Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
More Annotations
![A complete backup of orientalbirdimages.org](https://www.archivebay.com/archive5/images/be634352-96e8-40a2-98d3-f7387b0d8830.png)
A complete backup of orientalbirdimages.org
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of thesouthoftheborder.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive5/images/647de24f-3bea-40cb-87c9-33fe3f5fd80e.png)
A complete backup of thesouthoftheborder.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of getmailspring.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive5/images/15a0e297-18ba-4551-9735-f88ce4c511db.png)
A complete backup of getmailspring.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Favourite Annotations
![A complete backup of https://sjeska.ru](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/89da8a14-5e4f-4771-9cf5-096117c23391.png)
A complete backup of https://sjeska.ru
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://essays-writingreviews.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/3c4d2733-ccd0-4251-a167-ca9cf21070b6.png)
A complete backup of https://essays-writingreviews.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://unila.ac.id](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/4d68698e-e790-4766-bee0-2d4b3cd00b6f.png)
A complete backup of https://unila.ac.id
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://abeoc.org.br](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/0000c6a0-79dd-48ad-913e-76bb8194ee23.png)
A complete backup of https://abeoc.org.br
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://greekbeershop.gr](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/4d39f8ec-c476-4878-b3b4-6e3b3afc934c.png)
A complete backup of https://greekbeershop.gr
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://eima.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/3023dfde-8457-4682-be1f-53804b2762ac.png)
A complete backup of https://eima.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://homemadeinterest.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/9d74a916-aca2-43bd-a363-026cc8d6c480.png)
A complete backup of https://homemadeinterest.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://foodcafe.us](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/ba2285da-9419-42af-8905-108619d0f48f.png)
A complete backup of https://foodcafe.us
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://ikessandwich.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/5c834f9b-444e-4298-938d-8ece70386f53.png)
A complete backup of https://ikessandwich.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://noemamag.com](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/2b2e59c1-5ccc-4f40-b201-ab45dfbf5d71.png)
A complete backup of https://noemamag.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://ifrn.edu.br](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/19571920-c7cb-4bfd-92bd-d4ca674bb90b.png)
A complete backup of https://ifrn.edu.br
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
![A complete backup of https://parlement.nl](https://www.archivebay.com/archive6/images/acbef87d-88c4-4643-93dc-c0dc61ec1095.png)
A complete backup of https://parlement.nl
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Text
delusion
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 10, 2011. Crutchfield (1954) Without physical presence, he placed subjects in individual cubicles with electronic display boards which supposedly let each subject know what the others had answered. However each were believed to be the last to answer and presented them with uniformly wrong group answers on half WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by itsmetara: Foreign Policy Under Stalin Timeline Isolation of the Soviet Republic • 1919-1920à Soviet Russia was not invitedto any of
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Essay Preparation for Models of Memory. Compare/Contrast two memory models: Similarity 1: there are acknowledging the different types of memory (long term memory, short term memory, sensory memory). Evidence: MSM – H.M., WM – Baddeley and Hitch, it would also be a strength to discuss the model itself. Conclusion: the evidence suggests that there are different types of memory WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU IB English is split into 4 sections: 1. World literature (1 paper for SL, 2 papers for HL) 2. Individual Oral Presentation (IOC) 3. Individual Oral Commentary (IOP) 4. School’s free choice for WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU What you need to know about this exam is: In paper 1, there are two sections A and B. Section A: 3 questions each on the three different levels of analysis. Each question is 8 marks. Section B: You must choose only one out of the three questions among the three level of analysis. Choose the one you think you would write the best. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU • Definitions • Other online notes • Cool physics stuff :D • Guides Click here for all the notes on physics! More specifically here are the units: • Physics and physical measurement • Mechanics (+ WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 1, 2011. Shallice & Warrington (KF) He suffered brain damage as a result of a motor bike accident. his LTM was fine. Forgetting auditory letters and digits was much greater than forgetting visual stimuli. he can only remember 2 digit numbers. this shows that there are more than 1 store for STM. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. February 23, 2012. Heston (1966) Key Terms: Schizophrenia: a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy anddelusion
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 10, 2011. Crutchfield (1954) Without physical presence, he placed subjects in individual cubicles with electronic display boards which supposedly let each subject know what the others had answered. However each were believed to be the last to answer and presented them with uniformly wrong group answers on half WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by itsmetara: Foreign Policy Under Stalin Timeline Isolation of the Soviet Republic • 1919-1920à Soviet Russia was not invitedto any of
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Collectively, the creators of this blog take the following subjects: English A1 (SL) Chinese B (SL/HL) Economics (SL) Psychology (SL) Philosophy (SL); option topic: Ethics WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU • Definitions • Other online notes • Cool physics stuff :D • Guides Click here for all the notes on physics! More specifically here are the units: • Physics and physical measurement • Mechanics (+ WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU If you feel that there is anything more you would like to add to our notes, or provide notes for subjects we don't cover, please do send them! They will be greatly appreciated by everyone! WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. February 24, 2012. Fessler et al. (2006) Key Terms: Genetics: a branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation in organisms. Trimester: is division of pregnancy into three month sections. Natural Selection: genetic variation that allows some individuals to survive a particularchallenge better
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU A means of communicating thoughts. A provision of common ground. Both physical and verbal. Body language. Oral diction (spoken language) Definitions of words are continually shifting. That is why there are connotations and bias in language. can be WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Rule: 1894-1917 · Inherited autocracy (rule without consultation) Married German Princess Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1894 · They had four daughters and a son – Alexei who suffered from hemophilia · Survived upheavals of 1906; entered WW1 in 1914; forced to abdicate March 1917; killed 1918 “I am not ready to be Tsar. I know nothing of the business of ruling” – Tsar Nicholas II WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Compliance - IB Psychology HL COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES; - reciprocity: these techniques work based on the scoial norm or our feeling that we need to return a favor - reciprocity principle - WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by tferro: Czar Alexander II *Note that this may get repetitive and also most historiography (with quotes from specific historians) is at the end. Emancipation act WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Essay Preparation for Models of Memory. Compare/Contrast two memory models: Similarity 1: there are acknowledging the different types of memory (long term memory, short term memory, sensory memory). Evidence: MSM – H.M., WM – Baddeley and Hitch, it would also be a strength to discuss the model itself. Conclusion: the evidence suggests that there are different types of memory WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU IB English is split into 4 sections: 1. World literature (1 paper for SL, 2 papers for HL) 2. Individual Oral Presentation (IOC) 3. Individual Oral Commentary (IOP) 4. School’s free choice for WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU What you need to know about this exam is: In paper 1, there are two sections A and B. Section A: 3 questions each on the three different levels of analysis. Each question is 8 marks. Section B: You must choose only one out of the three questions among the three level of analysis. Choose the one you think you would write the best. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU • Definitions • Other online notes • Cool physics stuff :D • Guides Click here for all the notes on physics! More specifically here are the units: • Physics and physical measurement • Mechanics (+ WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 1, 2011. Shallice & Warrington (KF) He suffered brain damage as a result of a motor bike accident. his LTM was fine. Forgetting auditory letters and digits was much greater than forgetting visual stimuli. he can only remember 2 digit numbers. this shows that there are more than 1 store for STM. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. February 23, 2012. Heston (1966) Key Terms: Schizophrenia: a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy anddelusion
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 10, 2011. Crutchfield (1954) Without physical presence, he placed subjects in individual cubicles with electronic display boards which supposedly let each subject know what the others had answered. However each were believed to be the last to answer and presented them with uniformly wrong group answers on half WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by itsmetara: Foreign Policy Under Stalin Timeline Isolation of the Soviet Republic • 1919-1920à Soviet Russia was not invitedto any of
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Essay Preparation for Models of Memory. Compare/Contrast two memory models: Similarity 1: there are acknowledging the different types of memory (long term memory, short term memory, sensory memory). Evidence: MSM – H.M., WM – Baddeley and Hitch, it would also be a strength to discuss the model itself. Conclusion: the evidence suggests that there are different types of memory WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU IB English is split into 4 sections: 1. World literature (1 paper for SL, 2 papers for HL) 2. Individual Oral Presentation (IOC) 3. Individual Oral Commentary (IOP) 4. School’s free choice for WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU What you need to know about this exam is: In paper 1, there are two sections A and B. Section A: 3 questions each on the three different levels of analysis. Each question is 8 marks. Section B: You must choose only one out of the three questions among the three level of analysis. Choose the one you think you would write the best. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU • Definitions • Other online notes • Cool physics stuff :D • Guides Click here for all the notes on physics! More specifically here are the units: • Physics and physical measurement • Mechanics (+ WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 1, 2011. Shallice & Warrington (KF) He suffered brain damage as a result of a motor bike accident. his LTM was fine. Forgetting auditory letters and digits was much greater than forgetting visual stimuli. he can only remember 2 digit numbers. this shows that there are more than 1 store for STM. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. February 23, 2012. Heston (1966) Key Terms: Schizophrenia: a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy anddelusion
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. October 10, 2011. Crutchfield (1954) Without physical presence, he placed subjects in individual cubicles with electronic display boards which supposedly let each subject know what the others had answered. However each were believed to be the last to answer and presented them with uniformly wrong group answers on half WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by itsmetara: Foreign Policy Under Stalin Timeline Isolation of the Soviet Republic • 1919-1920à Soviet Russia was not invitedto any of
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Collectively, the creators of this blog take the following subjects: English A1 (SL) Chinese B (SL/HL) Economics (SL) Psychology (SL) Philosophy (SL); option topic: Ethics WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU • Definitions • Other online notes • Cool physics stuff :D • Guides Click here for all the notes on physics! More specifically here are the units: • Physics and physical measurement • Mechanics (+ WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU If you feel that there is anything more you would like to add to our notes, or provide notes for subjects we don't cover, please do send them! They will be greatly appreciated by everyone! WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Romantic poet in the 18th century. Though out Keat’s life, he had been surrounded by the death of his family. His father died of a riding accident while his mother and brother and died of turberculosis. This influenced him to base his poems on the WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. State the law of conservation of momentum. Total momentum remains constant. If an object has lost momentum, discuss whether the law applies to this situation. So law does not apply. momentum loss of ball = momentum gain of wall. Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum. WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU When Your Notes Fail You. February 24, 2012. Fessler et al. (2006) Key Terms: Genetics: a branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation in organisms. Trimester: is division of pregnancy into three month sections. Natural Selection: genetic variation that allows some individuals to survive a particularchallenge better
WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU A means of communicating thoughts. A provision of common ground. Both physical and verbal. Body language. Oral diction (spoken language) Definitions of words are continually shifting. That is why there are connotations and bias in language. can be WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Rule: 1894-1917 · Inherited autocracy (rule without consultation) Married German Princess Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1894 · They had four daughters and a son – Alexei who suffered from hemophilia · Survived upheavals of 1906; entered WW1 in 1914; forced to abdicate March 1917; killed 1918 “I am not ready to be Tsar. I know nothing of the business of ruling” – Tsar Nicholas II WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Compliance - IB Psychology HL COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES; - reciprocity: these techniques work based on the scoial norm or our feeling that we need to return a favor - reciprocity principle - WHEN YOUR NOTES FAIL YOU Submitted by tferro: Czar Alexander II *Note that this may get repetitive and also most historiography (with quotes from specific historians) is at the end. Emancipation act* RSS
* Archive
* Random
* Submit
* Requests, requests!* About Us
* IB English
* IB Psychology
* IB Chemistry
* IB Physics
* IB Biology
* IB art
* IB Economics
* Theory of Knowledge* IB World History
* EE
* Environmental Systems and Societies When Your Notes Fail You1 Online User
APRIL 5, 2014
Biological Level of Analysis2
TO DO:
Outline an answer to every learning outcome. Rosenzweig (40 Studies)Myers on Evolution.
Myers on Antidepressants (713-715) Twins Study (40 Studies)_Learning Outcomes_
OUTLINE PRINCIPLES THAT DEFINE THE BLA Psychological evens are simultaneously biological events Cannot exist without each other. EG. Thinking changes pulse Biological correlates to behavior – links between neurotransmittersand mood
Seem to be neurotransmitters, in absence or excess, change behavior Correlate instead of cause and effect EG. Too much dopamine = shaking and Parkinson’s like syndromes. Too little = skitzo; Serotonin – Happiness. BOOK ERROR: Can’t draw blood to test neurotransmitters – spinal tap and metabolisation. Bi-directional – ex. ANS activity can change our thinking; EG. meditation can change brainwave pattern (monk study) Two way exchange of info. Emotions can just be cerebral. Behaviour can be innate based on genetics EG. Attachment (imprinting in some animals, like ducklings) The more advanced the species, the less innate behavior. We need contact and attachment figures. EG. Children born into orphanages are delayed since they don’t getcontact
Interactionsist – Genetic predispositions, environmental triggers EG. Diathesis-stress model Genetic pre-disposition, for anxiety, for example. Environmental triggers allow the predisposition to display itself. Grew up in difficult environment – abuse Abuse is a diathesis. A later stress would be a trigger. A lot of stress could lower tolerance for triggers. Could be exposed to a toxin. Non-human animals can be useful research subjects. – Human animals and non-human have similar nervous systems. GENERAL ISSUES WITH BLAReductionist
Break things down to certain causes Making it too simple This is a product of genetics nothing else.Nature vs Nurture
Not versus, nature in conjunction with nurture. Book is wrong.EG. Twins Study
70% of intelligence is heritable Ethics of biological fixes for psychological problems. EG. Disorders, take tranquilizers Looking for Smart DrugsLeDoux
He is working on research that would allow us to find memories of people who have PTSD, and erase them. DISCUSS HOW AND WHY PARTICULAR RESEARCH METHODS ARE USED AT THE BLA Discuss one research method and why? (how does it work) (St+Weak)Animal studies
Similar nervous systems Not ethical on humans Twin studies, linkage analysis How environments affect person Constant variables in geneticsGenome matching
EEGs, Brain Imaging
PET – exactly where in brain is active Physical glucose sample EEG – brain wavelength and patternsSleep studies
fMRI/CAT
Case Studies
EG. Phineas Gage
Experiments
Placebos
Drug Testing
Lesioning
Mostly in animals
Simulotomy
Aggressive people who agree to it.Post-mortem exams
Seeing the brain dead Activity has ceased (WEAK) EG. Einsteins large temporal and parietal lobe Blood analysis, metabolite Detect changes in hormone levels Metabolite – neurotransmission analysis. EXPLAIN HOW PRINCIPLES THAT DEFINE THE BLA MAY BE DEMONSTRATED IN RESEARCH? (POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER) Biological correlates of behavior? (Principle, how is this revealed inresearch)
Principle: There are biological correlates of behavior. Biological correlates to behavior can be demonstrated through research, specifically through the use of brain imaging technologies to examine activity in the brain during certain activities. EG. Personality and impulse control – case study as a way to look at biological correlates. Genetic contributions of behavior? Principle: there are genetic contributions to behavior Study: Minnesota twinsWhat is the study?
How does is show the principle? What can non-human animal studies reveal? DISCUSS ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO RESEARCH STUDIES IN THE BLATwin studies
Privacy and confidentiality Sometimes dealing with children, issues of dealing with children. Traumatic finding out you had a twin. By nature, looking at genetic backgrounds – identifyingfathers/history.
Uncovering potential illnesses – do you want people to know?Brain Imaging
Unexpected harmful information can be revealed James Olds, Robert HeathSide effects
Psychotropic drugs
Side effects may be worse Religious objections to having chemistry altered Altering someone’s emotional state Deciding how to prescribeAddiction
Drugs only fix symptoms, not causes People react differently Damage may be irreversibleAnimal studies
Potential harm to the animal can’t be determined Damage cannot be reversed Generalizing – is it worth it? Causing harm to animals EXAMINE ONE STUDY RELATED TO THE LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN Localization – specific behaviors correspond to specific parts of the brain. (each part of the brain doesn’t do just one thing: brainscans; lesioning
Tan’s Study
Localization in language – Wernicke and Broca’s areas.Phineas Gage
Frontal lobe damage (enables us to plan, judge, and process newmemories)
Once agreeable and soft spoken, Gage became impulsive, irritable andprofane
Little change in intellectual functioning, language use. Significant change in personality Pathway between limbic system and frontal cortex cut off.WEAKNESSES
Didn’t study him before – learned from family and friends Long time ago, knowledge of brain not as extensiveBecame a spectacle.
Olds and Milner
Mistakenly implanted electrodes in a region of the hypothalamus in rats. Rats repeatedly returned to the same place in the maze where electrodes were stimulated. “reward centers” rats would press pedal feverishly to be stimulated – up to 7000 times an hour;. They would cross electrified grid that starving rats would not cross to get food. DANGER: Robert Heath and patient B-19 (dubious)Kept poor notes
Manufactured evidence Unreliable methodology Study at Tulane in 1960’s Gay kid is “arrested” Electrodes in hypothalamus, shows him hetero porno, stimulate electrodes. Recondition to be straight. Female prostitute to see if he is cured. Drug research – pleasure centers and addiction. EXPLAIN, USING EXAMPLES, THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTRANSMISSION ON HUMANBEHAVIOR
Review the anatomy and physiology of neural communication. Neurotransmitters and their effectsDOPAMINE
INFLUENCES MOVEMENT, LEARNING, ATTENTION, AND EMOTION. EXCESS DOPAMINE IN CERTAIN PARTS OF BRAIN LINKED TO SKITSO.SEROTONIN
AFFECTS MOOD, HUNGER, SLEEP, AROUSAL, LACK OF SEROTONIN LINKED TO DEPRESSION. SSRIS RAISE SEROTONIN LEVELS (ABNORMAL PSYCH)NOREPINEPHRINE
HELPS CONTROL ALERTNESS AND AROUSAL; UNDERSUPPLY MAY DEPRESS MOOD. HORMONE AND A NEUROTRANSMITTER, BASED ON WHERE IT IS SECRETED FROM AND WHAT ITS DOING. (NORADRENALINE) Myelin speeds up transmission. When you’re a baby, there isn’tmuch.
Axon terminal contains neurotransmitters. Action potential is the electrical event. When it gets down to the axon terminal, electricity opens vesicles, and neurotransmitters fit like a key into a lock. Becomes chemical after vesicle is opened. SSRIs – Block the reuptake entryways so there is more of a neurotransmitter between neurons. They become an issue since you can’t target it to one area – different effects in different areas. The chemistry is so difficult, and everything can get out of wack. _TO ANSWER_: Learn about a few –most likely serotonin, to be used in two areas. Say a couple sentences about you know what neurotransmitters. Don’t spend too much time on this. Find one or two really good studies! _STUDIES: (FIND ONE OR TWO REALLY GOOD ONES – STRENGTHS ANDWEAKESSES)_
Monk Study (pp 40-41): Sensory deprivation and mood Martinez and Kesner (pp 41): ACh in learning and memory (not current) Antidepressants (pp 713-715 Meyers): Discussion of SSRIs, especially in evaluating their use. EXPLAIN, USING EXAMPLES, FUNCTIONS OF TWO HORMONES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR. Distinguish between: CNS (Brain and spinal chord, neurons, neurotransmitters) through electrochemical communication, works very _rapidly_ ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (hormones) a network of gland secreting hormones, that works more _slowly_ Some hormones are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. Locate hormones in the body! ADRENAL GLAND (On top of kidneys) Release _epinephrine/adrenaline_; work to increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, provide ready energy; they linger awhile after threat has passed – FIGHT OR FLIGHT. Hypothalamus and Pituitary work together Produce and secrete _Oxytocin_; nice coverage in text. DISCUSS 2 EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FIRST: PLASTICITY Rosenzweig handout Rats stimulus effects on brain – plasticity Post mortem exams with humans Strengths and weaknesses. The older you get, the last responsive it is to environmental stimulus SECOND: Fear Circiut formation LeDoux: Classically conditioned rats to fear sound or a flash oflight.
Classical Conditioning: Based on associative learning; in classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (which wouldn’t normally elicit a response) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (which would normally and naturally elicit a response) to produce what is called a conditioned response.Pavlov’s dogs
Things that produce natural response. Food produces salivation Tone is neutral stimulus should not produce saliva. Pairing with food does that. Through an inordinate number or trials involving lesioning different parts of rat brains, LeDoux et al discovered a “fear circuit” involving the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala (memory). Once that circuit is activated by conditioning, it’s hard to extinguish (often unconscious) May be the base of phobias The Effect = fear circuit. EXAMINE ONE INTERACTION BETWEEN COGNITION AND PHYSIOLOGY ON BEHAVIOR. MONK STUDY (Davidson) – Interaction = Change in levels 8 monks, highly experienced in meditation 10 volunteers, given a weeks training in meditation Meditating on love and compassion all monks and volunteers showed high Gamma wave levels (higher reasoning) EEG; high levels continue in monks, but activity returned to normal in volunteers. Just by thinking about things, you can change your physiologyStrengths
Limitations
Small number or participants Does it work on people who aren’t meditating Takes special kind of people to be monks. The way their brains work might be different. (preexisting organismic monks) DISCUSS THE USE OF BRAIN IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES IN INVESTIGATION THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR.Use book.
Know 3 technologies well and their strengths and limitations Don’t forget ethical issues. Can’t produce the subjective state of the person being scanned. Can’t get the experience of the consciousness. Can tell what part of brain is working, but doesn’t give you the complexity of humanconsciousness.
A lot of biological methods are giving only a partial view, not therich picture.
EXAMINE ONE EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOR Using the reading from Myers, give an evolutionary explanation for aspects of human sexuality.Weaknesses:
Can’t explain many cultural variations Few cultures are led by women.Theoretical
After the fact
Sexuality as a behavior: Begin with a brief discussion of natural selection: those traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival to pass on genes Men tend to look for: youth appearance, smooth skin, youth shape, waist roughly 1/3 narrower than hips, symmetrical Women tend to look for: maturity, assertiveness, boldness, affluence.Symmetrical.
Evidence:
Survey results (2004)Survey (1994)
This is evidence because men would be more likely to want sex to pass on genes as often, women would like quality over quantity – wellcared for.
Multiple partners
Strengths:
Large sample size
Easy to generalize resultsLim:
Self reported data
College age students Do they even complete it? Demand characteristicsSocial desirability
Cross cultural limitations. FSU study (semi attractive person walks up and acts if they would have sex) – men said yes, women said yes less Men have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as a sexualone (Abbey 1987)
Anthropological evidence reveals that, with few expectations around the world, males more likely than females to initiate sexual activity. Criticisms of evolutionary perspectives Start with effect, work backwards to explain Can’t experiment – it takes foreverIt is theoretical.
Miller (2002) asserts men and women seek many of the same things in amate
The person you mate with decide on monogamy, seeking same qualities. Changing views of beautyCultural tastes
Not biological, maybe an artifact of cultural beliefs Societies of more gender equality show smaller gender differencesIn preferences
Cultural effect
Social consequences
Carte blanche to allow men to behave like chauvinist pigs. This doesn’t make it less valid. DISCUSS THE EXTENT TO WHICH GENETICS INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR, AND DISCUSS ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCHING GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR. Criminal Behaviour – 2.3 Good for plugging in. Exam: The learning outcomes are the basis. 3 to chose from, write an essay for it. Details of three or four studies. Validity. Acknowledge their source – Krugman is not a social scientist. Knowing a variety of methods – Imaging, Case, Twins, etc.20 notes
#submit
#submission
APRIL 5, 2014
Essay Prep for Models of Memory (cognitive LoA) Essay Preparation for Models of Memory COMPARE/CONTRAST TWO MEMORY MODELS: SIMILARITY 1: there are acknowledging the different types of memory (long term memory, short term memory,sensory memory)
EVIDENCE: MSM – H.M., WM – Baddeley and Hitch, it would also be a strength to discuss the model itself CONCLUSION: the evidence suggests that there are different types of memory DIFFERENCE 1: working memory is a very detailed account of STM whereas MSM is more brief and takes into considerationmemory as a whole
EVIDENCE: in working memory, there is visual and auditory encoding (there are different types of memory which have different quality levels, different durations). Any dual-task experiment would work (read article by logie and see research inthere)
SIMILARITY 2: both have various limitations EVIDENCE: WM has very confusing language for a simple model. Also, the role of the central executive is unknown anddebatable.
DIFFERENCE 2: working memory argues that memory is not sequential and things are interacting whereas MSM argues that memory is sequential.EVIDENCE:
DISCUSS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO MEMORY MODELS: - SIMPLICITY CAN BOTH BE A STRENGTH AND A WEAKNESS - MSM is simplistic and a well-known memory - NEGLECTING BIOLOGICAL LEVEL AND BE BOTH GOOD AND BAD AS WELL - good because it adds to the simplicity of themodel
- bad because Martinez and Kesner (1991) showed that neurotransmitters, specifically, acetylcholine on memory and learning in rats. The rats were trained to go through a maze and following this, they tested the rats in three different conditions. They found that when rats were injected with scopolamine which blocked acetylcholine in the brain, it took them longer to navigate the maze and they made more errors despite having been trained already. - BOTH HAVE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH RESEARCH - is it ethical to keep testing H.M. and Clive Wearing when they both cannot remember giving consent? They might not be fully aware that their entire lives are dedicated to research of their brains for the furthering of psychology EVALUATE (STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES):STRENGTH 1: it is
simple
EVIDENCE: how is it simple? Atkinson andshiffrin
STRENGTH 3: Generalization EVIDENCE: H.M., but these all differ because people are different. Example, in H.M., he remembered the house he moved into just after the operation which defies the WM/MSM WEAKNESS 1: the models can never be fully complete. There is no way to actually understand it. More of a metaphor than what it actually is Evidence: in W.M. there is still no known reason as to why the central executive exists. There are also limitations in the studying of memory, and there has not been any evidence uncovered that shows there are physical memory stores, only a general area of where memory occurs which is the hippocampus WEAKNESS 2: oversimplified because it doesn’t talk about the biological effects on memory (doesn’t say them atall)
EVIDENCE: Maguire et al. showed through brain scans that cab drivers in London had a larger hippocampus than the average person and this was due to their need for a stronger ability to navigate and memorize an area for their job. MSM talks about the importance of rehearsal, but not how rehearsal can physically increase the size of an organ. Martinez and Kesner on acetylcholine in rats EXAMINE: CONSIDER AN ARGUMENT OR CONCEPT IN A WAY THAT UNCOVERES THE ASSUMPTIONS AND INTERREATLIONSHIPS OF THE ISSUE. PARAGRAPH 1: cognitive psychologists assume that we are active processors of information PARAGRAPH 2: MSM assumes that memory has different stores Corkin’s research on H.M. and Murdock PARAGRAPH 3: We assume that we can test these models scientifically Baddeley and Hitch on MSM (dual-task), Glanzer and Cunitz (serialposition curve)
H.M.
Talk about the ethics behind the research - it is hard to generalize findings from case studies to the general population TRANSITION: it is also hard to generalize findings cross-culturally PARAGRAPH 4: ETHNOCENTRISM - chincotta and underwood - tested possible digit spans of six different languages. Digit span = common measure of short-term memory but numerically. They found that Chinese people had the highest digit span, and this could be due to the linguistic cultural differences, which allow for some people, like the Chinese to repeat more digits in a certain amount of time. This This relates tothe MSM because
23 notes
#submit
#submission
#psychology
APRIL 5, 2014
4.2.9: Allotropes of Carbon A google document of the summarized structures of Graphite, Diamondand C60 Fullerene.
4 notes
#submit
#submission
APRIL 5, 2014
4.2.9: Allotropes of c#Carbon A one page document that summarizes the three allotropes of carbon that the syllabus wants you to know. Contains the key terms required to achieve the right marks in a paper (picked from the markschemes).4 notes
#submit
#submission
APRIL 5, 2014
IB Psychology - Biological Level of Analysis - Research and experiments - Maguire Study STUDY 2: Maguire (remember plasticity is the focus this time).Aim:
To see whether the volume of the hippocampus changes with environmental stimuliProcedure:
* 16 right handed, male, licensed taxi drivers compared to control group consisting of 50 scans taken from MRI database of right handedmales
* Researchers recruited London taxi drivers who must go through an extensive 2-year training program and must also pass a set of policetests
* Drivers of varying levels of experience allowed them to investigate the effect of this experience on brain structure * Data was collected using images from Structural MRI scans which create a three-dimensional sequence of 108 images (slices of 1.5mm) * VBM - voxel based morphometry, which produces grey-scale images of the whole brain, showing which areas of the brain are densest - this allows for an overall view that is not biased to one particular area * Researchers also counted the pixels of the image of the hippocampi, then compared the brain scans of taxi drivers to a comparison group who did not have extensive navigational skillsResults:
* Overall hippocampus volume did not differ significantly. However, there were significant differences in the volume of specific areas ofthe hippocampi.
* The posterior hippocampus had more gray matter bilaterally in taxi drivers than in controls. * The anterior hippocampus had more gray matter bilaterally in the controls than in the taxi drivers. * The longer the individual had been a taxi driver, the greater the volume of their right posterior hippocampus and the smaller the volume of their right anterior hippocampus.Implications:
* Posterior hippocampus is involved in navigation based on previously learned spatial information * Anterior hippocampus may be more involved in the learning of newspatial information
* Indicates that the hippocampi may increase in volume to accommodatenew information
Evaluation (Some of these points will include analysis using ourResearch Methods):
* High internal validity: use of brain imaging technology eliminated the Hawthorne effect on participants as they cannot change the volume of gray matter in their brains * Highly objective: Researchers who read brain scans were unaware of the group each scan belonged to * Relatively lower validity in manipulation of variables because differences in the sizes of participants’ posterior and anterior hippocampus cannot provide a definitive cause and effect relationship * MRI scans allow researchers to gather large amounts of quantitative data, allowing them to draw statistical correlations * Since all participants were right handed male, findings from the experiment may not apply to females or left handed individualsEthical Issues:
* Informed consent is obtained from taxi drivers * Participants were protected from harm * Participants had the right to withdraw10 notes
#submit
#submission
OCTOBER 3, 2012
Still looking for someone to take over the blog? I'd love to! I'm asenior
enamoradadelamalavida Yes please, if you are still willing! Pardon the long wait, please send me your email address. There will be two other users helping outas well!
1 note
OCTOBER 3, 2012
Hello, I'm currently doing the IB and am constantly making study notes. I'd love to take over for you guys if you're interested! xxxohswiftys
Hi thank you very much! I’ll be adding two more tumblr users as well, please send me your email address so I can add you :)2 notes
OCTOBER 3, 2012
hello, i was actually thinking of taking over for you guys, i wont be the only person in charge, i will have other classmates along the way helping me. if you are okay with us taking over, just let me know.wednesdaysurprise
Hi! That would be great and I will add two more who are also interested. Good luck you guys! :D And sorry for the late response, I’ve started uni already and I’ve been real busy. Please send me your email address so I can add you!AUGUST 23, 2012
IB business and management!Anonymous
Sorry we don’t do IB anymore, we have graduated! But if anyone does have notes on that, please send and we can still submit :) If anyone is willing to take over, please do ask but be serious aboutit!
2 notes
AUGUST 1, 2012
Freed et al. (Effect of Dopamine on Parkinson’s Disease) Freed et al randomly assigned 40 patients who were 34 to 75 years of age and had severe Parkinson’s disease (mean duration 14 years) to receive a transplant of nerve cells (embryonic- from foetuses) or to undergo sham surgery, all were to be followed in a double blind mannerfor one year.
Aim: to investigate the effect of Dopamine (embryonic) on parkinson’s disease independent variable: embryonic neurone transplant dependent variable: subjective global ratings of change in symtoms ofParkinson's
Method:
* cultured mesencephalic tissue from 4 embryos was implanted into theputamen bilaterally
* in the sham surgery- holes were drilled into the skull but the durawas not penetrated
* subjective global rating: on a scale of -3.0 to 3.0 negative score means worsening of symptoms positive score means improvement in symptoms Results: Human embryonic Dopamine neurone transplants survive only in patients with severe Parkinson’s disease, and in younger patients rather than older ones. Conclusion: Dopamine is indeed linked to Parkinson’s and hence confirms the role of Dopamine in physical motivation and movements.(Psychology)
(tag as bloae)
8 notes
#submission
#submit
#freed et al.
#experiments
#dopamine
#cloae
top
concept theme
powered by tumblr
Details
Copyright © 2024 ArchiveBay.com. All rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | DMCA | 2021 | Feedback | Advertising | RSS 2.0