MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages.IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Antigen binding. Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of thehost.
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES x: x: infectious disease: bacteriology: immunology: mycology: parasitology: virology . mycology - chapter seven . opportunistic mycoses . dr art disalvoAIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact.FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
This is a chronic, localized infection infection of subcutaneous tissues caused by several species of dematiaceous fungi. The 3 most common agents are: These fungi, recognized by a variety of names, are saprobes located in soil and decaying vegetation. The route of entry is usually by trauma. ANAEROBES AND PSEUDOMONAS Sites of anaerobes in normal flora. Strict anaerobes are present in large numbers in the intestine (95 to 99% of total bacterial mass), but also in the mouth and genitourinary tract. The most common infections resulting from abdominal surgery or other gut injury are Enterobacteriaceae (facultative anaerobes) and Bacteroides fragilis(see below).
QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
STREPTOKOKY SKUPINY A, B, D A ĎALŠIETRANSLATE THIS PAGE BAKTERIOLÓGIA – KAPITOLA DVANÁSŤ . StreptoKOKY SKUPINY A, B, d A ĎALŠIE. Dr Alvin Fox Department of Pathology, Microbiology andImmunology
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY On-line textbook covering Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parsitology and Infectious Disease in English with some chapters in Albanian, Spanish, French, Slovak, Farsi and Portuguese URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal. MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called thenucleoid.
DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES TEACHING OBJECTIVES To learn which viruses can cause cancer in humans. To learn how cells become transformed by the virus. To learn the differences between DNA and RNA tumor virusesHIV AND AIDS
this chapter is in several parts use the next>> button above to go to the next part to continue to virology chapter eight click here. links to other hiv and aids sections are at the bottom of this page INTERFERON - MICROBIOLOGYBOOK.ORG x: x: INFECTIOUS DISEASE BACTERIOLOGY: IMMUNOLOGY: MYCOLOGY: PARASITOLOGY: VIROLOGY . INTERFERON. Dr Margaret Hunt. Dr Richard Hunt. University of South CarolinaAIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact.REITER'S SYNDROME
Reiter's syndrome, which is also known as reactive arthritis, is an autoimmune disease that results from infection, usually bacterial, in another part of the body. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY On-line textbook covering Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parsitology and Infectious Disease in English with some chapters in Albanian, Spanish, French, Slovak, Farsi and Portuguese URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal. MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called thenucleoid.
DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES TEACHING OBJECTIVES To learn which viruses can cause cancer in humans. To learn how cells become transformed by the virus. To learn the differences between DNA and RNA tumor virusesHIV AND AIDS
this chapter is in several parts use the next>> button above to go to the next part to continue to virology chapter eight click here. links to other hiv and aids sections are at the bottom of this page INTERFERON - MICROBIOLOGYBOOK.ORG x: x: INFECTIOUS DISEASE BACTERIOLOGY: IMMUNOLOGY: MYCOLOGY: PARASITOLOGY: VIROLOGY . INTERFERON. Dr Margaret Hunt. Dr Richard Hunt. University of South CarolinaAIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact.REITER'S SYNDROME
Reiter's syndrome, which is also known as reactive arthritis, is an autoimmune disease that results from infection, usually bacterial, in another part of the body. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE On-line textbook covering Bacteriology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology, Parsitology and Infectious Disease in English with some chapters in Albanian, Spanish, French, Slovak, Farsi and Portuguese DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES TEACHING OBJECTIVES To learn which viruses can cause cancer in humans. To learn how cells become transformed by the virus. To learn the differences between DNA and RNA tumor virusesIMMUNOGLOBULINS
Logo image © Jeffrey Nelson, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois and The MicrobeLibrary TEACHING OBJECTIVES. To discuss the general properties of all immunoglobulins MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant andbacterial cells.
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM The Krebs cycle (Figure 2) contains 4 and 6 carbon intermediates. Pyruvate (C3) can feed into the Krebs cycle in such a way that thenumber of C4/C6
CHAPTER NINETEEN
There is a combined anti-HAV/HBV vaccine approved in the United States for recipients of 18 years and older. It contains Hepatitis A antigenand HBsAg.
INTERFERON - MICROBIOLOGYBOOK.ORG x: x: INFECTIOUS DISEASE BACTERIOLOGY: IMMUNOLOGY: MYCOLOGY: PARASITOLOGY: VIROLOGY . INTERFERON. Dr Margaret Hunt. Dr Richard Hunt. University of South Carolina MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages. GENETICS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS These calculations do not take into consideration the contributions of lambda light chains, somatic mutation junctional diversity, N region insertions or multispecificity.. The process of gene rearrangement of the heavy and light chains and the combinatorial association of these chains occurs during B cell development and is independent of antigen.REITER'S SYNDROME
Reiter's syndrome, which is also known as reactive arthritis, is an autoimmune disease that results from infection, usually bacterial, in another part of the body. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS. Antigen binding. Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.IMMUNOGLOBULINES
Les immunoglobulines se lient de façon spécifique à un ou plusieurs antigènes apparentés. Chaque immunoglobuline se lie en fait à un déterminant antigénique spécifique. La liaison à l’antigène est la première fonction des anticorps qui, en tant que telle, peut assurer une protection de l’hôte.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has REACTIONS D’HYPERSENSIBILITETRANSLATE THIS PAGE L’hypersensibilité de type IV est impliquée dans la pathogenèse de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes et infectieuses (tuberculose, lèpre, blastomycose, histoplasmose, toxoplasmose, leishmaniose, etc..) et les granulomes dus à des infections et des antigènes étrangers. Une autre forme d'hypersensibilité retardée est la dermatite de contact (exposition au poison du sumac vénéneuxLE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS. Antigen binding. Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.IMMUNOGLOBULINES
Les immunoglobulines se lient de façon spécifique à un ou plusieurs antigènes apparentés. Chaque immunoglobuline se lie en fait à un déterminant antigénique spécifique. La liaison à l’antigène est la première fonction des anticorps qui, en tant que telle, peut assurer une protection de l’hôte.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has REACTIONS D’HYPERSENSIBILITETRANSLATE THIS PAGE L’hypersensibilité de type IV est impliquée dans la pathogenèse de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes et infectieuses (tuberculose, lèpre, blastomycose, histoplasmose, toxoplasmose, leishmaniose, etc..) et les granulomes dus à des infections et des antigènes étrangers. Une autre forme d'hypersensibilité retardée est la dermatite de contact (exposition au poison du sumac vénéneuxLE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM Bacterial requirements for growth include sources of energy, "organic" carbon (e.g. sugars and fatty acids) and metal ions (e.g. iron). Optimal temperature, pH and the need (or lack of need for oxygen) are important. Oxygen Requirements. Obligate aerobes must grow in the presence of oxygen; they cannot carry out fermentation. MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes. IMMUNOGLOBULINS- ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS X-Ray crystallography studies of antigen-antibody interactions show that the antigenic determinant nestles in a cleft formed by the combining site of the antibody as illustrated in Figure 1. Thus, our concept of antigen-antibody reactions is one of a key ( i.e. the antigen) which fits into a lock ( i.e. the antibody). RNA VIRUS REPLICATION Hemagglutination. Hemagglutination is easy to test for in the clinical laboratory and is used in diagnosis . Hemagglutination involves the agglutination of red blood cells and relies on the ability of a virus to bind to receptors on red blood cells. Since viruses have multiple attachment proteins per virion, they can bind to more than one red blood cell and so they can serve to link red blood MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX These interactions are orchestrated by the immunological synapse whose primary components are the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. The major function of the TCR is to recognize antigen in the correct context of MHC and to transmit an excitatory signal to the interior of the cell.LE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. ECHANGE D’INFORMATION GENETIQUETRANSLATE THIS PAGE B. Transduction. La transduction est le transfert d’information génétique à partir d’un donneur vers un receveur via un bactériophage. La paroi du phage protège l’ADN de l’environnement et de cette manière la transduction, contrairement à la transformation, n’est pas affectée par les nucléases del’environnement.
TOLERANCE ET AUTOIMMUNITÉ Antigènes donnant des réactions croisées Les antigènes de certains agents pathogènes peuvent avoir des déterminants qui réagissent de façon croisée avec les antigènes du soi et une réponse immunitaire contre ces déterminants peut conduire à des cellules effectrices ou QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
STREPTOKOKY SKUPINY A, B, D A ĎALŠIETRANSLATE THIS PAGE BAKTERIOLÓGIA – KAPITOLA DVANÁSŤ . StreptoKOKY SKUPINY A, B, d A ĎALŠIE. Dr Alvin Fox Department of Pathology, Microbiology andImmunology
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS. Antigen binding. Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.IMMUNOGLOBULINES
Les immunoglobulines se lient de façon spécifique à un ou plusieurs antigènes apparentés. Chaque immunoglobuline se lie en fait à un déterminant antigénique spécifique. La liaison à l’antigène est la première fonction des anticorps qui, en tant que telle, peut assurer une protection de l’hôte.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has REACTIONS D’HYPERSENSIBILITETRANSLATE THIS PAGE L’hypersensibilité de type IV est impliquée dans la pathogenèse de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes et infectieuses (tuberculose, lèpre, blastomycose, histoplasmose, toxoplasmose, leishmaniose, etc..) et les granulomes dus à des infections et des antigènes étrangers. Une autre forme d'hypersensibilité retardée est la dermatite de contact (exposition au poison du sumac vénéneuxLE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS. Antigen binding. Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.IMMUNOGLOBULINES
Les immunoglobulines se lient de façon spécifique à un ou plusieurs antigènes apparentés. Chaque immunoglobuline se lie en fait à un déterminant antigénique spécifique. La liaison à l’antigène est la première fonction des anticorps qui, en tant que telle, peut assurer une protection de l’hôte.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has REACTIONS D’HYPERSENSIBILITETRANSLATE THIS PAGE L’hypersensibilité de type IV est impliquée dans la pathogenèse de nombreuses maladies auto-immunes et infectieuses (tuberculose, lèpre, blastomycose, histoplasmose, toxoplasmose, leishmaniose, etc..) et les granulomes dus à des infections et des antigènes étrangers. Une autre forme d'hypersensibilité retardée est la dermatite de contact (exposition au poison du sumac vénéneuxLE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM Bacterial requirements for growth include sources of energy, "organic" carbon (e.g. sugars and fatty acids) and metal ions (e.g. iron). Optimal temperature, pH and the need (or lack of need for oxygen) are important. Oxygen Requirements. Obligate aerobes must grow in the presence of oxygen; they cannot carry out fermentation. MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes. IMMUNOGLOBULINS- ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS X-Ray crystallography studies of antigen-antibody interactions show that the antigenic determinant nestles in a cleft formed by the combining site of the antibody as illustrated in Figure 1. Thus, our concept of antigen-antibody reactions is one of a key ( i.e. the antigen) which fits into a lock ( i.e. the antibody). RNA VIRUS REPLICATION Hemagglutination. Hemagglutination is easy to test for in the clinical laboratory and is used in diagnosis . Hemagglutination involves the agglutination of red blood cells and relies on the ability of a virus to bind to receptors on red blood cells. Since viruses have multiple attachment proteins per virion, they can bind to more than one red blood cell and so they can serve to link red bloodLE COMPLEMENT
I. FONCTIONS DU COMPLEMENT. D’un point de vue historique, le terme de complément (abréviation usuelle : C’) a été utilisé pour décrire un composant thermo-sensible (son activité est détruite par chauffage à 56°C pendant 30 minutes), présent dans le sérum, et capable de lyser des bactéries. MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages. ECHANGE D’INFORMATION GENETIQUETRANSLATE THIS PAGE B. Transduction. La transduction est le transfert d’information génétique à partir d’un donneur vers un receveur via un bactériophage. La paroi du phage protège l’ADN de l’environnement et de cette manière la transduction, contrairement à la transformation, n’est pas affectée par les nucléases del’environnement.
TOLERANCE ET AUTOIMMUNITÉ Antigènes donnant des réactions croisées Les antigènes de certains agents pathogènes peuvent avoir des déterminants qui réagissent de façon croisée avec les antigènes du soi et une réponse immunitaire contre ces déterminants peut conduire à des cellules effectrices ou QUÁ MẪN - MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON …TRANSLATE THIS PAGE QUÁ MẪN TYP I. Quá mẫn Typ I còn được gọi là quá mẫn tức khắc hoặc phản vệ. Phản ứng có thể liên quan đến da (mày đay và chàm), mắt (viêm kết mạc), mũi họng (chảy nước mũi, viêm mũi), các mô phế quản phổi (hen) và đường tiêu hóa (viêm dạ dày ruột). Phản ứngcó
STREPTOKOKY SKUPINY A, B, D A ĎALŠIETRANSLATE THIS PAGE BAKTERIOLÓGIA – KAPITOLA DVANÁSŤ . StreptoKOKY SKUPINY A, B, d A ĎALŠIE. Dr Alvin Fox Department of Pathology, Microbiology andImmunology
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes.HIV AND AIDS
HIV load but not CD4+ T cell number is a good indicator of rapid progression to AIDS. The onset of AIDS occurs, on average, about 9 years after infection but in the absence of treatment some individuals progress much faster. DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES DNA TUMOR VIRUSES. DNA tumor virus have a DNA genome that is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein (figure 1). They have two life-styles: In permissive cells, all parts of the viral genome are expressed. This leads to viral replication, cell lysis andcell death.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has INFECTIOUS DISEASE-SEPSIS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK The Sepsis Syndrome: Differential Diagnosis of the Flu-Like Illness. The syndrome of fever, malaise, myalgias, and other constitutional complaints is common in medicalpractice.
AIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINEINTRODUCTIONIMMUNOLOGYBACTERIOLOGYVIROLOGYPARASITOLOGYMYCOLOGY Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Diabetes mellitus Leucocytosis Flank pain Urinary frequency : Urinary tract infection (UTI) probably affects about one-half of all people duringtheir lifetimes.
MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Bacteria, along with blue-green algae, are prokaryotic cells. That is, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus; rather the genetic material is restricted to an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also do not have cytoplasmic compartment such as mitochondria and lysosomes that are found in eukaryotes.HIV AND AIDS
HIV load but not CD4+ T cell number is a good indicator of rapid progression to AIDS. The onset of AIDS occurs, on average, about 9 years after infection but in the absence of treatment some individuals progress much faster. DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES DNA TUMOR VIRUSES. DNA tumor virus have a DNA genome that is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein (figure 1). They have two life-styles: In permissive cells, all parts of the viral genome are expressed. This leads to viral replication, cell lysis andcell death.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type IV hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, etc.) and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. Another form of delayed hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis (poison ivy (figure 6), chemicals, heavy metals, etc.) in which the lesions are more STREPTOCOCCI, GROUPS A, B, AND D. ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS Bacteremia, toxic-shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis . Normally, infection by group A Streptococci results in mild symptoms. However, these bacteria can also cause a bacteremia resulting in a much more severe disease which can sometimes be fatal.HIV AND AIDS
This can reduce infection at birth to 1% whereas without treatment 30% of babies of HIV-positive mothers would be infected. It was thought that the aggressive treatment early in life stopped the establishment of HIV in memory T cells. However, unfortunately, HIV has INFECTIOUS DISEASE-SEPSIS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK The Sepsis Syndrome: Differential Diagnosis of the Flu-Like Illness. The syndrome of fever, malaise, myalgias, and other constitutional complaints is common in medicalpractice.
AIDS - 4H CLUB
In 1981, it was clear that AIDS was present in the homosexual male communities of several major metropolitan areas in the United States and was spread by sexual contact. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE Welcome to Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD. Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology ,Virology
MICROBIOLOGY/VIROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY/BACTERIOLOGY/PARASITOLOGY Today is Sunday, March 14, 2021. Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. To replicate themselves, viruses usurp functions of the host cells on which they are parasites. The viral parasite causes changes in the cell,particularly its
DNA AND RNA TUMOR VIRUSES DNA TUMOR VIRUSES. DNA tumor virus have a DNA genome that is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein (figure 1). They have two life-styles: In permissive cells, all parts of the viral genome are expressed. This leads to viral replication, cell lysis andcell death.
BACTERIAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND ENERGY METABOLISM Bacterial requirements for growth include sources of energy, "organic" carbon (e.g. sugars and fatty acids) and metal ions (e.g. iron). Optimal temperature, pH and the need (or lack of need for oxygen) are important. Oxygen Requirements. Obligate aerobes must grow in the presence of oxygen; they cannot carry out fermentation. INFECTIOUS DISEASE-SEPSIS Let us know what you think FEEDBACK The Sepsis Syndrome: Differential Diagnosis of the Flu-Like Illness. The syndrome of fever, malaise, myalgias, and other constitutional complaints is common in medicalpractice.
VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Vaccines may consist of a purified protein, nucleic acid or a complex of molecules or even a whole bacterium or virus. Immunity to a virus normally depends on the development of an immune response to antigens on the surface of a virally infected cell or on the surface of the virus particle itself.IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies. The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is VIRUS-HOST INTERACTIONS The host range of the virus will depend upon the presence these receptors. Thus, if a host lacks the receptor for a virus or if the host cells lacks some component necessary for the replication of a virus, the host will inherently be resistant to that virus. MHC: GENETICS AND ROLE IN TRANSPLANTATION Acute (1st set; primary) rejection. The normal reaction that follows the first grafting of a foreign transplant takes 1 - 3 weeks. This is known as acute rejection and is mediated by T lymphocytes sensitized to class I and class II antigens of the allograft, elicitation of lymphokines and activation of monocytes and macrophages.REITER'S SYNDROME
Reiter's syndrome, which is also known as reactive arthritis, is an autoimmune disease that results from infection, usually bacterial, in another part of the body.Shouldn't You Be Asleep? Today is Monday, December 07,
2020
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WELCOME TO MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY ON-LINE Edited by Richard Hunt, PhD Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine This web site is based on our second year medical student course. The English part of the web site contains six sections: Immunology , Bacteriology , Virology , Parasitology , Mycology and Infectious Disease . In the latter, microbiology is put in a clinical setting. Each chapter may be accessed in html format by clicking on the chapter number in the chapter lists.Citing this book
RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS We recommend the following to our students: > _Immunology_ by Male et al. Elsevier > _Medical Microbiology_ by Murray et al. Elsevier>
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