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ARTRENAISSANCE ART
Interpretation of Mona Lisa. Valued in excess of $1 billion, the Mona Lisa, perhaps the greatest treasure of Renaissance art, is one of many masterpieces of High Renaissance painting housed in the Louvre. The painting is known to Italians as La Gioconda, the French call her La Joconde. The work is arguably the finest ever example of portrait VENETIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (1400-1600) Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (1562) A leading example of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance in sixteenth century Venice. Venetian Renaissance Architecture (1400-1600) LAMENTATION OF CHRIST, GIOTTO: INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS Analysis of the Lamentation of Christ by Giotto. After the Betrayal of Christ (Kiss of Judas), the Lamentation of the Death of Christ is the most famous of the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes painted by Giotto in the first decade of the 14th century. The frescoes were commissioned by the wealthy Scrovegni family for their private chapel in Padua. OLD MASTERS: GREATEST EUROPEAN PAINTERS GREATEST ARTISTS For a list of the Top 10 and Top 20 of the greatest painters & sculptors: Best Artists of All Time: Top 10.. Paintings by Old Masters hang in most of the best art museums, like the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg, the Louvre Museum in Paris, the Pinakothek Museum in Munich, the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Tate Gallery in London, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and the Vatican HAND STENCILS, PREHISTORIC ROCK ART: OLDEST PAINTED HANDPRINTS The world's oldest stencil is part of the Sulawesi Cave art, found recently in Indonesia, dating to (37,900 BCE). Characteristics of Prehistoric Hand Art. As far as age and gender are concerned, recent analysis of hand stencils has shown that Paleolithic art, or at least the caves where the art was created, involved men, women and children. AUTOMATISM IN ART: DEFINITION, HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS Origins and History of Automatism in Art. Although Automatism is really associated with modern artists of the twentieth century, rudimentary forms originated in the eighteenth century, such as the accidental "blot drawings" of the watercolourist Alexander Cozens (1717-86), who taught drawing and evolved a method in which drawings of landscapes could be created from abstract blots on paper. ART IN INDIA: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE Mughal. Mughal painting is a miniaturist style of Indian painting, typically executed to illustrate texts and manuscripts. It emerged and flourished during the the Mughal Empire in the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries, coinciding with the upsurge in the art of illumination in Persia, which reached its heyday during the Safavid Dynasty(1501-1722).
SELF-PORTRAIT WITH FUR COLLAR, ALBRECHT DURER: ANALYSIS One of the pioneering self-portraits of the Northern Renaissance, Self-Portrait with Fur Collar is a panel painting created by the Nuremberg artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528). A child prodigy in drawing, Durer's outstanding abilities in printmaking as well as painting - along with his immense versatility and curiosity - enabledhim to combine
THE SYNDICS OF THE CLOTHMAKERS GUILD, REMBRANDT: ANALYSIS The Composition. The Staalmeesters shows the five-man Board of the Clothmakers Guild, all of whose names are known from contemporary documents, together with their servant, who is shown without a VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. MONA LISA, LEONARDO DA VINCI: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATIONPORTRAITARTRENAISSANCE ART
Interpretation of Mona Lisa. Valued in excess of $1 billion, the Mona Lisa, perhaps the greatest treasure of Renaissance art, is one of many masterpieces of High Renaissance painting housed in the Louvre. The painting is known to Italians as La Gioconda, the French call her La Joconde. The work is arguably the finest ever example of portrait VENETIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (1400-1600) Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (1562) A leading example of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance in sixteenth century Venice. Venetian Renaissance Architecture (1400-1600) LAMENTATION OF CHRIST, GIOTTO: INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS Analysis of the Lamentation of Christ by Giotto. After the Betrayal of Christ (Kiss of Judas), the Lamentation of the Death of Christ is the most famous of the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes painted by Giotto in the first decade of the 14th century. The frescoes were commissioned by the wealthy Scrovegni family for their private chapel in Padua. OLD MASTERS: GREATEST EUROPEAN PAINTERS GREATEST ARTISTS For a list of the Top 10 and Top 20 of the greatest painters & sculptors: Best Artists of All Time: Top 10.. Paintings by Old Masters hang in most of the best art museums, like the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg, the Louvre Museum in Paris, the Pinakothek Museum in Munich, the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Tate Gallery in London, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and the Vatican HAND STENCILS, PREHISTORIC ROCK ART: OLDEST PAINTED HANDPRINTS The world's oldest stencil is part of the Sulawesi Cave art, found recently in Indonesia, dating to (37,900 BCE). Characteristics of Prehistoric Hand Art. As far as age and gender are concerned, recent analysis of hand stencils has shown that Paleolithic art, or at least the caves where the art was created, involved men, women and children. AUTOMATISM IN ART: DEFINITION, HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS Origins and History of Automatism in Art. Although Automatism is really associated with modern artists of the twentieth century, rudimentary forms originated in the eighteenth century, such as the accidental "blot drawings" of the watercolourist Alexander Cozens (1717-86), who taught drawing and evolved a method in which drawings of landscapes could be created from abstract blots on paper. ART IN INDIA: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE Mughal. Mughal painting is a miniaturist style of Indian painting, typically executed to illustrate texts and manuscripts. It emerged and flourished during the the Mughal Empire in the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries, coinciding with the upsurge in the art of illumination in Persia, which reached its heyday during the Safavid Dynasty(1501-1722).
SELF-PORTRAIT WITH FUR COLLAR, ALBRECHT DURER: ANALYSIS One of the pioneering self-portraits of the Northern Renaissance, Self-Portrait with Fur Collar is a panel painting created by the Nuremberg artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528). A child prodigy in drawing, Durer's outstanding abilities in printmaking as well as painting - along with his immense versatility and curiosity - enabledhim to combine
THE SYNDICS OF THE CLOTHMAKERS GUILD, REMBRANDT: ANALYSIS The Composition. The Staalmeesters shows the five-man Board of the Clothmakers Guild, all of whose names are known from contemporary documents, together with their servant, who is shown without a DESIGN ART: HISTORY, TYPES OF APPLIED ARTS Art and Design (c.1850-1970): History of Designwork, Art Nouveau, Bauhaus, Art Deco, De Stijl, Ulm School ROMAN ART: ORIGINS, HISTORY, TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS Cultural Inferiority Complex. Roman architecture and engineering was never less than bold, but its painting and sculpture was based on Greek traditions and also on art forms developed in its vassal states like Egypt and Ancient Persia.To put it another way, despite their spectacular military triumphs, the Romans had an inferiority complex in the face of Greek artistic achievement. HAND STENCILS, PREHISTORIC ROCK ART: OLDEST PAINTED HANDPRINTS The world's oldest stencil is part of the Sulawesi Cave art, found recently in Indonesia, dating to (37,900 BCE). Characteristics of Prehistoric Hand Art. As far as age and gender are concerned, recent analysis of hand stencils has shown that Paleolithic art, or at least the caves where the art was created, involved men, women and children. GREEK ARCHITECTURE: HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS Introduction. The architecture of Ancient Greece concerns the buildings erected on the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands, and throughout the Greek colonies in Asia Minor (Turkey), Sicily and Italy, during the approximate period 900-27 BCE. Arguably the greatest form of Greek art, it is most famous for its stone temples (c.600 onwards), exemplified by the Temple of Hera I at Paestum, Italy ART EVALUATION: HOW TO APPRECIATE ART, JUDGE A PAINTING Art Education Series. This article, written by our Editor Neil Collins, is designed for art students and art schools as part of our new series on art appreciation. DETAILS OF ARTISTS MENTIONED EVA HESSE: MINIMALIST SCULPTOR Important Projects "Ishtar" (1965) By Eva Hesse one of the most promising postmodernist artists in New York. Biography. The quirky, American painter and sculptor Eva Hesse was a pioneer of postmodernist art, whose short life ended tragically just as she began to gain recognition in the American art world.Although she began her creative life in painting, at the age of 28 she switched to PROTESTANT REFORMATION ART: CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Protestant Art of the 16th-Century. Both the German Renaissance and the Netherlandish Renaissance were coming to an end by the time the Reformation gathered momentum. In Germany, most of the leading artists like Martin Schongauer (c.1440-91), Matthias Grunewald (1470-1528), Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), Albrecht Altdorfer (1480-1538), Hans Baldung Grien (1484-1545) and others, were either ART IN INDIA: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE Mughal. Mughal painting is a miniaturist style of Indian painting, typically executed to illustrate texts and manuscripts. It emerged and flourished during the the Mughal Empire in the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries, coinciding with the upsurge in the art of illumination in Persia, which reached its heyday during the Safavid Dynasty(1501-1722).
SELF-PORTRAIT WITH FUR COLLAR, ALBRECHT DURER: ANALYSIS One of the pioneering self-portraits of the Northern Renaissance, Self-Portrait with Fur Collar is a panel painting created by the Nuremberg artist Albrecht Durer (1471-1528). A child prodigy in drawing, Durer's outstanding abilities in printmaking as well as painting - along with his immense versatility and curiosity - enabledhim to combine
TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. SULAWESI CAVE ART, LEANG TIMPUSENG PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS The earliest art - discovered inside Leang Timpuseng cave - consists of a hand stencil dating to at least 37,900 BCE. This makes it the second oldest painting in the world. Only the El Castillo Cave paintings, which date to 39,000 BCE in Spain are older. Also at Leang Timpuseng cave is a painting of a "babirusa" (a type of SE Asian"pig-deer
NINETEENTH CENTURY COLOUR PALETTE Titanium White. Although actually discovered as early as 1821, mass-production of this superb artist-quality pigment only began in the early 1920s. Important 19th Century Colourist Movements. The 19th century witnessed an upsurge in art movements and painting ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
PORTRAIT ARTISTS: 20TH CENTURY The Prophet (1912) By Emil Nolde. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Early Twentieth Century Portraits. 20th century art turned away from classical or formal portrait art and focused instead on new ways of presenting reality. Portraits became merely another genre which artists used to promote a KIMBERLEY ROCK ART: DATING, TYPES OF ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS Hand Stencil Painting (after 25,000) Aboriginal art, Kimberley Region. Naturalistic Animal Style of Rock Art (after 25,000 BCE) Kimberleyregion.
HEIDELBERG SCHOOL OF AUSTRALIAN IMPRESSIONISM, MELBOURNE History and Characteristics. In fine art, the Heidelberg School refers to the group of 19th century Australian painters who worked together in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in 'artist-camps' throughout the rural area of Heidelberg, to the east of Melbourne. Seen as an important movement of modern art in Australia, it is known inparticular
KOONALDA CAVE ART: CHARACTERISTICS OF ABORIGINAL FINGER Koonalda Cave is a limestone sink-hole filled with aboriginal rock art, which sits about 70 metres (235 feet) below the flat, treeless and burning hot surface of the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. This crater-like doline contains several chambers including a main chamber similar in size to a sports stadium. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
NICOLA PISANO: ITALIAN GOTHIC SCULPTOR, BIOGRAPHY Nicola Pisano (1206-78) The medieval Italian sculptor and architect, Nicola Pisano, was a highly innovative artist. Indeed it was his ability to assimilate different styles of art from classical Roman reliefs to French gothic sculpture that would result in the emergence of a new style of Gothic art – a style whose influence would becarried
VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. SULAWESI CAVE ART, LEANG TIMPUSENG PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS The earliest art - discovered inside Leang Timpuseng cave - consists of a hand stencil dating to at least 37,900 BCE. This makes it the second oldest painting in the world. Only the El Castillo Cave paintings, which date to 39,000 BCE in Spain are older. Also at Leang Timpuseng cave is a painting of a "babirusa" (a type of SE Asian"pig-deer
NINETEENTH CENTURY COLOUR PALETTE Titanium White. Although actually discovered as early as 1821, mass-production of this superb artist-quality pigment only began in the early 1920s. Important 19th Century Colourist Movements. The 19th century witnessed an upsurge in art movements and painting ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
PORTRAIT ARTISTS: 20TH CENTURY The Prophet (1912) By Emil Nolde. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Early Twentieth Century Portraits. 20th century art turned away from classical or formal portrait art and focused instead on new ways of presenting reality. Portraits became merely another genre which artists used to promote a KIMBERLEY ROCK ART: DATING, TYPES OF ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS Hand Stencil Painting (after 25,000) Aboriginal art, Kimberley Region. Naturalistic Animal Style of Rock Art (after 25,000 BCE) Kimberleyregion.
HEIDELBERG SCHOOL OF AUSTRALIAN IMPRESSIONISM, MELBOURNE History and Characteristics. In fine art, the Heidelberg School refers to the group of 19th century Australian painters who worked together in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in 'artist-camps' throughout the rural area of Heidelberg, to the east of Melbourne. Seen as an important movement of modern art in Australia, it is known inparticular
KOONALDA CAVE ART: CHARACTERISTICS OF ABORIGINAL FINGER Koonalda Cave is a limestone sink-hole filled with aboriginal rock art, which sits about 70 metres (235 feet) below the flat, treeless and burning hot surface of the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. This crater-like doline contains several chambers including a main chamber similar in size to a sports stadium. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
NICOLA PISANO: ITALIAN GOTHIC SCULPTOR, BIOGRAPHY Nicola Pisano (1206-78) The medieval Italian sculptor and architect, Nicola Pisano, was a highly innovative artist. Indeed it was his ability to assimilate different styles of art from classical Roman reliefs to French gothic sculpture that would result in the emergence of a new style of Gothic art – a style whose influence would becarried
NEOCLASSICAL SCULPTURE: GREEK/ROMAN STYLE ART Neoclassical Sculpture in Italy. The first great exponent of the style in sculpture was an Italian, Antonio Canova (1757-1822), born at Possagno in the province of Treviso but active chiefly at Rome. He tinged the Neoclassical manner with other characteristics, but he also exemplified its typical features. CLOISONNÉ ENAMELLING: CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Characteristics of Cloisonné Enamelling. One of the oldest and best-known enamelling techniques, widely seen in precious metalwork and goldsmithery, Cloisonné derives its name from the French word (cloison) for "compartment" or "partition". In simple terms, cloisonné enamelling is a three-stage process. First, flat metalstrips (or wire
SCULPTORS, 19TH-CENTURY 19th Century Sculptors. "The Departure of the volunteers of 1792". (1833-36) Also called "La Marseillaise". Bronze Relief, Arc de Triomphe, Paris. By Francois Rude. The nineteenth century was an age of perpetual crisis in which a growing conflict of interest between the best artists and the public led to a sense of deep frustration onboth sides.
TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
HAN DYNASTY ART: CHARACTERISTICS, TYPES Han Arts and Culture. The Han Dynasty presided over a golden age of Chinese culture, which embraced visual art as well as poetry, literature and music. In the case of both fine art and decorative art, a major stimulus was the revival of tomb art, which developed significantly during NEO-PLASTICISM: DEFINITION, CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Neo-plasticism was the ultimate style of modern art. As well as abstract painting, it influenced many different types of design and architecture. It also had a specific impact on certain variants of Abstract Expressionism (such as hard edge painting ), and proved to be an important precursor to Minimalism. VENUS OF BRASSEMPOUY: PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE: DESCRIPTION Introduction. A unique item of prehistoric art, the Venus of Brassempouy is a surviving fragment of an ivory carving (broken in antiquity) which was unearthed in 1892 at Brassempouy, in the department of Landes in southwest France in 1892. Dated to about 23,000 years BCE, this prehistoric sculpture is one of very few detailed representations of a human face, from the Stone Age era, and CHARCOAL DRAWINGS: HISTORY, JAPANESE SUMI-E DRAWING Bamboo charcoal is the main media employed by Japanese Sumi-e artists, (note: Sumi-e actually means charcoal drawing). Charcoal is often used by painters making preparatory drawings on the canvas, before adding pigment. This is because it is easily overpainted without affectingthe
A BAR AT THE FOLIES BERGERE, EDOUARD MANET: ANALYSIS Background. Edouard Manet was a highly contradictory figure. On the one hand he was a very innovative painter, whose groundbreaking works - Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (1863) and Olympia (1863) - heralded the arrival of modern art while scandalizing critics and public alike. In addition, he was associated with the avant-garde art of the Impressionist painters, becoming a figure of admiration for CELTIC CROSSES DESIGNS Muirdeach High Cross (c.900) Ancient Celtic Cross Design. Celtic Crosses Designs. What is a Celtic Cross? A Celtic cross design is commonly thought to combine the shape of a regular "Christian-style" cross (the equal-armed "Greek Cross" or crux quadrata) with a ring surrounding the intersection of arm with the shaft, forming what is often called a "sun-cross" or "solar-wheel". VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. SULAWESI CAVE ART, LEANG TIMPUSENG PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS The earliest art - discovered inside Leang Timpuseng cave - consists of a hand stencil dating to at least 37,900 BCE. This makes it the second oldest painting in the world. Only the El Castillo Cave paintings, which date to 39,000 BCE in Spain are older. Also at Leang Timpuseng cave is a painting of a "babirusa" (a type of SE Asian"pig-deer
NINETEENTH CENTURY COLOUR PALETTE Titanium White. Although actually discovered as early as 1821, mass-production of this superb artist-quality pigment only began in the early 1920s. Important 19th Century Colourist Movements. The 19th century witnessed an upsurge in art movements and painting ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
PORTRAIT ARTISTS: 20TH CENTURY The Prophet (1912) By Emil Nolde. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Early Twentieth Century Portraits. 20th century art turned away from classical or formal portrait art and focused instead on new ways of presenting reality. Portraits became merely another genre which artists used to promote a KIMBERLEY ROCK ART: DATING, TYPES OF ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS Hand Stencil Painting (after 25,000) Aboriginal art, Kimberley Region. Naturalistic Animal Style of Rock Art (after 25,000 BCE) Kimberleyregion.
HEIDELBERG SCHOOL OF AUSTRALIAN IMPRESSIONISM, MELBOURNE History and Characteristics. In fine art, the Heidelberg School refers to the group of 19th century Australian painters who worked together in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in 'artist-camps' throughout the rural area of Heidelberg, to the east of Melbourne. Seen as an important movement of modern art in Australia, it is known inparticular
KOONALDA CAVE ART: CHARACTERISTICS OF ABORIGINAL FINGER Koonalda Cave is a limestone sink-hole filled with aboriginal rock art, which sits about 70 metres (235 feet) below the flat, treeless and burning hot surface of the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. This crater-like doline contains several chambers including a main chamber similar in size to a sports stadium. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
NICOLA PISANO: ITALIAN GOTHIC SCULPTOR, BIOGRAPHY Nicola Pisano (1206-78) The medieval Italian sculptor and architect, Nicola Pisano, was a highly innovative artist. Indeed it was his ability to assimilate different styles of art from classical Roman reliefs to French gothic sculpture that would result in the emergence of a new style of Gothic art – a style whose influence would becarried
VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. SULAWESI CAVE ART, LEANG TIMPUSENG PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS The earliest art - discovered inside Leang Timpuseng cave - consists of a hand stencil dating to at least 37,900 BCE. This makes it the second oldest painting in the world. Only the El Castillo Cave paintings, which date to 39,000 BCE in Spain are older. Also at Leang Timpuseng cave is a painting of a "babirusa" (a type of SE Asian"pig-deer
NINETEENTH CENTURY COLOUR PALETTE Titanium White. Although actually discovered as early as 1821, mass-production of this superb artist-quality pigment only began in the early 1920s. Important 19th Century Colourist Movements. The 19th century witnessed an upsurge in art movements and painting ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
PORTRAIT ARTISTS: 20TH CENTURY The Prophet (1912) By Emil Nolde. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Early Twentieth Century Portraits. 20th century art turned away from classical or formal portrait art and focused instead on new ways of presenting reality. Portraits became merely another genre which artists used to promote a KIMBERLEY ROCK ART: DATING, TYPES OF ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS Hand Stencil Painting (after 25,000) Aboriginal art, Kimberley Region. Naturalistic Animal Style of Rock Art (after 25,000 BCE) Kimberleyregion.
HEIDELBERG SCHOOL OF AUSTRALIAN IMPRESSIONISM, MELBOURNE History and Characteristics. In fine art, the Heidelberg School refers to the group of 19th century Australian painters who worked together in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in 'artist-camps' throughout the rural area of Heidelberg, to the east of Melbourne. Seen as an important movement of modern art in Australia, it is known inparticular
KOONALDA CAVE ART: CHARACTERISTICS OF ABORIGINAL FINGER Koonalda Cave is a limestone sink-hole filled with aboriginal rock art, which sits about 70 metres (235 feet) below the flat, treeless and burning hot surface of the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. This crater-like doline contains several chambers including a main chamber similar in size to a sports stadium. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
NICOLA PISANO: ITALIAN GOTHIC SCULPTOR, BIOGRAPHY Nicola Pisano (1206-78) The medieval Italian sculptor and architect, Nicola Pisano, was a highly innovative artist. Indeed it was his ability to assimilate different styles of art from classical Roman reliefs to French gothic sculpture that would result in the emergence of a new style of Gothic art – a style whose influence would becarried
NEOCLASSICAL SCULPTURE: GREEK/ROMAN STYLE ART Neoclassical Sculpture in Italy. The first great exponent of the style in sculpture was an Italian, Antonio Canova (1757-1822), born at Possagno in the province of Treviso but active chiefly at Rome. He tinged the Neoclassical manner with other characteristics, but he also exemplified its typical features. CLOISONNÉ ENAMELLING: CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Characteristics of Cloisonné Enamelling. One of the oldest and best-known enamelling techniques, widely seen in precious metalwork and goldsmithery, Cloisonné derives its name from the French word (cloison) for "compartment" or "partition". In simple terms, cloisonné enamelling is a three-stage process. First, flat metalstrips (or wire
SCULPTORS, 19TH-CENTURY 19th Century Sculptors. "The Departure of the volunteers of 1792". (1833-36) Also called "La Marseillaise". Bronze Relief, Arc de Triomphe, Paris. By Francois Rude. The nineteenth century was an age of perpetual crisis in which a growing conflict of interest between the best artists and the public led to a sense of deep frustration onboth sides.
TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
HAN DYNASTY ART: CHARACTERISTICS, TYPES Han Arts and Culture. The Han Dynasty presided over a golden age of Chinese culture, which embraced visual art as well as poetry, literature and music. In the case of both fine art and decorative art, a major stimulus was the revival of tomb art, which developed significantly during NEO-PLASTICISM: DEFINITION, CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Neo-plasticism was the ultimate style of modern art. As well as abstract painting, it influenced many different types of design and architecture. It also had a specific impact on certain variants of Abstract Expressionism (such as hard edge painting ), and proved to be an important precursor to Minimalism. VENUS OF BRASSEMPOUY: PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE: DESCRIPTION Introduction. A unique item of prehistoric art, the Venus of Brassempouy is a surviving fragment of an ivory carving (broken in antiquity) which was unearthed in 1892 at Brassempouy, in the department of Landes in southwest France in 1892. Dated to about 23,000 years BCE, this prehistoric sculpture is one of very few detailed representations of a human face, from the Stone Age era, and CHARCOAL DRAWINGS: HISTORY, JAPANESE SUMI-E DRAWING Bamboo charcoal is the main media employed by Japanese Sumi-e artists, (note: Sumi-e actually means charcoal drawing). Charcoal is often used by painters making preparatory drawings on the canvas, before adding pigment. This is because it is easily overpainted without affectingthe
A BAR AT THE FOLIES BERGERE, EDOUARD MANET: ANALYSIS Background. Edouard Manet was a highly contradictory figure. On the one hand he was a very innovative painter, whose groundbreaking works - Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (1863) and Olympia (1863) - heralded the arrival of modern art while scandalizing critics and public alike. In addition, he was associated with the avant-garde art of the Impressionist painters, becoming a figure of admiration for CELTIC CROSSES DESIGNS Muirdeach High Cross (c.900) Ancient Celtic Cross Design. Celtic Crosses Designs. What is a Celtic Cross? A Celtic cross design is commonly thought to combine the shape of a regular "Christian-style" cross (the equal-armed "Greek Cross" or crux quadrata) with a ring surrounding the intersection of arm with the shaft, forming what is often called a "sun-cross" or "solar-wheel". VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
BAROQUE ARCHITECTS: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNERS, 17TH CENTURY Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723) Eminent Austrian Baroque architect, brough Italian styles to central Europe. - Kollegienkirche (1694-1707, Salzburg) - Stadtpalais (1695-8, Vienna) - Church of St Charles (1716-30, Vienna) Jakob Prandtauer (1660 TROMPE L'OEIL IN FINE ART Trompe l'oeil: Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the term Trompe l'oeil refers to the technique of visual illusion, whereby the eye of the viewer is deceived into thinking that a painting is actually a three-dimensional object, rather than merely a two-dimensional representation of it. This type of artistic optical illusion is commonly STATUE OF LIBERTY: HISTORY, DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE The statue's head on display at the World Fair in Paris, 1878. Terminology For a guide, see: Architecture Glossary.. Summary At-a-Glance. The Statue of Liberty is a monumental sculpture located on Liberty Island, Upper New York Bay, south of Ellis Island, in New York City. The statue, which is 305 feet tall (93 m), was designed by French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) as a gift to the LAMENTATION OF CHRIST, GIOTTO: INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS Analysis of the Lamentation of Christ by Giotto. After the Betrayal of Christ (Kiss of Judas), the Lamentation of the Death of Christ is the most famous of the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes painted by Giotto in the first decade of the 14th century. The frescoes were commissioned by the wealthy Scrovegni family for their private chapel in Padua. A BAR AT THE FOLIES BERGERE, EDOUARD MANET: ANALYSIS Background. Edouard Manet was a highly contradictory figure. On the one hand he was a very innovative painter, whose groundbreaking works - Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (1863) and Olympia (1863) - heralded the arrival of modern art while scandalizing critics and public alike. In addition, he was associated with the avant-garde art of the Impressionist painters, becoming a figure of admiration for SUPPER AT EMMAUS, CARAVAGGIO: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION It is not certain for whom Caravaggio painted his Supper at Emmaus, but we do know that it was made in Rome, probably in 1602, at the height of the Counter-Reformation.The Council of Trent, established to combat the continued threat of Protestantism, had declared in 1563 "that by means of the stories of the mysteries of our Redemption, portrayed by paintings or other representations, the ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
LADY WITH AN ERMINE, LEONARDO DA VINCI: INTERPRETATION Lady with an Ermine exemplifies several techniques of High Renaissance painting. First, Leonardo's mastery of chiaroscuro - the use of shadow to enhance the three-dimensional relief of the figure. Second, his use of sfumato to create fine and very gradual tonal changes, notably around the eyes and mouth - a technique he used extensively in the VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIAWHAT IS ARTART TYPESPORTRAIT ARTOLDEST STONE AGE ARTRENAISSANCE ARTART DEFINITION DO YOU KNOW THE OLDEST ART EVER FOUND? 100 Oldest Works of Stone Age Art. History of Art Our coverage of Prehistoric art features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of Berekhat Ram and Tan-Tan, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. TENEBRISM - VISUAL ARTS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tenebrism. Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in whichsome areas of the
BAROQUE ARCHITECTS: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNERS, 17TH CENTURY Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656-1723) Eminent Austrian Baroque architect, brough Italian styles to central Europe. - Kollegienkirche (1694-1707, Salzburg) - Stadtpalais (1695-8, Vienna) - Church of St Charles (1716-30, Vienna) Jakob Prandtauer (1660 TROMPE L'OEIL IN FINE ART Trompe l'oeil: Definition & Characteristics. In fine art, the term Trompe l'oeil refers to the technique of visual illusion, whereby the eye of the viewer is deceived into thinking that a painting is actually a three-dimensional object, rather than merely a two-dimensional representation of it. This type of artistic optical illusion is commonly STATUE OF LIBERTY: HISTORY, DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE The statue's head on display at the World Fair in Paris, 1878. Terminology For a guide, see: Architecture Glossary.. Summary At-a-Glance. The Statue of Liberty is a monumental sculpture located on Liberty Island, Upper New York Bay, south of Ellis Island, in New York City. The statue, which is 305 feet tall (93 m), was designed by French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) as a gift to the LAMENTATION OF CHRIST, GIOTTO: INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS Analysis of the Lamentation of Christ by Giotto. After the Betrayal of Christ (Kiss of Judas), the Lamentation of the Death of Christ is the most famous of the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes painted by Giotto in the first decade of the 14th century. The frescoes were commissioned by the wealthy Scrovegni family for their private chapel in Padua. A BAR AT THE FOLIES BERGERE, EDOUARD MANET: ANALYSIS Background. Edouard Manet was a highly contradictory figure. On the one hand he was a very innovative painter, whose groundbreaking works - Dejeuner sur L'Herbe (1863) and Olympia (1863) - heralded the arrival of modern art while scandalizing critics and public alike. In addition, he was associated with the avant-garde art of the Impressionist painters, becoming a figure of admiration for SUPPER AT EMMAUS, CARAVAGGIO: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION It is not certain for whom Caravaggio painted his Supper at Emmaus, but we do know that it was made in Rome, probably in 1602, at the height of the Counter-Reformation.The Council of Trent, established to combat the continued threat of Protestantism, had declared in 1563 "that by means of the stories of the mysteries of our Redemption, portrayed by paintings or other representations, the ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
LADY WITH AN ERMINE, LEONARDO DA VINCI: INTERPRETATION Lady with an Ermine exemplifies several techniques of High Renaissance painting. First, Leonardo's mastery of chiaroscuro - the use of shadow to enhance the three-dimensional relief of the figure. Second, his use of sfumato to create fine and very gradual tonal changes, notably around the eyes and mouth - a technique he used extensively in the ABSINTHE, EDGAR DEGAS: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION ART EVALUATION For analysis of paintings by Impressionist painters like Edgar Degas, see: How to Appreciate Paintings.. Background. Although his painting shows some of the characteristics of Impressionism, and although he participated in seven out of eight of the Impressionist Exhibitions in Paris (1874-86), Degas was never a committed member of the Impressionist group. MONA LISA, LEONARDO DA VINCI: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION Interpretation of Mona Lisa. Valued in excess of $1 billion, the Mona Lisa, perhaps the greatest treasure of Renaissance art, is one of many masterpieces of High Renaissance painting housed in the Louvre. The painting is known to Italians as La Gioconda, the French call her La Joconde. The work is arguably the finest ever example of portrait LADY WITH AN ERMINE, LEONARDO DA VINCI: INTERPRETATION Lady with an Ermine exemplifies several techniques of High Renaissance painting. First, Leonardo's mastery of chiaroscuro - the use of shadow to enhance the three-dimensional relief of the figure. Second, his use of sfumato to create fine and very gradual tonal changes, notably around the eyes and mouth - a technique he used extensively in the SUPPER AT EMMAUS, CARAVAGGIO: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION It is not certain for whom Caravaggio painted his Supper at Emmaus, but we do know that it was made in Rome, probably in 1602, at the height of the Counter-Reformation.The Council of Trent, established to combat the continued threat of Protestantism, had declared in 1563 "that by means of the stories of the mysteries of our Redemption, portrayed by paintings or other representations, the GOLDSMITHING: TECHNIQUES, HISTORY Goldsmithing and Goldsmithery (c.3000 BCE onwards): Goldsmith Techniques, Enamelling, Embossing, Famous Goldsmiths, Collections ofGold Objects
ALLEGORY OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE, PIETRO DA CORTONA: ANALYSIS UNDERSTANDING ART To appreciate paintings by Italian Baroque artists like Pietro da Cortona, please see: Art Evaluation. Background. The Allegory of Divine Providence, a masterpiece of trompe l'oeil art, was created by Pietro da Cortona to decorate the large ceiling of the grand salon of the palatial home of the Barberini family, in Rome. CLOISONNÉ ENAMELLING: CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY Characteristics of Cloisonné Enamelling. One of the oldest and best-known enamelling techniques, widely seen in precious metalwork and goldsmithery, Cloisonné derives its name from the French word (cloison) for "compartment" or "partition". In simple terms, cloisonné enamelling is a three-stage process. First, flat metalstrips (or wire
ARISTOTLE CONTEMPLATING THE BUST OF HOMER, REMBRANDT Interpretation of Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. Considered to be one of the greatest portraits in 17th century Dutch painting, this impressive, if unusual, imaginary painting, was painted by Rembrandt for Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina (1610-78), one of Sicily's great art collectors. (On his death he owned 364 paintings bynumerous
BOY WITH A PIPE, PABLO PICASSO: ANALYSIS Boy with a Pipe depicts "little Louis", a teenage boy who spent much of his time hanging around Picasso's studio in Le Bateau-Lavoir, Montmartre. He is dressed in a blue overalls and holds a pipe in his left hand. On his head is a garland of pink roses, while painted on the pink-ish wall behind him are two circular arrangements of flowers,in
CELTIC CROSSES DESIGNS Muirdeach High Cross (c.900) Ancient Celtic Cross Design. Celtic Crosses Designs. What is a Celtic Cross? A Celtic cross design is commonly thought to combine the shape of a regular "Christian-style" cross (the equal-armed "Greek Cross" or crux quadrata) with a ring surrounding the intersection of arm with the shaft, forming what is often called a "sun-cross" or "solar-wheel".ART ENCYCLOPEDIA
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How is art defined and classified? What's the difference between fine, decorative and applied arts? What's the difference between arts and crafts? What's the difference between representational and ABSTRACT ART ? What are aesthetics? What are ready-mades? What is junk art? For answers to these and other questions see: DEFINITION AND MEANING OF ART . For Christian diptychs, triptychs and polyptych altarpieces, Eastern Orthodox icons, and illuminated gospel manuscripts, see: CHRISTIAN ART . For all artworks derived from the Old or New Testament of the Bible, see: BIBLICAL ART . For a guide to sacred artworks in general, see: RELIGIOUS ART . For more information about print techniques such as woodcuts, relief or intaglio processes, aquatint, mezzotint, etching, dry-point, engraving or lithography, stencils, serigraphy and silkscreen, see PRINTMAKING . Other forms of art covered include various types of painting and DRAWING , as well as animation, architecture, assemblage, calligraphy, caricature, ceramics, collage, conceptualism, digital computer art, graffiti, graphic art, illustration, installations, performance, metalwork, mosaics, photography, pottery, sculpture, sketching, stained glass, tapestry, textile design, video, numerous types of artistic design, and more. • For more information, see TYPES OF ART . • For answers to popular questions, see: ART QUESTIONS.
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WORLD'S GREATEST PAINTERS (C.1300-1800) Read biographies of ALL the great European Old Masters, such as: Gothic illuminators like Jean Pucelle and the Limbourg Brothers; leading icon panel painters like Theophanes the Greek and Andrei Rublev; Sienese painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna; Flemish masters like Jan Van Eyck, Roger Van der Weyden, Hans Memling; Dutch painters like Hieronymus Bosch, as well as early German artists like Albrecht Altdorfer, Durer and Holbein. We analyze the GREATEST RENAISSANCE PAINTINGS by Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo Da Vinci, Correggio, Raphael and Tintoretto. We profile Mannerists like Paolo Veronese, miniaturists like Nicholas Hilliard, the Bolognese School of Annibale Carracci, and the great masters of Baroque painting such as Rubens, Caravaggio, Velazquez, as well as Ribera's Neapolitan School, and illusionist fresco painters like Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Pozzo. We profile Dutch Realists like Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer; as well as 18th century view-painters like Canaletto, Rococo painters like Boucher and Fragonard; Neoclassicists such as Jacques-Louis David, and Romantics like Goya. • For a chronological list of painters by movement, see: OLD MASTERS.
• For a combined list of painters and sculptors, see: VISUALARTISTS: GREATEST .
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TURNER PRIZE WINNERS BEST MODERN PAINTERS (C.1700-PRESENT) We profile ALL the great 18th century masters of ENGLISH FIGURATIVEPAINTING , like
William Hogarth and Joshua Reynolds, as well as ALL the main members of the school of ENGLISH LANDSCAPE PAINTING including JMW Turner, Constable and Richard Parkes Bonington. We also cover the 18th century American School, exemplified by portraitists Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, and Gilbert Stuart, and Japanese _Ukiyo-e_ artists, like Hokusai and Hiroshige. We provide biographies of ALL major 19TH CENTURY PAINTERS including: masters from the French Barbizon Landscape School, like Corot, Theodore Rousseau, Millet and Daubigny, as well as American painters of the Hudson River School (Thomas Cole, Frederic Church), and exponents of Luminism. Realists like Daumier and Courbet, and Symbolists like Gustave Moreau, are also covered. We profile ALL the great IMPRESSIONIST PAINTERSand ALL
Post-Impressionist painters like Georges Seurat, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and Munch. We profile Jules Cheret, inventor of 3-stone chromolithography, as well as ALL the great Russian artists up to 1917, including the goldsmith Peter Carl Faberge, creator of the exquisite Faberge Easter Eggs. > • For narrative, historical or mythological works, see: BEST > HISTORY PAINTERS . > • For individual, group or self portraits, see: BEST PORTRAIT> ARTISTS .
> • For everyday scenes, see: BEST GENRE PAINTERS> .
> • For views and vistas, see: BEST LANDSCAPE ARTISTS> .
We profile ALL major 20TH CENTURY PAINTERS , including Fauvists like Matisse and Andre Derain; Expressionists like Modersohn-Becker, Kandinsky, Emil Nolde, August Macke and Klee; Chagall and Modigliani of the Paris School; Cubists like Picasso and Braque; Dadaists like Marcel Duchamp; Surrealists like Dali and Magritte, and abstract painters like Mondrian, Malevich and Moholy-Nagy. We cover ALL important American artists such as Hopper, Rothko, De Kooning, Pollock, Warhol, Jasper Johns, and the Neo-Pop sculptor Jeff Koons, as well as Mexican Muralists like Diego Rivera, and South Americans like Fernando Botero, and 20th century European masters like Lucian Freud, Antoni Tapies, Yves Klein and Damien Hirst. -------------------------DO YOU KNOW
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100 Oldest Works
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HISTORY OF ART
Our coverage of PREHISTORIC ART features the oldest art from across the globe. Dating to the lower Paleolithic era of the Stone Age between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE, it includes the strange phenomenon of cupules, the Venuses of _Berekhat Ram_ and _Tan-Tan_, and the Blombos Cave petroglyphs. In addition, we feature VENUS FIGURINES (_Venus of Hohle Fels_, _Venus of Willendorf_), an extensive series of articles on CAVE ART - including cave paintings at Chauvet, Lascaux and Altamira, ivory carvings like the _Lion Man of Hohlenstein Stadel_, as well as ANCIENT POTTERY , Australian Aboriginal X-ray and Bradshaw paintings. See: PREHISTORIC ART TIMELINE.
WANT TO KNOW ABOUT STONE AGE ART? USE OUR EASY A-Z INDEX of PREHISTORIC ART We explore a range of ANCIENT ART from a variety of civilizations. Beginning with Mesopotamian art (c.4500 BCE onwards), it includes the sculpture and frescos of CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY , notably those of GREEK ART and ROMAN ART . For the history of ASIAN ART and culture, see CHINESE ART TIMELINE (c.18,000 BCE - present). From 450 CE, we cover the mosaics and religious icons of the Byzantine era, followed by the courtly revivals of the Carolingian and Ottonian dynasties. We also take a close look at PRE-COLUMBIAN ART (c.1200 BCE - 1535 CE). From 1,000 CE, we trace the development of Medieval architecture and sculpture through the Romanesque, and Gothic periods, while painting is explored through the _Sienese School_ and _International Gothic_ styles. We explain the difference between _trecento_, _quattrocento_ and _cinquecento_ paintings. At the same time, Italian RENAISSANCE ART receives in-depth coverage, as does 17th century BAROQUE ART , and 18th century NEOCLASSICAL ART . In addition, we also look at the history of crafts, like jewellery and fine furniture. Our guide to MODERN ART lists all the trends and schools of the modern period. Important styles explored include: Impressionism (1874-84), POST-IMPRESSIONISM (1880-1900), Fauvism (1905-7), EXPRESSIONISM (1905-14), CUBISM (1908-14), SURREALISM (1923-present) and POP ART (1960s). We explain the meaning of styles like 'realism' and 'naturalism' in painting. In addition, we profile important 20th-century groups like _Die Brucke_ and _Der Blaue Reiter_, and examine the contribution of styles like Japonism and Biomorphic Abstraction, as well as modern movements like _Art Informel_, _Colour-Field Painting_, _Op Art and Fluxus_, and the latest contemporary art forms like Angel and Fantasy art. • For more details, see: HISTORY OF ART . orART MOVEMENTS .
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sculpture, or
architecture.
NEWS, ARTICLES ON ARTISTS AND MOVEMENTS LESSER-KNOWN EUROPEAN ARTISTS: ALFRED KUBIN (1877-1959) A talented illustrator, draughtsman and painter, though with decidely macabre interests and a taste for weird imagery, Kubin grew up in Salzburg where he attended the arts and crafts school (1891-92) before completing an apprenticeship as a photographer in Klagenfurt from 1892 to 1896. In 1898 he went to Munich, began art studies at a private college, and transferred to the Academy, where he stayed until 1901. He was extremely interested in the Symbolist paintings of Edvard Munch (1863-1944), James Ensor (1860-1949) and Odilon Redon (1840-1916), and also works by Goya (1746-1828) and Felicien Rops (1833-98). He gained fame very quickly as an illustrator and graphic artist and had his first exhibition in 1902 in Berlin. In 1905 and 1906 he travelled in France and Italy. The same year he acquired the small castle of Schloss Zwickledt in Upper Austria, where he lived until his death. In 1906, Kubin produced astonishing tempera paintings. Without seeking a point of departure in nature, he created compositions "out of veils and bundles of light, out of shells or crystalline fragments, out of shreds of skin and flesh, out of leaf ornaments and a thousand other things". These abstract pictures were produced, without conscious intention, in the process of painting, and were a direct expression of his disturbed and traumatic life: as a 19-year old he had once attempted suicide on the grave of his mother, and in his mid-20s suffered a mental breakdown following the death of his fiancee. In 1908 Kubin published his novel The Other Side, in which he described abstract colour dreams, similar to the experiences of his friend Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944). As a result he joined the New Artists' Association in Munich, and participated in their exhibitions. He also contributed work to the second Der Blaue Reiter Exhibition (1912), and also met members of the Die Brucke group like Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884-1976), Erich Heckel (1883-1970) and Lionel Feininger (1871-1956). In 1913, Franz Marc (1880-1916) came up with the idea of illustrating the Bible, a project in which he, Kandinsky, Paul Klee (1879-1940), Erich Heckel, Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980) and Kubin were to participate. The outbreak of war prevented this from happening; only Kubin delivered his contribution for the Book of Daniel, which appeared in 1918. For more about modern art in Germany and Austria, as well as a wide range of in-depth articles on modern movements like Expressionism, Dada, De Stijl and Cubism, use our easy MAIN A-Z INDEX.
-------------------------MASTERPIECES
ANALYZED
Check our index
for the meaning
of key paintings
like the MONA LISA
and many others,
by the world's top
oil painters and
watercolourists.
PAINTING
Our coverage of FINE ART PAINTING centres on the medium of oil painting, but we also answer questions about the earlier _encaustic_ and _tempera_ methods. Nineteenth century _watercolours_ / _gouache_, and twentieth century _acrylic paints_ are also covered, as is figure painting and drawing from life. Our section on COLOUR IN PAINTING traces exactly how the main colour pigments evolved, and outlines the _theory of colour_, as well as the main _colour palettes_ from Antiquity onwards. > We look at the HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT of oil paint as it expanded > from damper areas of Northern Europe to Italy and Spain, and also > examine methods such as _buon fresco and mezzo-fresco_ murals, and > linear perspective. Painterly methods like _chiaroscuro_, > _tenebrism_, and _impasto_ are also examined, as are automatic > painting techniques like _frottage_ and _decalcomania_. We profile the five painting genres which make up the _Hierarchy of the Genres_ as were taught in the main Fine Arts Academies of Europe. They are (in order of importance): (1) HISTORY PAINTING; (2) PORTRAITURE
; (3) GENRE PAINTING; (4) LANDSCAPES
; (5) STILL LIFE
.
-------------------------BRONZE
CASTING
For a mini-guide
please see:
BRONZE SCULPTURE .
SCULPTURE
We cover the origins, history and development of sculpture in bronze, stone, marble, bronze, clay, and wood. Read our introduction GREEK SCULPTURE MADE SIMPLE covering the Archaic (600-500), Classical (500-323) and Hellenistic (c.323-27 BCE) eras; read about the great Roman narrative reliefs like _Trajan's Column_. We also profile the finest Greek sculptors, like Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron, Lysippos and Praxiteles, as well as famous antique sculptures like the _Altar of Zeus at Pergamon_, the _Venus de Milo_, _Lacoon and His Sons_, and the _Ara Pacis Augustae_, in Rome. For a chronological outline of the plastic arts, see: SCULPTURE HISTORY.
In addition, we cover column statues and other architectural stonework by the great stone-masons and bronze-workers associated with ITALIAN RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE , as well as Medieval, Romanesque and Gothic sculpture. We look at equestrian statues, _bas-relief_ and _haut-relief_ sculptures by artists like Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, and Andrea del Verrocchio, along with marbles and bronzes by carvers like Michelangelo, Bernini, Antonio Canova and Rodin. We also profile great 20th century masters such as Brancusi, Ossip Zadkine, Alexander Calder and Louise Bourgeois; the Cubists Archipenko and Lipchitz; exponents of biomorphic abstraction like Jean Arp and Henry Moore; expressionists like Jacob Epstein; abstract sculptors like Naum Gabo and David Smith; minimalists like Donald Judd; junk artists like Arman and Cesar Baldaccini; kinetic artists like Jean Tinguely; the surrealist Giacometti; the Pop artist Claes Oldenburg; and the contemporary sculptors Joseph Beuys, Antony Gormley, Richard Serra and Anish Kapoor. • For an article on the theory, materials and types of 3-D objects, see: SCULPTURE ART . • For a list of the finest works, see: GREATEST SCULPTURES EVER (33,000 BCE - present). • For biographies of the best 3-D artists, see: GREATEST SCULPTORS . (500 BCE - present). ------------------------- ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN We cover the HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE from the earliest human civilizations. This includes a review of ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (3,000 BCE - 200 CE); as well as GREEK ARCHITECTURE exemplified by the Parthenon (447-422), and Roman architecture, characterized by its arches, vaulting and use of concrete; the soaring arches and stained glass art of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE , illustrated by Chartres Cathedral; Baroque architecture (17th century) exemplified by Saint Peter's Basilica (1506-1626) and the Palace of Versailles (built c.1624-98); NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE (18th century) as in the US Capitol, Washington DC; American architecture (1600-present); and Skyscraper architecture (1850-present), which takes us up to the 2,717-foot Burj Khalifa Dubai building in the United Arab Emirates (2010), and the 1776-foot Freedom Tower, New York, both designed by _Skidmore, Owings and Merrill_. _Coming soon_ is our brand new series of biographies on the GREATEST ARCHITECTS from around the world, including: Filippo Brunelleschi, Donato Bramante, Bernini, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Latrobe, James Renwick, Eugene Violet-le-Duc, William Le Baron Jenney, Daniel Hudson Burnham, Dankmar Adler, Louis Sullivan, Antoni Gaudi, Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Robert Venturi, I.M.Pei, Sir Norman Foster, Eero Saarinen, Frank Gehry, Fazlur RahmanKhan and others.
-------------------------ART PHOTOGRAPHY
In addition we profile the world's GREATEST PHOTOGRAPHERS (1880-present) involved in portraiture, fashion, landscape, street photography and photojournalism, including Ansel Adams, Richard Avedon, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Andreas Gursky, Irving Penn, Man Ray, Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, Jeff Wall, and manyothers.
-------------------------ALL YOU NEED TO
KNOW ABOUT
IRISH ART
We look at aspects
of Celtic art, like
Swords, Jewellery,
Coins, Designs
(Interlace, Knots
Spirals, Crosses)
Celtic metalcraft
like cloisonne and
enamelling, seen
in works like the
Derrynaflan Chalice.We look at Gospel
illuminations like
the Cathach of St.
Columba and Book
of Durrow.
IRISH ART - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT We trace the 10 stages in the HISTORY OF IRISH ART . These include the Stone Age engravings at Newgrange; Celtic metalwork like Ardagh Chalice, Broighter Gold Torc, Petrie Crown, and Tara Brooch, as well as Christian illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells. In addition, we profile the cultural institutions which fostered the growth of Irish painting, such as the Royal HibernianAcademy (RHA).
We also examine the current state of visual arts in Ireland, look at the architectural heritage and cultural legacy of Leinster, Connacht, Munster and Ulster, and profile organizations involved in IRISH ART , like the _Arts Council_, _Culture Ireland_, auctioneers including _Adams_, _Whytes_, and _deVeres_, plus schools like Dublin's NCAD and Cork's Crawford College of Art & Design. GREATEST IRISH PAINTERS & SCULPTORS Our list of over 300 biographical profiles of the greatest Irish artists starts with Garret Morphy and Susanna Drury of the 17th century, and continues up until the 21st century. We look at a range of FAMOUS IRISH ARTISTS including John Lavery, Roderic O'Conor, Jack B Yeats, William Orpen, Paul Henry, Francis Bacon, William Scott, Louis le Brocquy and others. We also review artist groups like _Aosdana_, as well as the most exciting contemporary Irish artists, and examine the top Irish sculptors including the Surrealist F.E.McWilliam, the figurative Rowan Gillespie, the semi-abstract Edward Delaney, and others. For details, see: IRISH SCULPTURE . -------------------------WORLD ARTS
We also explore
Viking Art (notablyJellinge, Mammen,
Ringerike & Urnes
styles); as well as
Jewish artworks
and ISLAMIC ART .
ART FROM AROUND THE WORLD We explore a wide range of different artistic mediums, methods and styles, from a variety of cultures across the globe. They include historical as well as contemporary forms of creative expression, from almost all continents. For example: see AFRICAN ART , for a guide to rock paintings, classical African sculpture, religious and tribal artworks. See CELTIC ART , for metalwork of the _Hallstatt_ and _La Tene_ culture, plus abstract geometric designwork. See CHINESE POTTERY , for porcelain, terracotta works including black-glazed pottery and various types of Celadon; for a general guide, see: CHINESE ART (c.1700 BCE to 2000 CE). See EGYPTIAN ART , for tomb artworks - including, panel paintings, murals, sculpture, and monumental pyramid design. See GREEK POTTERY , for ceramic designs including the Geometric style, Oriental Style, Black-Figure Style and Red-Figure Style. See JAPANESE ART for a guide to Buddhist Temple art, Zen ink-painting, Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-e painting. See RUSSIAN ART , for prehistoric sculpture, medieval icon-painting, and wonderful 19th century works from the Society for Itinerant Art Exhibitions. In addition, we cover colonial art from Australia and America as well as mainstream AMERICAN ART (c.1750-present). We also cover the primitive native art of tribal societies in Alaska, the Americas, Africa, India, as well as Oceanic artifacts from Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia and Australasia. -------------------------THE WORLD'S
GREAT BUYERS
See:
Greatest
Art Collectors.
BEST ART MUSEUMS
We explore the collections, acquisitions and history of the world'sgreat museums.
We profile the best art museums in AMERICA, including the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Art Institute of Chicago, Detroit Institute of Arts, Frick Collection, the Metropolitan Museum / MoMA / Samuel R Guggenheim / Whitney Museum (all in New York), the Getty Center LA, Philadelphia Museum of Art, National Gallery Washington DC, the Phillips Collection and many more. We also profile the best art museums in EUROPE, such as the Louvre, Musee d'Orsay, and the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, the Vatican Museums in Rome, the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Tate Collection / National Gallery / Victoria and Albert Museum / Saatchi Gallery (all in London), the Hermitage in St Petersburg, the Pushkin Museum and Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, and many more. For a general guide, see: BEST ART MUSEUMS . ART EDUCATION & APPRECIATION As an introductory guide for students and teachers, we provide a number of art appreciation articles, such as: ART EVALUATION: HOW TO APPRECIATE ART and HOW TO APPRECIATE SCULPTURE , among others. We cover questions like "How to assess the subject matter, composition, line and shape, colour, texture and brushwork of a painting?"; "how to judge the background/context of a work?"; "how to appreciate abstract art?" and much more. See also our new series ANALYSIS OF MODERN PAINTINGS(1800-2000).
FAMOUS PAINTINGS ANALYZED In addition, we provide an extensive series of reviews of famous paintings by the greatest Old Masters. They include masterpieces from the Renaissance and Baroque periods, such as: _Battle of San Romano_ (Paolo Uccello); _Arnolfini Portrait_ (Jan Van Eyck); _Lamentation over the Dead Christ_ (Andrea Mantegna); _The Portinari Altarpiece_ (Hugo Van Der Goes); _The Last Supper_ and _Mona Lisa_ (Leonardo); _School of Athens_ and _Sistine Madonna_ (Raphael); _The Isenheim Altarpiece_ (Matthias Grunewald); the _Sistine Chapel frescoes_ (Michelangelo); _Assumption of the Virgin_ (Titian); _Hunters in the Snow_ (Pieter Bruegel); _Supper at Emmaus_ (Caravaggio); _Night Watch_ and _Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp_ (Rembrandt); _Girl with a Pearl Earring_ (Jan Vermeer), _Pilgrimage to Cythera_ (Jean-Antoine Watteau); and many others. For details, see: FAMOUS PAINTINGS: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION . Look out for our new articles on painting techniques like, foreshortening, _trompe l'oeil_, linear perspective, _quadratura_, _sfumato_, and _grisaille_. Also look out for our forthcoming series on FINE ART PHOTOGRAPHY , as well as 20th century design, featuring decorative styles like _Art Nouveau, Art Deco_ and _Bauhaus_, as well as 21st century fantasy graphics. LOOKING FOR INFORMATION ON A PARTICULAR TOPIC? USE OUR MAIN A-Z INDEX -------------------------About
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