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CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood. ELISA is a plate based assaytechnique
CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI Quellung Reaction For Pneumococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract, is one of the major causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteremia and otitis media.. The traditional methods for identification of S. pneumoniae are presumptive procedures based on Gram stain reaction, alpha-hemolysis, optochin OVERVIEW OF DNA REPLICATION Overview of DNA Replication. DNA replication is the process in which new copy of DNA is produced from parent DNA. When two strand of DNA are separated, each strand act as template for the formation of new strand. This process is called DNA replication. REVERSE CAMP TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens. Hansen used the synergistic relationship between the two microbes to develop a test, known as the reverse CAMP test, using Streptococcus agalactiae for the identification of Clostridium perfringens.Alpha toxin producing C. perfringens and group B, β-haemolytic streptococci grow in a characteristic pattern on blood agar. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HUMAN External respiration. It is the first step of respiration. It occurs in lungs. It is the exchange of gases by diffusion between alveoli and blood in blood vessel, across respiratory membrane. During inspiration, oxygen is taken into the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is higher than that in blood capillaries. E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIMBRIAE AND PILI Some of the differences between fimbriae and pili are as follows: Fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers arising from the surface of bacterial cells. Pili are hair like microfibers that are thick tubular structure made up of pilin. Longer than fimbriae. Thicker than fimbriae. No. of fimbriae are 200-400 per cell. No of pili are less1-10 per cell.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES General characters. Mostly parasitic. Few of them are free-living. They are cylindrical, elongated, slender worm like and tapers at both end. Triploblastic. Bilaterally symmetrical. Organ system level of organization. Body is unsegmented. Body cavity is filled with muscle. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. E-TEST DISADVANTAGES ARCHIVES Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages The GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Differences between Flagella and Pili. Flagella are long thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end. Flagella actually extend from the interior of the cell body. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. E-TEST DISADVANTAGES ARCHIVES Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages The GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Differences between Flagella and Pili. Flagella are long thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end. Flagella actually extend from the interior of the cell body. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Digestive system of earthworm consists of alimentary canal and glands along with physiology of digestion. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HUMAN Mechanism of Respiration in Human. Respiration is simply defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the body. Physiology ofrespiration can
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Reproductive System of Earthworm Earthworms are hermaphrodites but they cannot fertilize their own eggs because of their relative position of male and female genital aperture and they are protrandous (i.e. male sex mature earlier than female gametes). So, cross-fertilization takes place. A] Male reproductive organs They consist of following parts: Testes There are two pairs of small, white RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE S.N. Simple Microscope: Compound Microscope: 1: Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIMBRIAE AND PILI Differences between Fimbriae and Pili. Fimbriae and Pili are filamentous structures composed of protein that extend from the surface of a cell and can have many functions. GELATIN HYDROLYSIS TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, MEDIA, PROCEDURE Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Uses, Media, Procedure and Result. Gelatin is a protein derived from the animal protein collagen, a component of connective tissue and tendons in DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Depending on the internal structure of cell, organisms are divided into two types i.e. prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.Prokaryotic organism are those which lacks true nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood. ELISA is a plate based assaytechnique
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood. ELISA is a plate based assaytechnique
E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM OVERVIEW OF DNA REPLICATION Overview of DNA Replication. DNA replication is the process in which new copy of DNA is produced from parent DNA. When two strand of DNA are separated, each strand act as template for the formation of new strand. This process is called DNA replication. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HUMAN External respiration. It is the first step of respiration. It occurs in lungs. It is the exchange of gases by diffusion between alveoli and blood in blood vessel, across respiratory membrane. During inspiration, oxygen is taken into the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is higher than that in blood capillaries. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI Quellung Reaction For Pneumococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract, is one of the major causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteremia and otitis media.. The traditional methods for identification of S. pneumoniae are presumptive procedures based on Gram stain reaction, alpha-hemolysis, optochin HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION. Haemagglutination assay was developed by American virologist George Hirst in 1941-1942. The ability of certain viruses to bind with the red blood cells through their superficial glycoproteins and proteins had been utilised to quantitate these viruses and the assay is termed as haemagglutination assay. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Reproductive System of Earthworm Earthworms are hermaphrodites but they cannot fertilize their own eggs because of their relative position of male and female genital aperture and they are protrandous (i.e. male sex mature earlier than female gametes). So, cross-fertilization takes place. A] Male reproductive organs They consist of following parts: Testes There are two pairs of small, white REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Excretory system of Earthworm. The process of removal of metabolic waste products including nitrogenous material like ammonia, urea, uric acid, amino acid, etc. from the body is called excretion. Excretory system consists of nephridia as excretory organ which is analogous to kidney of vertebrates. Nephridia are porous, long, thin and coiled MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood. ELISA is a plate based assaytechnique
E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. ELISA- PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND APPLICATIONS ELISA- Principle, Types and Applications. ELISA is an antigen antibody reaction. In 1971, ELISA was introduced by Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden. It is a common laboratory technique which is usually used to measure the concentration of antibodies or antigens in blood. ELISA is a plate based assaytechnique
E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHESSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM OVERVIEW OF DNA REPLICATION Overview of DNA Replication. DNA replication is the process in which new copy of DNA is produced from parent DNA. When two strand of DNA are separated, each strand act as template for the formation of new strand. This process is called DNA replication. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HUMAN External respiration. It is the first step of respiration. It occurs in lungs. It is the exchange of gases by diffusion between alveoli and blood in blood vessel, across respiratory membrane. During inspiration, oxygen is taken into the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is higher than that in blood capillaries. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI Quellung Reaction For Pneumococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract, is one of the major causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteremia and otitis media.. The traditional methods for identification of S. pneumoniae are presumptive procedures based on Gram stain reaction, alpha-hemolysis, optochin HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION. Haemagglutination assay was developed by American virologist George Hirst in 1941-1942. The ability of certain viruses to bind with the red blood cells through their superficial glycoproteins and proteins had been utilised to quantitate these viruses and the assay is termed as haemagglutination assay. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Reproductive System of Earthworm Earthworms are hermaphrodites but they cannot fertilize their own eggs because of their relative position of male and female genital aperture and they are protrandous (i.e. male sex mature earlier than female gametes). So, cross-fertilization takes place. A] Male reproductive organs They consist of following parts: Testes There are two pairs of small, white REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Excretory system of Earthworm. The process of removal of metabolic waste products including nitrogenous material like ammonia, urea, uric acid, amino acid, etc. from the body is called excretion. Excretory system consists of nephridia as excretory organ which is analogous to kidney of vertebrates. Nephridia are porous, long, thin and coiled MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. REVERSE CAMP TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens. Hansen used the synergistic relationship between the two microbes to develop a test, known as the reverse CAMP test, using Streptococcus agalactiae for the identification of Clostridium perfringens.Alpha toxin producing C. perfringens and group B, β-haemolytic streptococci grow in a characteristic pattern on blood agar. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI GELATIN HYDROLYSIS TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, MEDIA, PROCEDURE Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Uses, Media, Procedure and Result. Gelatin is a protein derived from the animal protein collagen, a component of connective tissue and tendons in human and other animals. It has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time. Robert Koch used nutrient gelatin as an early type of solid growthmedium.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. REVERSE CAMP TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens. Hansen used the synergistic relationship between the two microbes to develop a test, known as the reverse CAMP test, using Streptococcus agalactiae for the identification of Clostridium perfringens.Alpha toxin producing C. perfringens and group B, β-haemolytic streptococci grow in a characteristic pattern on blood agar. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI GELATIN HYDROLYSIS TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, MEDIA, PROCEDURE Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Uses, Media, Procedure and Result. Gelatin is a protein derived from the animal protein collagen, a component of connective tissue and tendons in human and other animals. It has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time. Robert Koch used nutrient gelatin as an early type of solid growthmedium.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI Quellung Reaction For Pneumococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract, is one of the major causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteremia and otitis media.. The traditional methods for identification of S. pneumoniae are presumptive procedures based on Gram stain reaction, alpha-hemolysis, optochin DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Reproductive System of Earthworm Earthworms are hermaphrodites but they cannot fertilize their own eggs because of their relative position of male and female genital aperture and they are protrandous (i.e. male sex mature earlier than female gametes). So, cross-fertilization takes place. A] Male reproductive organs They consist of following parts: Testes There are two pairs of small, white REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION. Haemagglutination assay was developed by American virologist George Hirst in 1941-1942. The ability of certain viruses to bind with the red blood cells through their superficial glycoproteins and proteins had been utilised to quantitate these viruses and the assay is termed as haemagglutination assay. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIMBRIAE AND PILI Some of the differences between fimbriae and pili are as follows: Fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers arising from the surface of bacterial cells. Pili are hair like microfibers that are thick tubular structure made up of pilin. Longer than fimbriae. Thicker than fimbriae. No. of fimbriae are 200-400 per cell. No of pili are less1-10 per cell.
MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. REVERSE CAMP TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens. Hansen used the synergistic relationship between the two microbes to develop a test, known as the reverse CAMP test, using Streptococcus agalactiae for the identification of Clostridium perfringens.Alpha toxin producing C. perfringens and group B, β-haemolytic streptococci grow in a characteristic pattern on blood agar. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI GELATIN HYDROLYSIS TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, MEDIA, PROCEDURE Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Uses, Media, Procedure and Result. Gelatin is a protein derived from the animal protein collagen, a component of connective tissue and tendons in human and other animals. It has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time. Robert Koch used nutrient gelatin as an early type of solid growthmedium.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. REVERSE CAMP TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens. Hansen used the synergistic relationship between the two microbes to develop a test, known as the reverse CAMP test, using Streptococcus agalactiae for the identification of Clostridium perfringens.Alpha toxin producing C. perfringens and group B, β-haemolytic streptococci grow in a characteristic pattern on blood agar. CAMP TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE, RESULT ANDSEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM E (EPSILOMETER) TEST- PRINCIPLE, PURPOSE, PROCEDURE E (Epsilometer) Test- Principle, Purpose, Procedure, Result Interpretation with Precaution, Advantages and Disadvantages. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope. Compound Microscope. 1. Simple microscope is used at a basic level, where there is no rigorous requirement of research. Due to an added lens to a compound one, professionals use this for research purposes. 2. There is single lens in simple microscope. There are 3 to 5 objective lenses in a compound which helps in magnifying DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAGELLA AND PILI Comparatively thicker than pili (15-20nm in diameter). Thinner than flagella (3-10nm in diameter). Lesser than pili. Numerous. May be polar or lateral or peritrichous. Throughout the surface of cell. Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria. 3 types: Bacterial, Eukaryotic and Archaeal. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI GELATIN HYDROLYSIS TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, MEDIA, PROCEDURE Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Uses, Media, Procedure and Result. Gelatin is a protein derived from the animal protein collagen, a component of connective tissue and tendons in human and other animals. It has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time. Robert Koch used nutrient gelatin as an early type of solid growthmedium.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURESEE MORE ON MICROBIOLOGYNOTES.COM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. MICROBIOLOGY NOTES- BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY Notes on Basic Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Laboratory, Immunology, Diagnosis. QUELLUNG REACTION FOR PNEUMOCOCCI Quellung Reaction For Pneumococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract, is one of the major causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteremia and otitis media.. The traditional methods for identification of S. pneumoniae are presumptive procedures based on Gram stain reaction, alpha-hemolysis, optochin DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Physiology of digestion. Digestion is the bio-chemical process in which complex organic food is broken down into simple, soluble and diffusible form in the presence of respective enzymes. Earthworms feed upon all kinds of organic humus and debris such as decaying leaves and seeds, protozoan, etc. present in soil. DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE (DNASE) TEST- PRINCIPLE, USES, PROCEDURE Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result Interpretation, Quality Control, Examples and Limitations. This test is presumptively used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus which produces the enzyme deoxyribonuclease from other Staphylococci which do not produce deoxyribonuclease (DNase).Staphylococcus aureus possesses a heat-stable enzyme, a thermonuclease. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminated from the body. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode of life, frog shows different modes of respiration. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE Secondary immune response. 1. This occurs as a result of primary contact with an antigen. This occurs as a result of second and subsequent exposure of the same antigen. 2. Responding cell is naïve B-cell and T-cell. Responding cell is memory cell. 3. Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days), sometimes as long as weeks or months. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM Reproductive System of Earthworm Earthworms are hermaphrodites but they cannot fertilize their own eggs because of their relative position of male and female genital aperture and they are protrandous (i.e. male sex mature earlier than female gametes). So, cross-fertilization takes place. A] Male reproductive organs They consist of following parts: Testes There are two pairs of small, white REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS Replication of Dengue Virus Dengue Virus enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves binding through the interaction between the surface proteins of virion (E) and cellular receptors on the surface of target cell. Once the virus has entered a host cell, the virus penetrates deeper into the cell and remains inside the endosome. HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION. Haemagglutination assay was developed by American virologist George Hirst in 1941-1942. The ability of certain viruses to bind with the red blood cells through their superficial glycoproteins and proteins had been utilised to quantitate these viruses and the assay is termed as haemagglutination assay. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIMBRIAE AND PILI Some of the differences between fimbriae and pili are as follows: Fimbriae are tiny bristle-like fibers arising from the surface of bacterial cells. Pili are hair like microfibers that are thick tubular structure made up of pilin. Longer than fimbriae. Thicker than fimbriae. No. of fimbriae are 200-400 per cell. No of pili are less1-10 per cell.
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CANCER AND CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY __ __ __ __ __ 4.94/5 (16) By Sudip Dhakal on June22, 2017
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cancer and Cancer Immunotherapy Cancer is a group of disease that is caused by multiple alterations of normal genes leading to abnormal growth of cells. Typically, a type of gene, also known as “Oncogenes”, is found overexpressed and its products actually interfere with metabolic pathways of the cell causing… Continue reading "Cancer and Cancer Immunotherapy 4.94/5 (16) "*
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HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION __ __ __ __ __ 4.5/5(32)
By Sudip Dhakal on June3, 2017
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION Haemagglutination assay was developed by American virologist George Hirst in 1941-1942. The ability of certain viruses to bind with the red blood cells through their superficial glycoproteins and proteins had been utilised to quantitate these viruses and the assay is termed as haemagglutination assay.… Continue reading "HAEMAGGLUTINATION ASSAY – VIRAL QUANTITATION 4.5/5 (32) "*
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PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION IN FROG __ __ __ __ __ 4.55/5 (20) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onNovember 29, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION IN FROG Food and feeding The adult frog is carnivoruous which feeds upon small insects, worms, snails etc. However, the tadpoles are herbivorous: feeding on aquatic plants. Ingestion The process of taking of food into alimentary canal through mouth is called ingestion. The food is captured… Continue reading "PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION IN FROG 4.55/5 (20) "*
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG __ __ __ __ __ 3.95/5 (145) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onOctober 14, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Respiratory System of Frog Respiration is a process in which food are oxidized with oxygen in order to release energy. The released energy is utilized to perform various life activities. The metabolic waste like CO2 is eliminatedfrom the body.
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O +energy Due to amphibious mode… Continue reading "Respiratory System of Frog 3.95/5 (145) "*
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MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HUMAN __ __ __ __ __ 4.5/5 (165) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onSeptember 1, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Mechanism of Respiration in Human Respiration is simply defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the body. Physiology of respiration can be described under following phases: External respiration Transport of oxygen Internal respiration Transport of carbon dioxide External respiration It is the first step of respiration.… Continue reading "Mechanism of Respiration in Human 4.5/5 (165) "*
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MECHANISM OF BREATHING __ __ __ __ __ 4.27/5 (167) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onAugust 10, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Mechanism of Breathing Breathing is simply defined as the physical process in which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is forced out from the body. Breathing is brought about by two sets of muscles- i. Internal intercoastal muscles ii. External intercoastal muscles Besides these muscles, diaphragm and abdominal muscles… Continue reading "Mechanism of Breathing 4.27/5 (167) "* Biology
EXTERNAL APERTURES OF PHERETIMA __ __ __ __ __ 4.21/5 (24) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onJuly 18, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 External Apertures of Pheretima There are many apertures present in earthworm which have their own functions. Some of them are given below: Mouth: is a crescentic aperture, located on the ventral surface of the body, just below the prostomium and surrounded by peristomium. It is used for feeding. Anus:… Continue reading "External Apertures of Pheretima 4.21/5 (24) "* Biology
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF EARTHWORM __ __ __ __ __ 4.1/5 (104) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onJune 30, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 External Morphology of Earthworm External structures which are visible from outside is called external features or external morphology. The important external features are as follows: Shape: Earthworm is elongated, long, narrow, cylindrical or vermiform shaped. The anterior end is tapering while the posterior end is more or less blunt.… Continue reading "External Morphology of Earthworm 4.1/5 (104) "* Biology
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM __ __ __ __ __ 4.17/5 (199) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onJune 15, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Digestive System of Earthworm Digestive system of earthworm consists of alimentary canal and glands along with physiology of digestion. Alimentary Canal Alimentary canal is long and straight,extending from mouth to anus. It consists of following parts: Mouth : 1st segment Buccal Cavity : 2nd-3rd segment or middle of 3rd segment… Continue reading "Digestive System of Earthworm 4.17/5 (199) "* Anatomy , Biology
RESPIRATION AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS __ __ __ __ __ 2.77/5 (1,271) By Pratiksha Pokhrel onMay 25, 2016
Please rate this Please Rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 Respiration and Respiratory Organs Respiration is simply defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the body. Or, It is an oxidative process in which oxygen is taken into the tissue (from lungs) to oxidize the food in order to release energy and carbon dioxide. The released… Continue reading "Respiration and Respiratory Organs 2.77/5 (1,271) "POSTS NAVIGATION
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