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SCIENCE MATTERS
Science Matters. Our magazine Science Matters is packed with good news stories and highlights the impact of partnerships and philanthropic giving at the Australian Academy of Science. 3. WHO BENEFITS FROM VACCINES? An effective vaccine protects an individual against a specific infectious disease and its complications. In the short term, vaccine efficacy is measured by its ability to reduce new infections. The longer-term goal is to reduce serious complications and death. 2 All vaccines currently used in Australia produce high levels of protection that are enough to prevent disease in most vaccinatedNANCY MILLIS MEDAL
ALEX MCBRATNEY
Alex McBratney is a world-leading soil scientist who conceived and developed pedometrics, digital soil mapping and soil security, radically strengthening the knowledge base of soil science. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Other major cities have also observed lower air pollution levels, with measurable reductions in NO 2 and PM 2.5.Across March 2020, average NO 2 concentrations in Rome were 26–35 per cent lower than for the same period in 2019, according to the European Environmental Agency. (On the other hand, levels of PM 2.5 actually increased during Rome's shutdowns, which may be attributed to the HOW GERMS SPREAD FROM SURFACES This article was written by Anna Ahveninen, Communications Officer, Australian Academy of Science, and has been reviewed by the following experts: Associate Professor Andrew Holmes Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney; Professor Damian Purcell Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The Australian Academy of Science is calling on the Australian Government to accelerate Australia’s transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next 10 to 20 years to play our part in avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. 5. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR VACCINATION? Advances in vaccine technology are crucial to limit and prevent infectious diseases around the world, which still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths globally. 68 Changing how existing vaccines are used, developing new vaccine delivery technologies and generating new vaccines are some of the ways researchers are working to overcome this ongoing challenge and save lives. 69 TURNING OLD WHEELS INTO NEW STEEL We produce a lot of waste, and it’s causing problems. Landfills are filling up at an alarming rate and even recycling schemes are starting to buckle under the weight of what we throw away.. However, treating waste products as a valuable resource can lead to a raft of new and sustainable innovations, such as using old tyres to replace coal in steel manufacturing processes. FOOD FOR THOUGHT 2021 Food for Thought 2021. Sink your teeth into some tasty science with the Academy’s Food for Thought speaker series. Join us on a delectable journey of taste, health and food innovations at the home of Australian science excellence, the Shine Dome in Canberra, or join us online around the world.SCIENCE MATTERS
Science Matters. Our magazine Science Matters is packed with good news stories and highlights the impact of partnerships and philanthropic giving at the Australian Academy of Science. 3. WHO BENEFITS FROM VACCINES? An effective vaccine protects an individual against a specific infectious disease and its complications. In the short term, vaccine efficacy is measured by its ability to reduce new infections. The longer-term goal is to reduce serious complications and death. 2 All vaccines currently used in Australia produce high levels of protection that are enough to prevent disease in most vaccinatedNANCY MILLIS MEDAL
ALEX MCBRATNEY
Alex McBratney is a world-leading soil scientist who conceived and developed pedometrics, digital soil mapping and soil security, radically strengthening the knowledge base of soil science. IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH This event will be a broad discussion on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research and international cooperation. In a time when a pandemic is relying on a global coordinated scientific response, COVID-19 restrictions are changing the way we collaborate in the laboratory, in the office, and in the conference hall. HOW SAFE ARE VACCINES? We know that vaccines protect individuals and our communities at large against disease by harnessing the power of the immune system.But how can we be sure that the ingredients in a vaccine are going to be safe and effective for those who receive it?. Clinical trials explained. Vaccines must pass a series of safety checks before they’re rolledout to the public.
CHRONIC PAIN RELIEF FROM THE UNLIKELIEST OF PLACES 23 hours ago · Sufferers of chronic pain know the debilitating consequences of the illness. Existing treatments for chronic pain tend to activate a wide range of receptors in the brain instead of just the few specific ones being targeted. HOW GERMS SPREAD FROM SURFACES This article was written by Anna Ahveninen, Communications Officer, Australian Academy of Science, and has been reviewed by the following experts: Associate Professor Andrew Holmes Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney; Professor Damian Purcell Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne HOW DOES A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AFFECT OUR FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN This article was written by Larissa Fedunik-Hofman, Communications Officer, Australian Academy of Science, and reviewed by the following experts: Professor Simon Cook Adjunct Professor, Murdoch University; Dr Elizabeth Jackson Senior Lecturer, Curtin Business School, Curtin University; Mark Barthel Special Advisor, Fight Food Waste CRC, CSIRO Health and Food SciencesSCIENCE MATTERS
Science Matters. Our magazine Science Matters is packed with good news stories and highlights the impact of partnerships and philanthropic giving at the Australian Academy of Science. TURNING OLD WHEELS INTO NEW STEEL We produce a lot of waste, and it’s causing problems. Landfills are filling up at an alarming rate and even recycling schemes are starting to buckle under the weight of what we throw away.. However, treating waste products as a valuable resource can lead to a raft of new and sustainable innovations, such as using old tyres to replace coal in steel manufacturing processes. THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The precautionary principle This report is a risk assessment based on peer-reviewed scientific literature. Our approach is to include those risks where there is evidence for a link to climate change, even if there is currently some debate about the probability of the impact ZAP! HOW TO MAKE A REALLY INTENSE LASER BEAM This article was written by Emma Berthold, Content Producer, Australian Academy of Science and has been reviewed by the following expert: Emeritus Professor Hans-Albert Bachor AM FAA Emeritus Professor, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, AustralianNational University
WHICH CAME FIRST: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point.. Thankfully, there’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCEOTHER INITIATIVESNEWS AND MEDIA RELEASESHISTORY OF THE SHINE DOMESUPPORT USACADEMY MEDAL The Australian Academy of Science is inviting early- and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) in Australia to join Reboot STEMM, a half-day virtual think tank to help reboot the sector, where we will co-design a strategy to lead us to a more inclusive and diverse way of defining, recognising and rewarding “success”. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. 3. WHO BENEFITS FROM VACCINES? An effective vaccine protects an individual against a specific infectious disease and its complications. In the short term, vaccine efficacy is measured by its ability to reduce new infections. The longer-term goal is to reduce serious complications and death. 2 All vaccines currently used in Australia produce high levels of protection that are enough to prevent disease in most vaccinated THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The Australian Academy of Science is calling on the Australian Government to accelerate Australia’s transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next 10 to 20 years to play our part in avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. The key recommendation is included in a landmark Academy report publishedtoday.
NANCY MILLIS MEDAL
WHY EVOLUTION ISN'T PERFECT Image adapted from: Jelly Dude / Flickr; CC BY 2.0. There are good reasons why the process of natural selection may not always result in a ‘perfect’ solution. Firstly, selection can only act on the available genetic variation. A cheetah, for example, can’t evolve to run faster if there is no ‘faster’ gene variant available. INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF MASS FISH KILLS IN THESEE MORE ONSCIENCE.ORG.AU
1. WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? Climate change is a change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer. Weather is the state of the atmosphere—its temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and so on—over hours to weeks. It is influenced by the oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets WHICH CAME FIRST: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point.. Thankfully, there’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES BUSHFIRE RISK This is known as the CO₂ fertilisation effect, and it will ultimately create more fuel for a potential fire. However, this effect only improves plant growth when there are sufficient amounts of other nutrients, and water. Warmer temperatures at night and during winters AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCEOTHER INITIATIVESNEWS AND MEDIA RELEASESHISTORY OF THE SHINE DOMESUPPORT USACADEMY MEDAL The Australian Academy of Science is inviting early- and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) in Australia to join Reboot STEMM, a half-day virtual think tank to help reboot the sector, where we will co-design a strategy to lead us to a more inclusive and diverse way of defining, recognising and rewarding “success”. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. 3. WHO BENEFITS FROM VACCINES? An effective vaccine protects an individual against a specific infectious disease and its complications. In the short term, vaccine efficacy is measured by its ability to reduce new infections. The longer-term goal is to reduce serious complications and death. 2 All vaccines currently used in Australia produce high levels of protection that are enough to prevent disease in most vaccinated THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The Australian Academy of Science is calling on the Australian Government to accelerate Australia’s transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next 10 to 20 years to play our part in avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. The key recommendation is included in a landmark Academy report publishedtoday.
NANCY MILLIS MEDAL
WHY EVOLUTION ISN'T PERFECT Image adapted from: Jelly Dude / Flickr; CC BY 2.0. There are good reasons why the process of natural selection may not always result in a ‘perfect’ solution. Firstly, selection can only act on the available genetic variation. A cheetah, for example, can’t evolve to run faster if there is no ‘faster’ gene variant available. INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF MASS FISH KILLS IN THESEE MORE ONSCIENCE.ORG.AU
1. WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? Climate change is a change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer. Weather is the state of the atmosphere—its temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and so on—over hours to weeks. It is influenced by the oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets WHICH CAME FIRST: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point.. Thankfully, there’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES BUSHFIRE RISK This is known as the CO₂ fertilisation effect, and it will ultimately create more fuel for a potential fire. However, this effect only improves plant growth when there are sufficient amounts of other nutrients, and water. Warmer temperatures at night and during winters IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH This event will be a broad discussion on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research and international cooperation. In a time when a pandemic is relying on a global coordinated scientific response, COVID-19 restrictions are changing the way we collaborate in the laboratory, in the office, and in the conference hall. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. THE STORY OF OUR EUCALYPTS The story of our eucalypts. Eucalypts—often called gum trees—are icons of the Australian flora. With more than 800 species they dominate the Australian landscape, forming forests, woodland and shrublands in all environments except the most arid deserts. Karri and Mountain ash form tall wet forests, mallee species grow in semi-aridregions
SEEING THE FUTURE: THE BIONIC EYE Essentials. There are several different types of visual prostheses—also known as bionic eyes—being developed around the world. The technology may restore partial vision to users, but cannot yet restore full vision. Most current models of bionic eyes encompass both internal implants and external cameras. Development of bioniceyes involves
GETTING THE BUZZ ON THE VALUE OF BEES Essentials. Bees make more than honey. Around one third of what you eat is pollinated by bees. The annual economic value of pollinators is worth between US $235 to $577 billion globally. Bees are dying and their colonies are collapsing across the world, including in Europe and the United States. Bees face a number of threats includingparasites
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF MASS FISH KILLS IN THE This report investigates the causes of three major fish kills in the Darling River near Menindee in December 2018 and January 2019. It was produced at the request of the Hon. Bill Shorten MP, Leader of the Federal Opposition and was made public by the Academy at the THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT The natural greenhouse effect is a phenomenon caused by gases naturally present in the atmosphere that affect the behaviour of the heat energy radiated by the sun. In simple terms, sunlight (shortwave radiation) passes through the atmosphere, and is absorbed by Earth’s surface. This warms Earth’s surface, and then Earth radiates some of INFOGRAPHIC: WHERE DOES MY FOOD GO AFTER I EAT IT? In my duodenum, bile and enzymes from my pancreas continue to break down the food. My pancreas makes enzymes that break down the food. Muscle contractions push the food through my small intestine, which digests and absorbs the nutrients from the food. My colon absorbs water and electrolytes. My rectum passes the leftover waste out intothe toilet.
THE PHYSICS OF SPEEDING CARS By re-writing the first equation, we can calculate the speed at which the collision occurs: V f = V 0 2 − 2 a d = 8.2 m e t r e s p e r s e c o n d. (where d = 40 metres minus the reaction distance of 27.1 metres = 12.9 metres). Thus, the impact occurs at about 30 kilometres/hour, probably fast enough to kill Sam. HOW MEASLES IMPACTS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM Measles’ superpower: extreme contagiousness. As well as being able to cripple your immune system, the infectivity of the measles virus is legendary: up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people will develop measles if they come into contact with an infected person. Coughing and sneezing sends the measles virus hurtling out of your body and intothe air.
WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. HOW DOES A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AFFECT OUR FOOD SUPPLY CHAINSEE MORE ONSCIENCE.ORG.AU
THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The Australian Academy of Science is calling on the Australian Government to accelerate Australia’s transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next 10 to 20 years to play our part in avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. The key recommendation is included in a landmark Academy report publishedtoday.
5. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR VACCINATION? 5. What does the future hold for vaccination? Infectious diseases still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths in the world. Advances in vaccine technology are crucial to limit and prevent infectious diseases around the world, which still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths globally. 68 Changing how existing vaccinesare used
NANCY MILLIS MEDAL
WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. HOW DOES A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AFFECT OUR FOOD SUPPLY CHAINSEE MORE ONSCIENCE.ORG.AU
THE RISKS TO AUSTRALIA OF A 3°C WARMER WORLD The Australian Academy of Science is calling on the Australian Government to accelerate Australia’s transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next 10 to 20 years to play our part in avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. The key recommendation is included in a landmark Academy report publishedtoday.
5. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR VACCINATION? 5. What does the future hold for vaccination? Infectious diseases still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths in the world. Advances in vaccine technology are crucial to limit and prevent infectious diseases around the world, which still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths globally. 68 Changing how existing vaccinesare used
NANCY MILLIS MEDAL
IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH This event will be a broad discussion on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientific research and international cooperation. In a time when a pandemic is relying on a global coordinated scientific response, COVID-19 restrictions are changing the way we collaborate in the laboratory, in the office, and in the conference hall. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT What impact will COVID-19 have on the environment? COVID-19 has affected our daily lives in an unprecedented range of ways, from physical distancing to travel bans. But the pandemic is also influencing our planet. Air pollution levels have dropped significantly since measures such as quarantines and shutdowns were put in place to contain COVID-19. HOW GERMS SPREAD FROM SURFACES The kind of surface matters. A recent review of the scientific literature found that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, can survive on different surfaces for different amounts of time. Food and maildeliveries are
3. WHO BENEFITS FROM VACCINES? An effective vaccine protects an individual against a specific infectious disease and its complications. In the short term, vaccine efficacy is measured by its ability to reduce new infections. The longer-term goal is to reduce serious complications and death. 2 All vaccines currently used in Australia produce high levels of protection that are enough to prevent disease in most vaccinated HOW SAFE ARE VACCINES? The great majority of side effects that follow a vaccination are minor and don’t last long. The most common side effect is some pain, redness and swelling at the injection site. This inflammatory response is a sign that your immune system is responding to the vaccine as it should. The benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. EXPERT - NIKOLAI PETROVSKY Expertise. I have a PhD in immunology and for the last 25 years have been involved in pandemic vaccine research, having developed more than 20 vaccines including against SARS, MERS, COVID19, swine and bird flu, Ebola etc. I have also taken multiple vaccines (>10) into human clinical trials. Over the last 15 years I have been awarded more than LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR ONLINE VERSUS IN-CLASS EDUCATION Learning outcomes for online versus in-class education. This rapid research information brief synthesises the evidence on the differential learning outcomes for online versus in-class education; factors that moderate the relative effectiveness; and distinct implications for students in metropolitan, remote, rural and Indigenous communities.REBOOT STEMM
The Australian Academy of Science is inviting early- and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) in Australia to join Reboot STEMM, a half-day virtual think tank to help reboot the sector, where we will co-design a strategy to lead us to a more inclusive and diverse way of defining, recognising and rewarding “success”. HOW POPULATION GROWTH IMPACTS THE PLANET How population growth impacts the planet. Find out more about the science of human population: How does the world population clock tick? Population and environment: A global challenge. 1:55 People &medicine.
HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES BUSHFIRE RISK This is known as the CO₂ fertilisation effect, and it will ultimately create more fuel for a potential fire. However, this effect only improves plant growth when there are sufficient amounts of other nutrients, and water. Warmer temperatures at night and during winters AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCEOTHER INITIATIVESNEWS AND MEDIA RELEASESHISTORY OF THE SHINE DOMESUPPORT USACADEMY MEDAL The Australian Academy of Science is inviting early- and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) in Australia to join Reboot STEMM, a half-day virtual think tank to help reboot the sector, where we will co-design a strategy to lead us to a more inclusive and diverse way of defining, recognising and rewarding “success”. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Other major cities have also observed lower air pollution levels, with measurable reductions in NO 2 and PM 2.5.Across March 2020, average NO 2 concentrations in Rome were 26–35 per cent lower than for the same period in 2019, according to the European Environmental Agency. (On the other hand, levels of PM 2.5 actually increased during Rome's shutdowns, which may be attributed to theNANCY MILLIS MEDAL
THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT The composition of the atmosphere is changing. Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. Only about 1 per cent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount of gas makes a big difference. EXPERT - GEOFFREY PUZON OVERVIEW OF EXPERTISE IN RELATION TO THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK AND IMPACT. Dr Puzon is a microbiologist with expertise in the microbial ecology of free living pathogenic organisms in natural and engineered systems. WHICH CAME FIRST: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point.. Thankfully, there’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES BUSHFIRE RISK This article was adapted from Academy website content reviewed by the following experts: Dr Rachel Nolan School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Dr Richard Thornton CEO, Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC; Professor Nevville Nicholls FAA School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University PROFESSOR ROGER SHORT, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGIST Professor Roger Short, reproductive biologist. Roger Valentine Short was born in Surrey, England in 1930. Short was educated at Sherborne School in Dorset before starting a bachelor of veterinary science atBristol University.
ARE VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS WORTH IT? Vitamins are essential for our bodies to function properly. We only need them in very small amounts, and since we are unable to make these important molecules ourselves, we need to get them from other sources (mostly from our diet). WHY ARE SOME BLOOD TYPES INCOMPATIBLE WITH OTHERS Ever wondered why some blood types aren’t ‘compatible’ with others? Or what would happen if you got the wrong blood type during a transfusion? It all comes down to antibodies. Antibodies are specialised proteins that are produced in response to anything that your immune system might need to fight off, such as bacteria andviruses.
AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCEOTHER INITIATIVESNEWS AND MEDIA RELEASESHISTORY OF THE SHINE DOMESUPPORT USACADEMY MEDAL The Australian Academy of Science is inviting early- and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) in Australia to join Reboot STEMM, a half-day virtual think tank to help reboot the sector, where we will co-design a strategy to lead us to a more inclusive and diverse way of defining, recognising and rewarding “success”. WHAT IMPACT WILL COVID-19 HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Other major cities have also observed lower air pollution levels, with measurable reductions in NO 2 and PM 2.5.Across March 2020, average NO 2 concentrations in Rome were 26–35 per cent lower than for the same period in 2019, according to the European Environmental Agency. (On the other hand, levels of PM 2.5 actually increased during Rome's shutdowns, which may be attributed to theNANCY MILLIS MEDAL
THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT The composition of the atmosphere is changing. Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. Only about 1 per cent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount of gas makes a big difference. EXPERT - GEOFFREY PUZON OVERVIEW OF EXPERTISE IN RELATION TO THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK AND IMPACT. Dr Puzon is a microbiologist with expertise in the microbial ecology of free living pathogenic organisms in natural and engineered systems. WHICH CAME FIRST: THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, but chickens come from eggs, leaving us with an intractable circle of clucky, feathery life that apparently has no clear starting point.. Thankfully, there’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES BUSHFIRE RISK This article was adapted from Academy website content reviewed by the following experts: Dr Rachel Nolan School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Dr Richard Thornton CEO, Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC; Professor Nevville Nicholls FAA School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University PROFESSOR ROGER SHORT, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGIST Professor Roger Short, reproductive biologist. Roger Valentine Short was born in Surrey, England in 1930. Short was educated at Sherborne School in Dorset before starting a bachelor of veterinary science atBristol University.
ARE VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS WORTH IT? Vitamins are essential for our bodies to function properly. We only need them in very small amounts, and since we are unable to make these important molecules ourselves, we need to get them from other sources (mostly from our diet). WHY ARE SOME BLOOD TYPES INCOMPATIBLE WITH OTHERS Ever wondered why some blood types aren’t ‘compatible’ with others? Or what would happen if you got the wrong blood type during a transfusion? It all comes down to antibodies. Antibodies are specialised proteins that are produced in response to anything that your immune system might need to fight off, such as bacteria andviruses.
THE SECRET WORLD OF YOUR MICROBIOME Research suggests the majority of your diet should be made up of nutrient-dense ‘good mood foods’ THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT The composition of the atmosphere is changing. Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen. Only about 1 per cent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount of gas makes a big difference. THE RACE TO IDENTIFY AUSTRALIA'S UNKNOWN SPECIES The race to identify Australia's unknown species. Only 30% of Australia’s estimated 750,000 species have been named and documented so far. But Taxonomy Australia has pledged to change that: they aim to document all of Australia's biodiversity in the next 25 years.RARE BLOOD TYPES
This article was adapted from Academy website content and reviewed by the following experts: Professor David O. Irving Director, Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Dr Ashley Ng Haematologist and Clinical Translational Research Fellow, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute; Professor Robert Flower National Research Program Leader, Product Safety, Australian Red THE STORY OF OUR EUCALYPTS Australia's eucalypts are ancient and diverse. Eucalypts—often called gum trees—are icons of the Australian flora. With more than 800 species they dominate the Australian landscape, forming forests, woodland and shrublands in all environments except the most ariddeserts.
5. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR VACCINATION? Advances in vaccine technology are crucial to limit and prevent infectious diseases around the world, which still account for around 40% of all recorded deaths globally. 68 Changing how existing vaccines are used, developing new vaccine delivery technologies and generating new vaccines are some of the ways researchers are working to overcome this ongoing challenge and save lives. 69 1. WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? Figure 1.1: The rates at which energy enters the Earth system from the Sun, and leaves the system, approximately balance on average globally. Energy absorbed at the surface is transferred to the atmosphere via infrared radiation, conduction of sensible heat, and evaporation of water whose latent heat is released later when the water condensesagain.
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT: A GLOBAL CHALLENGE The IPAT equation, first devised in the 1970s, is a way of determining environmental degradation based on a multiple of factors. At its simplest, it describes how human impact on the environment (I) is a result of a multiplicative contribution of population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T). WHAT SEA-LEVEL RISE MEANS FOR AUSTRALIA Around 85 per cent of Australia’s population lives close to the coast. Although we generally haven’t built right up to the shoreline, there is a lot of development along WHAT ARE ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS? Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), also simply referred to as ‘anabolic steroids’, are drugs derived from testosterone, a hormone that is produced in the testes of males and, to a much lesser extent, in the ovaries of females.* __Donate
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2021 AWARDS ROUND NOW OPEN The Australian Academy of Science provides independent, authoritative and influential scientific advice, promotes international scientific engagement, builds public awareness and understanding of science, and champions, celebrates and supports excellence in Australian science.*
NOMINATE NOW FOR THE ACADEMY’S 2021 AWARDS Nominations are now open for the Academy’s 2021 honorific awards, research conferences, research awards and travelling fellowships.Learn more
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COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE LAUNCHED The learned academies of Australia have come together to launch a searchable database of experts to help Australia tackle COVID-19.Read more.
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COVID-19: CAN YOU GET REINFECTED? Professor Raina MacIntyre from UNSW Sydney answers questions about potential reinfection of COVID-19. See all our content about COVID-19.Learn more
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WHAT DOES FLATTENING THE CURVE ACTUALLY MEAN? When we say we need to ‘flatten the curve’, what do we mean? See all our content about COVID-19.Learn more
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NOMINATE NOW FOR THE ACADEMY’S 2021 AWARDS Nominations are now open for the Academy’s 2021 honorific awards, research conferences, research awards and travelling fellowships.Learn more
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COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE LAUNCHED The learned academies of Australia have come together to launch a searchable database of experts to help Australia tackle COVID-19.Read more.
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COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE LAUNCHED*
COVID-19: CAN YOU GET REINFECTED?*
WHAT DOES FLATTENING THE CURVE ACTUALLY MEAN?*
NOMINATE NOW FOR THE ACADEMY’S 2021 AWARDS*
NOMINATE NOW FOR THE ACADEMY’S 2021 AWARDS*
COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE LAUNCHED*
COVID-19: CAN YOU GET REINFECTED?*
WHAT DOES FLATTENING THE CURVE ACTUALLY MEAN?*
NOMINATE NOW FOR THE ACADEMY’S 2021 AWARDS*
COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE LAUNCHEDPrevNext
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COVID-19: THE FACTS
See all the COVID-19 content from the Australian Academy of Science Visit COVID-19 fact pageLATEST NEWS
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ACADEMIES JOIN FORCES TO LAUNCH COVID-19 EXPERT DATABASE03 APRIL, 2020__
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ACADEMY SUPPORTS IAP COMMUNIQUÉ ON COVID-1930 MARCH, 2020__
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ACADEMY SUPPORTS STATEMENT TO G20 LEADERS ON COVID-1927 MARCH, 2020__
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CANCELLED: FOOD FOR THOUGHT: GM FOODSActon, ACT
14 APRIL, 2020
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CANCELLED: SCIENCE AT THE SHINE DOME 2020Acton, ACT
CANCELLED: Science at the Shine Dome is an annual three-day event in May where Australia’s most influential scientists gather at the Shine Dome in Canberra to celebrate science and to honour outstanding achievements in science.26 MAY, 2020
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FOOD FOR THOUGHT: GUT HEALTHActon, ACT
09 JUNE, 2020
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