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REGEX EXPLANATIONS
This page presents explanations of various regexes found throughout the site. (direct link) The Meaning of Life Here is an explanation for the "Meaning of Life" regex found on the Regex Humor page. In the regex demo, note that the match is "42", while the first digit "4" is captured to Group 1. The regex uses subroutines, with a syntax supported by Perl and PCRE (C, PHP, R, ) REGULAR EXPRESSION TRICKS The earlier of these tricks will be well-known to regex heads, but I hope that even avid regexers will find something new further down. Jumping Points. For easy navigation, here are some jumping points to various sections of the page: Forcing failure: regex constructs that never match. Parity and beyond: check that string length is a multipleof n.
REGEX QUANTIFIER TUTORIAL: GREEDY, LAZY, POSSESSIVE With a lazy quantifier, the engine starts out by matching as few of the tokens as the quantifier allows. For instance, with A*, the engine starts out matching zero characters, since * allows the engine to match "zero or more". But if the quantified token has matched so few characters that the rest of the pattern can not match, the engine backtracks to the quantified token and makes it expandJAVA REGEX TUTORIAL
Java regex is an interesting beast. On the one hand, it has a number of "premium" features, such as: Character Class Intersection, Subtraction and Union. Lookbehind that allows a variable width within a specified range. Methods that return the starting and ending point of a match in a string. Support for \R to match any kind of line break LOOKAHEAD AND LOOKBEHIND TUTORIAL—TIPS &TRICKS Let's start with condition 1. A string that is made of six-to-ten word characters can be written like this: \A\w {6,10}\z. The \A anchor asserts that the current position is the beginning of the string. After matching the six to ten word characters, the \z anchor asserts that the current position is INTERESTING REGEX CHARACTER CLASSES Binary Number. + This is the same idea as the regex above to match alphanumeric characters. In most engines, the character class only matches digits 0 or 1. The + quantifier makes this an obnoxious regex to match a binary number—if you want to do that, + is all you need. Note that in .NET and Python 3 some engines \d matches any REGEX BOUNDARIES—WORD BOUNDARIES AND MORE If you want to create a "real word boundary" (where a word is only allowed to have letters), see the recipe below in the section on DYI boundaries. In PCRE (PHP, R) with the Unicode mode turned off, JavaScript and Python 2.7, it matches where only one side is an ASCII letter, digit or underscore. CONDITIONAL REPLACEMENT—REGEX TRICK Conditional Regex Replacement in Text Editor. Often, the need arises to replace matches with different strings depending on the match itself. For instance, let's say you want to match words for colors, such as red and blue, and replace them with their French equivalents— rouge and bleu . Using regex, this is no problem ismost programming
BACKTRACKING CONTROL VERBS TUTORIAL Several regex flavors have special patterns that instruct the engine about how to match, rather than about what to match, as the other tokens do.In the documentation, these patterns are bundled under the label of special backtracking control verbs, although at first sight some verbs, such as (*ACCEPT) (which tells the engine to return the string it has matched so far) may not seem directly QUICK-START: REGEX CHEAT SHEET Quick-Start: Regex Cheat Sheet. The tables below are a reference to basic regex. While reading the rest of the site, when in doubt, you can always come back and look here. (It you want a bookmark, here's a direct link to the regex reference tables ). I encourage you to print the tables so you have a cheat sheet on your desk for quick reference.REGEX EXPLANATIONS
This page presents explanations of various regexes found throughout the site. (direct link) The Meaning of Life Here is an explanation for the "Meaning of Life" regex found on the Regex Humor page. In the regex demo, note that the match is "42", while the first digit "4" is captured to Group 1. The regex uses subroutines, with a syntax supported by Perl and PCRE (C, PHP, R, ) REGULAR EXPRESSION TRICKS The earlier of these tricks will be well-known to regex heads, but I hope that even avid regexers will find something new further down. Jumping Points. For easy navigation, here are some jumping points to various sections of the page: Forcing failure: regex constructs that never match. Parity and beyond: check that string length is a multipleof n.
REGEX QUANTIFIER TUTORIAL: GREEDY, LAZY, POSSESSIVE With a lazy quantifier, the engine starts out by matching as few of the tokens as the quantifier allows. For instance, with A*, the engine starts out matching zero characters, since * allows the engine to match "zero or more". But if the quantified token has matched so few characters that the rest of the pattern can not match, the engine backtracks to the quantified token and makes it expandJAVA REGEX TUTORIAL
Java regex is an interesting beast. On the one hand, it has a number of "premium" features, such as: Character Class Intersection, Subtraction and Union. Lookbehind that allows a variable width within a specified range. Methods that return the starting and ending point of a match in a string. Support for \R to match any kind of line break LOOKAHEAD AND LOOKBEHIND TUTORIAL—TIPS &TRICKS Let's start with condition 1. A string that is made of six-to-ten word characters can be written like this: \A\w {6,10}\z. The \A anchor asserts that the current position is the beginning of the string. After matching the six to ten word characters, the \z anchor asserts that the current position is INTERESTING REGEX CHARACTER CLASSES Binary Number. + This is the same idea as the regex above to match alphanumeric characters. In most engines, the character class only matches digits 0 or 1. The + quantifier makes this an obnoxious regex to match a binary number—if you want to do that, + is all you need. Note that in .NET and Python 3 some engines \d matches any REGEX BOUNDARIES—WORD BOUNDARIES AND MORE If you want to create a "real word boundary" (where a word is only allowed to have letters), see the recipe below in the section on DYI boundaries. In PCRE (PHP, R) with the Unicode mode turned off, JavaScript and Python 2.7, it matches where only one side is an ASCII letter, digit or underscore. CONDITIONAL REPLACEMENT—REGEX TRICK Conditional Regex Replacement in Text Editor. Often, the need arises to replace matches with different strings depending on the match itself. For instance, let's say you want to match words for colors, such as red and blue, and replace them with their French equivalents— rouge and bleu . Using regex, this is no problem ismost programming
BACKTRACKING CONTROL VERBS TUTORIAL Several regex flavors have special patterns that instruct the engine about how to match, rather than about what to match, as the other tokens do.In the documentation, these patterns are bundled under the label of special backtracking control verbs, although at first sight some verbs, such as (*ACCEPT) (which tells the engine to return the string it has matched so far) may not seem directly REGULAR EXPRESSION TRICKS The earlier of these tricks will be well-known to regex heads, but I hope that even avid regexers will find something new further down. Jumping Points. For easy navigation, here are some jumping points to various sections of the page: Forcing failure: regex constructs that never match. Parity and beyond: check that string length is a multipleof n.
REGEX HUMOR—CARTOONS AND JOKES On this page, I aim to collect all the tidbits of regex humor I manage to muster. Some of these are the fruit of well-known brilliant minds, some of it I've started to produce, and lots of it will, I hope, be contributed by you guys, who as we know are not only geniuses but alsofine humorists.
REGEX TUTORIAL—REGEX COOKBOOK Regex Cookbook. This page presents recipes for regex tasks you may have to solve. If you learn by example, this is a great spot to spend a regex vacation. The page is a work in progress, so please forgive all the gaps: I thought it would be preferable to have an incomplete page now than a complete page in 25 years—if that is possible. WHAT ARE REGEX MODIFIERS, AND HOW TO TURN THEM ON? Ruby: (?m) modifier and m flag In Ruby, you can use the inline modifier (?m), for instance in (?m)BEGIN .*? END.This is an odd Ruby quirk as other engines use (?m) for the "^ and $ match on every line" mode. See the section on inline modifiers for juicy details about three additional features: turning it on in mid-string, turning it off with (?-m), or applying it only to the content of a nonREGEX CHEAT SHEET
Quick-Start: Regex Cheat Sheet. The tables below are a reference to basic regex. While reading the rest of the site, when in doubt, you can always come back and look here. (It you want a bookmark, here's a direct link to the regex reference tables ). I encourage you to print the tables so you have a cheat sheet on your desk for quick reference. INTERESTING REGEX CHARACTER CLASSES Binary Number. + This is the same idea as the regex above to match alphanumeric characters. In most engines, the character class only matches digits 0 or 1. The + quantifier makes this an obnoxious regex to match a binary number—if you want to do that, + is all you need. Note that in .NET and Python 3 some engines \d matches any REGEX CHARACTER CLASS OPERATIONS: SUBTRACTION Since this can also be written , unions tend to be useful only in convoluted cases that involve negation or other character class operations (subtraction and intersection). For instance, is a reduced word character class where the only allowable characters are letters, underscores and the digit 0. GREP IN PCRE WITH PCREGREP (OR PCRE2GREP)—TEST PCRE REGEX Installation Notes. No installation is required for either pcregrep or pcretest. However, if you want the grep tool to be at your fingertips when you need it, here is what I suggest you do. Rename pcregrep.exe to grep.exe. Life is too short to type extra letters. Copy grep.exe to the C:\Windows\System32 folder. REGEX TUTORIAL—QUANTIFIER CAPTURE AND QUANTIFIER ARITHMETIC AAATGGTTTGTCCC. Without callbacks, the syntax to accomplish this kind of arithmetic could become cumbersome. Here are two possible implementations, without and with callback: A (+) +C {2*\q1+1} A (+) +C {CALL_VERB somefunction (\q1)} In conclusion, it seems to me that quantifier capture (as a first step) and quantifier arithmetic(as a
REGEX VS. REGULAR EXPRESSIONS And No. At this stage, this is a semantic question—it depends on what one means by regular expression. Nowadays, 99 percent of people who mention regular expressions are really speaking about regex. For them (and for Rex), regex is an abbreviation of regular expression. Another common abbreviation (which is losing the abbreviation war) isregexp.
⬅ Menu: _ALL_ the pagesquick links ⬇
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REX EATS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS FOR BREAKFAST Rex eats regular expressions for breakfast. And so can you! This regex tutorial, one of the most detailed on the web, takes you all the wayto mastery.
This page explains what makes this site special among all other regex sites, but first let's answer a burning question: What is the meaning of life? That's easy. As per the regex humor page, it's simply
^(?=(?!(.)\1)()(?-1)(?WHAT IS A REGEX?First, a regex is a text string. For instance, foo is a regex. So is+:\d+.
Those text strings describe patterns to find text or _positions_ within a body of text. For instance, the regex foo matches the string _foo_, the regex +:\d+ matches string fragments like _F:1_ and _GO:30_, and the regex (?<=)(?=) matches the position in the string _CamelCase_ where we shift from a lower-case letter to anupper-case letter.
Typically, these patterns (which can be beautifully intricate and precise) are used for four main tasks: to FIND text within a larger body of text; to VALIDATE that a string conforms to a desired format; to REPLACE text (or INSERT text at matched positions, which is the same process); and to SPLIT strings. For instance, the CamelCase pattern from the last paragraph can be used to split _MyLovelyValentine_ into its three component words. And you could use the regex _\d+_ to find digits within underscores (as in __12__) and to replace the underscores with double dashes, yielding _--12--_, something you could not do with a conventional search-and-replace (details for that technique are in the recipe about replacing one delimiter with another).
Who does this work of finding, replacing, splitting? A _regex engine_. For instance, you can find regex engines in text editors such as Notepad++ and EditPad Pro. You also find regex engines ready to roar in most programming languages—such as C#, Python, Perl, PHP, Java, JavaScript and Ruby. Let's compress the definition from the earlier paragraphs: > A regex is a text string that describes a pattern that a regex > engine uses in order to find text (or positions) in a body of text, > typically for the purposes of validating, finding, replacing or> splitting.
IS A REGEX THE SAME AS A REGULAR EXPRESSION? Mostly yes, with a little bit of no. At this stage, this is a semantic question—it depends on what one means by _regular expression_. That topic and other juicy details are discussed on the page about Regex vs. Regular Expressions .ABOUT THIS SITE
Before we dive in—and only if you have time—I'd like to introduce this site and what makes it special. I love regular expressions. They are a small computer language oftheir own.
When I was a young dinosaur, I didn't take the time to properly learn the syntax, largely because I really didn't feel like learning another language. Who needs regex, I thought, when your programming language has functions that let you dig into strings from the left, the middleand the right?
What's more, the raw syntax you usually see in code that contains regexes used to intimidate me. Who wants to deal with a language thatlooks like this?
(?s)/\*(?:(?!\*/))*(.*?)*?\*/ It is well worth investing a bit of time in Regular Expressions. You won't look back! As it turns out, you really don't have to write your regular expressions like this. In many regex flavors, you can aerate your regex just like code, indenting and inserting comments as you go. If you walk with me through this site, you will be able to understand the expression above. Just as a preview, here is how the very same regex might look once "aerated" and commented, on multiple lines: (?xs)           # Turn on free-spacing and DOTALL modes /\*             # Match a forward slash and a star (?:             # Some comment goes here (?!\*/)          # Blah# Blah blah
)*              # Blah blah blah (.*?)           # More blah *?   # Yadda yadda blah \*/             # Match a star and a forward slash No doubt about it, even with comments and breathing room, there is something raw and experimental about writing a regex pattern. Besides, how well your pattern performs doesn't only depend on applying correct syntax. There are several ways of doing things, and various regex engines may optimize some of these ways behind yourback.
With regex, you are stepping down to a fairly low level, within earshot of the machine room. I like that. And I've been liking it all the more since learning about tools and safeguards to keep me from falling into the boiler. A (HOPEFULLY) DIFFERENT PRESENTATION OF REGEX To really learn, you need to see the same information in different ways. There are excellent web pages about regex. Not many, but there are some, and I reference my favorite ones throughout the site. Then there are many pages that repeat the same old syntax reference. The problem is that for unfamiliar technical information to anchor itself in your mind—or at least in mine—you need to see it presented from various angles. When I started learning regex, as I was hopping from page to page and book to book, the content was much alike so the "information tree" wasn't yielding all its fruits. As a result, several questions that cut diagonally through the field of regex werestaying unresolved.
_RexEgg_ tries to present regular expressions a bit differently, in the hope that these different angles help many people become more grounded in their knowledge of regex. If you are looking for a drawn-out primer, this is not the place, as I don't see the need to pollute our beautiful world wide web with another explanation of how to match "foo" in "foo bar". But if you take your time to read the carefully-built tables on the quick-launch page then perhaps the page about (? … ) syntax , you will experience what may be the most accelerated regex introduction around. WHAT WILL YOU FIND ON THIS SITE Oh, yes, and forget about practice, that's completely overrated. Just kidding. Get ready, because as far as I know, this site is one of the two most comprehensive regex sources on the net—along with Jan Goyvaerts excellent regex tutorial site . It aims to fill gaps in how regex information is presented elsewhere, including the major regex books. Here are some of the things you will find here. ✽ A step-by-step explanation of simple and advanced regular expressions crafted for various contexts (such as text matching, file renaming, search-and-replace). ✽ A presentation of the many contexts where you may run into regular expressions (from Apache to your html editor and file manager), complete with examples. ✽ A reference about (? … )—to reduce confusion by bringing all the pieces of syntax that start with an opening parenthesis and a question mark into a single place. ✽ A discussion of Conditional Regexes, a topic about which there islittle information.
✽ A discussion of Recursive Regexes, a topic about which there is very little information. ✽ Pages dedicated to regex in C#, Python, PHP and other languages. ✽ Plenty of tips & tricks. ✽ Sections about regex tools and regex books.✽ And much more!
I wish you lots of fun on your journey with regular expressions.Smiles,
Rex
Don't Miss The REGEX STYLE GUIDE and THE BEST REGEX TRICK EVER!!! QUICK-START: REGEX REFERENCE TABLEASK REX
Leave a Comment
1-10 of 10 Threads
isko – NZ
July 08, 2020 - 00:53Subject: Awesome!
Really helpful for noobs like me!Nic – UK
May 11, 2020 - 12:07 Subject: Super helpful Thanks for the detailed page on capturing groups and matching repeating expressions, this website is the best for regex! Anthony – California, USA April 22, 2020 - 05:44 Subject: At the mercy of rexegg After 24 years of programming, I am still putting off learning how to really use regex, but rely on it daily. Thanks for making a big deal out of regex, rexegg.com!Rahul – India
April 14, 2020 - 15:38 Subject: One stop shop for all RegEx things I stumbled upon your site first by mistake and from then on, I come here on purpose. Best place for any and all RegEx reference.Tom – Illinoi
January 01, 2020 - 18:36Subject: Great site
Thanks for all the work you put into this site. It's invaluable!!Josh – America
October 27, 2019 - 01:07Subject: 5 Stars
I only read the landing page, but that dinosaur header is one of the best headers ever made!Reply to Josh
Rex
October 27, 2019 - 01:36 Subject: RE: 5 Stars Thanks man, wow, first time someone compliments me on it. :-) Usually people moan (rightfully so, I guess) that I haven't tweaked the sitefor mobile.
Alf Loe – Germany
February 18, 2018 - 19:33 Subject: The Best Regex page on the web I don't know whether this is the best page on the web. But it was the first I found after searching several hours which gave an understandable summary of the essentials. Thank You.Tony – Paris
October 06, 2017 - 14:33Subject: Regex fan
One of the best Regex Tutorial on the net! Thank you so much. Dana Kulp – Seattle, WA March 09, 2017 - 08:30 Subject: Regex Beginner I'm currently a student learning Javascript. Regex isn't a focus of the program but there is something so intriguing about it and I had to learn more. So glad that I found your site. Thank you very much for taking the time to put this together. It is a truly incredibleresource!
Max Stringer – Reading, UK May 30, 2015 - 04:16 Subject: The Best Regex page on the web These are the best Regex pages on the web, bar none. Reply to Max StringerRex
June 02, 2015 - 08:17 Subject: RE: The Best Regex page on the web Thank you so much for your encouragements, Max! You made my day. :)Leave a Comment
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